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Fuxman C, Sicilia B, Linares ME, García-López S, González Sueyro R, González-Lamac Y, Zabana Y, Hinojosa J, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Balderramo D, Balfour D, Bellicoso M, Daffra P, Morelli D, Orsi M, Rausch A, Ruffinengo O, Toro M, Sambuelli A, Novillo A, Gomollón F, De Paula JA. GADECCU 2022 Guideline for the treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Adaptation and updating of the GETECCU 2020 Guideline. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2023; 46 Suppl 1:S1-S56. [PMID: 36731724 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that compromises the colon, affecting the quality of life of individuals of any age. In practice, there is a wide spectrum of clinical situations. The advances made in the physio pathogenesis of UC have allowed the development of new, more effective and safer therapeutic agents. OBJECTIVES To update and expand the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of relevant treatments for remission induction and maintenance after a mild, moderate or severe flare of UC. RECIPIENTS Gastroenterologists, coloproctologists, general practitioners, family physicians and others health professionals, interested in the treatment of UC. METHODOLOGY GADECCU authorities obtained authorization from GETECCU to adapt and update the GETECCU 2020 Guide for the treatment of UC. Prepared with GRADE methodology. A team was formed that included authors, a panel of experts, a nurse and a patient, methodological experts, and external reviewers. GRADE methodology was used with the new information. RESULTS A 118-page document was prepared with the 44 GADECCU 2022 recommendations, for different clinical situations and therapeutic options, according to levels of evidence. A section was added with the new molecules that are about to be available. CONCLUSIONS This guideline has been made in order to facilitate decision-making regarding the treatment of UC, adapting and updating the guide prepared by GETECCU in the year 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fuxman
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Beatriz Sicilia
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España
| | - María Eugenia Linares
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago García-López
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón, Zaragoza, España
| | - Ramiro González Sueyro
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yago González-Lamac
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
| | - Yamile Zabana
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrassa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, España
| | - Joaquín Hinojosa
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Manise, Valencia, España
| | - Manuel Barreiro-de Acosta
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Domingo Balderramo
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Deborah Balfour
- Unidad de Enfermedades Inflamatorias, HIGEA Clínica de Gastroenterología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Maricel Bellicoso
- Área de Gastroenterología, Inmunología Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela Daffra
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Central de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Departamento de Educación, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Orsi
- Servicio de Gastroenterología Pediátrica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Astrid Rausch
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Orlando Ruffinengo
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Martín Toro
- Unidad de Enfermedades Inflamatorias, HIGEA Clínica de Gastroenterología, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alicia Sambuelli
- Sección de Enfermedades Inflamatorias Intestinales, Hospital Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Abel Novillo
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Sanatorio 9 de Julio, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Fernando Gomollón
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestiva (CIBEREHD), Zaragoza, España
| | - Juan Andrés De Paula
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Raine T, Verstockt B, Kopylov U, Karmiris K, Goldberg R, Atreya R, Burisch J, Burke J, Ellul P, Hedin C, Holubar SD, Katsanos K, Lobaton T, Schmidt C, Cullen G. ECCO Topical Review: Refractory Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1605-1620. [PMID: 34160593 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease with variable degrees of extent, severity, and activity. A proportion of patients will have disease that is refractory to licensed therapies, resulting in significant impairment in quality of life. The treatment of these patients involves a systematic approach by the entire multidisciplinary team, with particular consideration given to medical options including unlicensed therapies, surgical interventions, and dietetic and psychological support. The purpose of this review is to guide clinicians through this process and provide an accurate summary of the available evidence for different strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Raine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, TARGID - IBD, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uri Kopylov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Rimma Goldberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health and School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johan Burisch
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Burke
- Colorectal and General Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pierre Ellul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Charlotte Hedin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan D Holubar
