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Chorda tympani injury during endoscopic versus microscopic stapes surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:689-693. [PMID: 35871441 PMCID: PMC9849188 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of chorda tympani nerve (CTN) injury between endoscopic and microscopic stapes surgery. METHODS This randomized controlled clinical trial included 88 patients who were randomly divided into two groups: endoscopic stapedotomy group (n = 44) and microscopic stapedotomy group (n = 44). The incidence of chorda tympani nerve (CTN) injury after surgery was determined by both subjective taste testing and chemical taste tests, before and after surgery. The results were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The total number of patients who were identified as having CTN affection (based on the chemical testing) was 16 out of 88 (18.2%). The incidence was significantly lower in the endoscopic group (n = 2) than the microscopic group (n = 14) (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Altered taste as a result of iatrogenic CTN injury can affect the patients' quality of life. Endoscopic ear surgery offers better visualization, less need for extensive manipulation of the chorda tympani, and consequently decreased incidence of CTN injury.
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A Simple Taste Test for Clinical Assessment of Taste and Oral Somatosensory Function-The "Seven-iTT". LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010059. [PMID: 36676008 PMCID: PMC9865728 DOI: 10.3390/life13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Taste dysfunctions may occur, for example, after viral infection, surgery, medications, or with age. In clinical practice, it is important to assess patients' taste function with rapidity and reliability. This study aimed to develop a test that assesses human gustatory sensitivity together with somatosensory functions of astringency and spiciness. A total of 154 healthy subjects and 51 patients with chemosensory dysfunction rated their gustatory sensitivity. They underwent a whole-mouth identification test of 12 filter-paper strips impregnated with low and high concentrations of sweet, sour, salty, bitter (sucrose, citric acid, NaCl, quinine), astringency (tannin), and spiciness (capsaicin). The percentage of correct identifications for high-concentrated sweet and sour, and for low-concentrated salty, bitter and spicy was lower in patients as compared with healthy participants. Interestingly, a lower identification in patients for both astringent concentrations was found. Based on the results, we proposed the Seven-iTT to assess chemo/somatosensory function, with a cut-off of 6 out of 7. The test score discriminated patients from healthy controls and showed gender differences among healthy controls. This quantitative test seems to be suitable for routine clinical assessment of gustatory and trigeminal function. It also provides new evidence on the mutual interaction between the two sensory systems.
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Bogdanov V, Reinhard J, McGlone F, Haehner A, Simons CT, Hummel T. Oral Somatosensory Sensitivity in Patients With Taste Disturbance. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:2572-2577. [PMID: 34435674 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The significance of the human sense of taste is