- Department of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Konstantinos Katsanos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University and Medical School of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Triana Lobaton
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carsten Schmidt
- Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Garret Cullen
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Gastroenterology, Dublin, Ireland
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Sicilia B, García-López S, González-Lama Y, Zabana Y, Hinojosa J, Gomollón F. GETECCU 2020 guidelines for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Developed using the GRADE approach. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2021; 43 Suppl 1:1-57. [PMID: 32807301 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the first edition of the Guidelines was published in 2013, much information has been generated around the treatment of ulcerative colitis, and new drugs and action protocols have been introduced. Clinical practice has changed substantially, warranting new approaches and a comprehensive review and update of the evidence. MATERIAL AND METHODS Once again, we used the GRADE approach, supported by an electronic tool (https://gradepro.org). The clinical scenarios are the same as in the previous version (induction and maintenance in severe and mild-moderate flare-ups), as are the variables and their evaluation. However, in the updated guidelines, three questions have been deleted, 14 added and 30 maintained, making a total of 44 clinical questions. After an exhaustive review of the evidence, the recommendations are now updated. RESULTS Of the 44 questions analysed, no recommendation could be established in two due to the very low quality of the evidence, while in the other 42, based on different degrees of quality of evidence, recommendations were made according to the GRADE system. In 25 of these questions the final recommendation is strongly in favour, in six strongly against, in seven weakly in favour and in four weakly against. According to the scenarios and recommendations, six algorithms are proposed as a simple guide for practical decision-making. CONCLUSIONS The aim of this update of the 2013 guidelines is to provide answers, based on the GRADE approach, to the different questions we ask ourselves daily when deciding the most appropriate treatment for our patients with ulcerative colitis in the different clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sicilia
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, España
| | - Santiago García-López
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón, Zaragoza, España.
| | - Yago González-Lama
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, España
| | - Yamile Zabana
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo Hospital Universitario Mútua Terrassa Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Joaquín Hinojosa
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Manises, Valencia, España
| | - Fernando Gomollón
- Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Zaragoza, España
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Singh S, Kim J, Zhu W, Dulai PS, Sandborn WJ, Jairath V. No benefit of continuing vs stopping 5-aminosalicylates in patients with ulcerative colitis escalated to anti-metabolite therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 52:481-491. [PMID: 32573825 PMCID: PMC8015755 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst continuation of 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) after escalation to biologic therapy is considered ineffective in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), their role in patients escalated to anti-metabolites is unclear. AIM To compared patterns and outcomes of continuing vs stopping 5-ASA in patients with UC who escalated to anti-metabolite monotherapy, using a de-identified administrative claims database. METHODS We identified patients with UC who were new users of anti-metabolite monotherapy who were receiving 5-ASA, and were followed for at least 12 months after starting anti-metabolite therapy. We evaluated patterns of 5-ASA use (stopped 5-ASA, short-term 5-ASA use for <6 months after starting anti-metabolites, persistent 5-ASA use for >6 months after starting anti-metabolites). We compared outcomes (risk of UC-related hospitalisation and/or surgery, need for corticosteroids, treatment escalation to biologic therapy) by pattern of 5-ASA use, using Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusting for age, sex, race, comorbidity burden, and hospitalisation or emergency department visit, abdominal surgery and corticosteroid use in the previous 12 months (as measures of disease severity), with a 12-month immortal time period. RESULTS Of 4068 patients with UC who were new-users of anti-metabolite monotherapy, 578 (14.2%), 782 (19.2%) and 2708 (66.6%) stopped 5-ASA, used 5-ASA transiently or persistently, respectively. Compared to patients who stopped 5-ASA after starting anti-metabolites, persistent 5-ASA use was associated with a higher risk of UC-related hospitalisation (HR, 1.40 [1.07-1.83]) and corticosteroid use (HR, 1.48 [1.28-1.70]), without an increase in risk of UC-related surgery (HR, 1.32 [0.86-2.00]) or treatment escalation (HR, 0.80 [0.53-1.20]). Sensitivity analyses using a 3 months window after initiation of anti-metabolites to classify patients as continuing vs stopping 5-ASA showed similar results. Residual confounding by disease severity could not be excluded. CONCLUSION 5-ASA are usually continued long-term even after escalating to anti-metabolite therapy in patients with UC without clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Visting Fellow, OptumLabs, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Visting Fellow, OptumLabs, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Wenhong Zhu
- Visting Fellow, OptumLabs, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Parambir S. Dulai
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - William J. Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vipul Jairath
- Robarts Clinical Trials, Inc. London, Ontario, Canada,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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Nielsen OH, Steenholdt C, Juhl CB, Rogler G. Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 20:100271. [PMID: 32300735 PMCID: PMC7152823 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic role of methotrexate (MTX) for management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear. METHODS We systematically reviewed randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of MTX for induction and maintenance of remission in IBD until January 2020 in accordance with PROSPERO protocol (#CRD42018115047). Relative risk (RR) of maintenance of remission, induction of remission, endoscopic disease activity, and adverse events were combined in a meta-analysis. FINDINGS MTX monotherapy was not superior to placebo for induction of clinical remission in Crohn's disease (CD). However, MTX was superior to placebo in maintaining clinical remission of CD. Concomitant therapy with MTX and the TNF inhibitor infliximab (IFX) was not superior to IFX monotherapy in CD. In ulcerative colitis (UC), MTX monotherapy was not superior to placebo neither for induction of clinical remission, nor for maintenance of clinical remission. MTX did not result in superior endoscopic outcomes during induction or maintenance therapy compared with placebo. Regarding adverse events (AEs), our meta-analysis on CD studies showed a significantly higher risk of AEs when comparing MTX versus placebo in studies investigating induction of remission, but not in maintenance of remission. In UC, no such differences in AEs between MTX or placebo were observed. INTERPRETATION Current data support the efficacy of parenteral MTX monotherapy for maintenance of clinical remission in CD. MTX is not confirmed to be effective for treatment of UC or for induction of remission in CD. No evidence supports concomitant MTX to improve efficacy of IFX (no other biologics investigated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author at: Department of Gastroenterology D112, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 1, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark.
| | - Casper Steenholdt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Bogh Juhl
- Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Introduction: The management of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has evolved over the past few decades. While aminosalicylates remain the mainstay of induction and maintenance therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate UC, the advent of biologic agents and novel oral small molecules has substantively changed the treatment landscape for patients with moderate-to-severe disease and confounded the role of traditional immunomodulators (IMMs) such as thiopurines and methotrexate in the UC management algorithm.Areas covered: We summarize the mechanism of action of thiopurines and methotrexate, identify clinical parameters for their use, and appraise the evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of IMMs in UC as both monotherapy and in combination with other therapies, emphasizing on prospective, controlled data.Expert opinion: With the advent of several classes of highly effective treatments for UC, emergence of data demonstrating no benefit of IMMs over placebo, and concerns about the relative safety profile of long-term IMM exposure, we propose that the role of thiopurines or methotrexate be restricted to patients with milder disease failing to maintain corticosteroid-free remission on aminosalicylates alone or in combination therapy with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in patients with moderate-to-severe UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Chhibba
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Robarts Clinical Trials, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
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Meijer B, Mulder CJJ, Bouma G, Ponsioen CY, van der Woude CJ, van der Meulen AE, Wintjens DSJ, Dijkstra G, Hoentjen F, Oldenburg B, van Bodegraven AA, de Boer NKH. Methotrexate and Thioguanine Rescue Therapy for Conventional Thiopurine Failing Ulcerative Colitis Patients: A Multi-center Database Study on Tolerability and Effectiveness. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1558-1565. [PMID: 29668998 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) failing conventional therapies are in need of rescue strategies. Due to the fact that accepted step-up therapy with biologicals is expensive and sometimes unavailable, alternative therapies are warranted. Methotrexate (MTX) and thioguanine (TG) have both been suggested as alternative maintenance strategies in conventional thiopurine failing UC patients. In this multicenter database study, we compared safety and effectiveness (drug-survival) of MTX and TG in UC patients. METHODS We collected data from the Parelsnoer database, a prospective Dutch national database consisting of inflammatory bowel disease patients from all university hospitals in The Netherlands. Additional data were collected from detailed chart review. RESULTS In total, 99 UC patients were included, of which 48 used TG, 43 used MTX, and 8 patients had a history of both TG and MTX use. In 12% of the patients, biological therapy had failed. Roughly 70% of the patients in both groups were able to continue therapy for over 1 year. Adverse events were noted in 33% of all the patients and were mainly elevated liver enzymes or gastrointestinal complaints. Twenty-eight patients (28%) continued therapy (15 TG, 13 MTX) without the need of escalation therapy (eg, corticosteroids, biologicals, or surgery). Drug survival curves of both drugs were comparable, just as the number of patients with sustained clinical benefit of therapy (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Both MTX and TG may be used and maintained as rescue therapy with sustained clinical benefit in one-third of the UC patients failing conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrie Meijer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | | | | | - Dion S J Wintjens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - Frank Hoentjen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - Adriaan A van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam.,Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co-MIK), Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen-Sittard-Geleen
| | - Nanne K H de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
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Do Thiopurines Reduce the Risk of Surgery in Elderly Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A 20-Year National Population-Based Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:672-680. [PMID: 28151735 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence that thiopurines impact on the risk of surgery in elderly onset inflammatory bowel disease (EO-IBD) is lacking. We aimed to compare the rates of surgery in EO-IBD (>60 years at diagnosis) with adult-onset IBD (18-59 yrs), and examine the impact of thiopurines on surgical risk in EO-IBD. METHODS Using a U.K. database between 1990 and 2010, we compared rates of surgery between adult-onset IBD and EO-IBD using survival analysis. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) were analyzed separately. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to determine the adjusted relative risk of surgery. We further assessed the impact of duration of thiopurine treatment on risk of surgery. RESULTS We identified 2758 of 9515 patients with UC and 1349 of 6490 patients with CD, with EO-IBD. Cumulative 1, 5, and 10 years risk of colectomy was similar in EO-UC (2.2, 4.5, and 5.8%, respectively) and AO-UC (2.2, 5.0, and 7.3%, respectively; P = 0.15). Cumulative 1, 5, and 10 years risk of first intestinal surgery was lower in EO-CD (9.5, 14.6, and 17.9%, respectively) than AO-CD (12.2, 19.0, and 24.4%, respectively; P < 0.001). Early steroid use, steroid dependency, and thiopurine use was associated with higher risk of colectomy in EO-UC. Among EO-UC receiving thiopurines for >12 months, there was a 70% reduction in risk of colectomy (hazard ratio. 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.58). Thiopurines were not associated with a reduced risk of surgery in EO-CD. CONCLUSIONS Risk of colectomy in EO-UC does not differ from AO-UC, but the risk of surgery in EO-CD is significantly lower than in AO-CD. Sustained thiopurine use of 12 months or more duration in EO-UC reduces the risk colectomy, but does not impact on the risk of surgery in EO-CD. These findings are important given the greater risk of thiopurine-associated lymphoma in the elderly.
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Leitner GC, Vogelsang H. Pharmacological- and non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel disease in adults. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016; 7:5-20. [PMID: 26855808 PMCID: PMC4734954 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of chronic inflammatory conditions mainly of the colon and small intestine. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the most frequent types of IBD. IBD is a complex disease which arises as a result of the interaction of environmental, genetic and immunological factors. It is increasingly thought that alterations of immunological reactions of the patients to their own enterable bacteria (microfilm) may contribute to inflammation. It is characterized by mucosal and sub mucosal inflammation, perpetuated by infiltration of activated leukocytes. CD may affect the whole gastrointestinal tract while UC only attacks the large intestine. The therapeutic goal is to achieve a steroid-free long lasting remission in both entities. UC has the possibility to be cured by a total colectomy, while CD never can be cured by any operation. A lifelong intake of drugs is mostly necessary and essential. Medical treatment of IBD has to be individualized to each patient and usually starts with anti-inflammatory drugs. The choice what kind of drugs and what route administered (oral, rectal, intravenous) depends on factors including the type, the localization, and severity of the patient's disease. IBD may require immune-suppression to control symptoms such as prednisolone, thiopurines, calcineurin or sometimes folic acid inhibitors or biologics like TNF-α inhibitors or anti-integrin antibodies. For both types of disease (CD, UC) the same drugs are available but they differ in their preference in efficacy between CD and UC as 5-aminosalicylic acid for UC or budesonide for ileocecal CD. As therapeutic alternative the main mediators of the disease, namely the activated pro-inflammatory cytokine producing leukocytes can be selectively removed via two apheresis systems (Adacolumn and Cellsorba) in steroid-refractory or dependent cases. Extracorporeal photopheresis results in an increase of regulatory B cells, regulatory CD8(+) T cells and T-regs Type 1. Both types of apheresis were able to induce clinical remission and mucosal healing accompanied by tapering of steroids.
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Abstract
Low-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy is a well-recognized therapy for many inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and psoriasis. More than 20 years ago, the clinical efficacy of MTX was also established for steroid dependent Crohn's disease, but it was never broadly adapted as a treatment modality. More recently, MTX is being increasingly used in the pediatric population with Crohn's disease, both as a single agent as well as a concomitant therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. This review outlines important pharmacological aspects for the therapeutic application of MTX and the current status of MTX as mono- or combination-therapy in both pediatric and adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease including new results of MTX monotherapy in steroid dependent ulcerative colitis.
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition that is variable in both extent and severity of disease as well as response to therapy. Corticosteroids (CSs) were the first drugs used in the management of UC and are still used for induction of remission. However, because of their extensive side-effect profile, they are not utilized for maintenance of remission. In view of this, CS-free remission has become an important end point while evaluating therapeutic agents used in the management of UC. This review highlights the results of various studies conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different medications to attain CS-free remission in the setting of active UC. The drugs reviewed include established agents such as thiopurines, methotrexate, infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, golimumab, and newer experimental agents, and if all else fails, colectomy will be performed. The efficacy of these drugs is evaluated individually. Our aim is to provide a synopsis of the work done in this field to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz M Waqas Khan
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Mehmood
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Khan
- Section of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Bressler B, Marshall JK, Bernstein CN, Bitton A, Jones J, Leontiadis GI, Panaccione R, Steinhart AH, Tse F, Feagan B. Clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of nonhospitalized ulcerative colitis: the Toronto consensus. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1035-1058.e3. [PMID: 25747596 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The medical management of ulcerative colitis (UC) has improved through the development of new therapies and novel approaches that optimize existing drugs. Previous Canadian consensus guidelines addressed the management of severe UC in the hospitalized patient. We now present consensus guidelines for the treatment of ambulatory patients with mild to severe active UC. METHODS A systematic literature search identified studies on the management of UC. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Statements were developed through an iterative online platform and then finalized and voted on by a working group of specialists. RESULTS The participants concluded that the goal of therapy is complete remission, defined as both symptomatic and endoscopic remission without corticosteroid therapy. The consensus includes 34 statements focused on 5 main drug classes: 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA), corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapies, and other therapies. Oral and rectal 5-ASA are recommended first-line therapy for mild to moderate UC, with corticosteroid therapy for those who fail to achieve remission. Patients with moderate to severe UC should undergo a course of oral corticosteroid therapy, with transition to 5-ASA, thiopurine, anti-TNF (with or without thiopurine or methotrexate), or vedolizumab maintenance therapy in those who successfully achieve symptomatic remission. For patients with corticosteroid-resistant/dependent UC, anti-TNF or vedolizumab therapy is recommended. Timely assessments of response and remission are critical to ensuring optimal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Optimal management of UC requires careful patient assessment, evidence-based use of existing therapies, and thorough assessment to define treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bressler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.
| | - John K Marshall
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Alain Bitton
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
| | | | - Remo Panaccione
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | | | - Francis Tse
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Brian Feagan
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Abstract
Most patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are offered conventional medical therapy, because emerging therapies for IBD are regulated by health-care jurisdiction and often limited to academic centres. This review distils current evidence to provide a pragmatic approach to conventional IBD therapy, including aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, thiopurines, methotrexate, calcineurin inhibitors, infliximab and adalimumab. It addresses drug efficacy, safety and salient practice points for optimal and appropriate practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Bryant
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals Trust , Oxford , UK
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14
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Gomollón F, Rubio S, Charro M, García-López S, Muñoz F, Gisbert JP, Domènech E. [Reccomendations of the Spanish Working Group on Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) on the use of methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2014; 38:24-30. [PMID: 25454602 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate is an immunosuppressant that may be useful in several clinical scenarios in inflammatory bowel disease. In this article, we review the available evidence in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and establish general recommendations for its use in clinical practice. Although the available data are limited, it is very likely that methotrexate is underused because its effectiveness is underestimated and its toxicity is overestimated. Both in induction therapy and in maintenance of remission, methotrexate is useful in Crohn's disease. When prescribed in combination with biologic agents, immunogenicity is less frequent and consequently long-term response could potentially be improved. There are few published studies, but several data suggest that methotrexate could also be useful in ulcerative colitis. Although myelotoxicity and liver toxicity are well known risks, methotrexate is a drug that is well tolerated in many patients, even in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gomollón
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, España Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD).
| | - Saioa Rubio
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Navarra, PamplonaEspaña
| | - Mara Charro
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza España
| | - Santiago García-López
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España
| | - Fernando Muñoz
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de León, León España
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid España, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)
| | - Eugeni Domènech
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Germans Trías i Pujol, Badalona España, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)
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15
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Consider disease severity and response to corticosteroids when selecting agents to manage ulcerative colitis in children. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-014-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Cipriani P, Ruscitti P, Carubbi F, Liakouli V, Giacomelli R. Methotrexate: an old new drug in autoimmune disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1519-30. [PMID: 25245537 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.962996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is currently considered, among disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), the 'anchor-drug' in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In the last 25 years, there has been a marked expansion in the use of MTX in different inflammatory diseases. Its low cost, associated to a good long-term efficacy and safety profile, justifies the use of MTX as a first-line disease-modifying drug or alternatively, a steroid-sparing medication in this field of medicine. Although new emerging options, including biological treatments, are being established in the therapeutic scenario, the good cost/benefit ratio of MTX supports the choice of this drug in combination with these newer therapies, enhancing the efficacy of these combination therapies and decreasing the risk of potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cipriani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell'Ospedale, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Corticosteroids and 5-aminosalicylates are the most commonly used therapies. However, many patients require immunosuppressive therapy for steroid-refractory and steroid-dependent disease. Methotrexate is a medication that is effective for treating a variety of inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease. This review was performed to determine the effectiveness of methotrexate treatment in UC patients. This review is an update of a previously published Cochrane review. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of methotrexate for induction of remission in patients with UC. SEARCH METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and the Cochrane IBD/FBD group specialized trials register were searched from from inception to June 26, 2014. Study references and review papers were also searched for additional trials. Abstracts from major gastroenterological meetings were searched to identify research published in abstract form only. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials comparing methotrexate with placebo or an active comparator in patients with active ulcerative colitis were considered for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently reviewed studies for eligibility, extracted data and assessed study quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients who achieved clinical remission and withdrawal from steroids as defined by the studies and expressed as a percentage of the total number of patients randomized (intention-to-treat analysis). We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for dichotomous outcomes. The overall quality of the evidence supporting the primary outcome was assessed using the GRADE criteria. MAIN RESULTS Two studies (n = 101 patients) were included in the review. One study (n = 67) compared oral methotrexate 12.5 mg/week) to placebo. The other study (n = 34) compared oral methotrexate (15 mg/week) to 6-mercaptopurine (1.5 mg/kg/day) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (3 g/day). The placebo-controlled study was judged to be at low risk of bias. The other study was judged to be at high risk of bias due to an open-label design. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical remission rates between methotrexate and placebo patients. Forty-seven per cent (14/30) of methotrexate patients achieved clinical remission and complete withdrawal from steroids during the study period compared to 49% (18/37) of placebo patients (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.59. A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence supporting this outcome was low due to very sparse data (32 events). There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients who achieved clinical remission and withdrawal from steroids in the study comparing oral methotrexate to 6-mercaptopurine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. At 30 weeks, 58% (7/12) of methotrexate patients achieved clinical remission and withdrawal from steroids compared to 79% (11/14) of 6-mercaptopurine patients (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.29) and 25% of 5-aminosalicylic acid patients (RR 2.33, 95% CI 0.64 to 8.49). GRADE analyses indicated that the overall quality of the evidence was very low due to very sparse data (18 and 9 events respectively) and and high risk of bias. In the placebo-controlled trial two patients (7%) were withdrawn from the methotrexate group due to adverse events (leucopenia, migraine) compared to one patient (3%) who had a rash in the placebo group (RR 2.47, 95% CI 0.23 to 25.91). Adverse events experienced by methotrexate patients in the active comparator study included nausea and dyspepsia, mild alopecia, mild increase in aspartate aminotransferase levels, peritoneal abscess, hypoalbuminemia, severe rash and atypical pneumonia. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although methotrexate was well-tolerated, the studies showed no benefit for methotrexate over placebo or active comparators. The results for efficacy outcomes between methotrexate and placebo, methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate and 5-aminosalicylic acid were uncertain. Whether a higher dose or parenteral administration would be effective for induction therapy is unknown. At present there is no evidence supporting the use of methotrexate for induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis. A trial in which larger numbers of patients receive a higher dose of oral methotrexate should be considered. Currently there are two large ongoing placebo-controlled trials (METEOR and MERIT-UC) assessing the efficacy and safety of intramuscular or subcutaneous methotrexate in patients with active UC which may help resolve the evidence supporting the use of methotrexate as therapy for active of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Chande
- London Health Sciences Centre ‐ Victoria HospitalRoom E6‐321A800 Commissioners Road EastLondonCanadaN6A 5W9
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Robarts Research InstituteRobarts Clinical TrialsP.O. Box 5015100 Perth DriveLondonCanada
| | - John K MacDonald
- Robarts Research InstituteRobarts Clinical TrialsP.O. Box 5015100 Perth DriveLondonCanada
| | - John WD McDonald
- Robarts Research InstituteRobarts Clinical TrialsP.O. Box 5015100 Perth DriveLondonCanada
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18
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Swaminath A, Taunk R, Lawlor G. Use of methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease in 2014: A User’s Guide. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2014; 5:113-121. [PMID: 25133040 PMCID: PMC4133437 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate has been used an immunomodulator in many autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. However, many physicians are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with its use in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. We summarize the data for use of methotrexate in common clinical scenarios: (1) steroid dependant Crohn’s disease (CD); (2) maintenance of remission in steroid free CD; (3) azathioprine failures in CD; (4) in combination therapy with Anti-TNF agents in CD; (5) decreasing antibody formation to Anti-TNF therapy in CD; (6) management of fistulizing disease in CD; and (7) as well as induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. An easy to use algorithm is provided for the busy clinician to access and safely prescribe methotrexate for their inflammatory bowel disease patients.
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19
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract of unknown etiology that frequently presents in the pediatric population. The evaluation of pediatric UC involves excluding infection, and a colonoscopy that documents the clinical and histologic features of chronic colitis. Initial management of mild UC is typically with mesalamine therapy for induction and maintenance. Moderate UC is often initially treated with oral prednisone. Depending on disease severity and response to prednisone, maintenance options include mesalamine, mercaptopurine, azathioprine, infliximab, or adalimumab. Severe UC is typically treated with intravenous corticosteroids. Corticosteroid nonresponders should either undergo a colectomy or be treated with second-line medical rescue therapy (infliximab or calcineurin inhibitors). The severe UC patients who respond to medical rescue therapy can be maintained on infliximab or thiopurine, but 1-year remission rates for such patients are under 50 %. These medications are discussed in detail along with the initial work-up and a treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Regan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, GI Division-Hunnewell Ground, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,
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20
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Abstract
This review describes the history of U.S. government funding for surveillance programs in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), provides current estimates of the incidence and prevalence of IBD in the United States, and enumerates a number of challenges faced by current and future IBD surveillance programs. A rationale for expanding the focus of IBD surveillance beyond counts of incidence and prevalence, to provide a greater understanding of the burden of IBD, disease etiology, and pathogenesis, is provided. Lessons learned from other countries are summarized, in addition to potential resources that may be used to optimize a new form of IBD surveillance in the United States. A consensus recommendation on the goals and available resources for a new model for disease surveillance are provided. This new model should focus on "surveillance of the burden of disease," including (1) natural history of disease and (2) outcomes and complications of the disease and/or treatments.
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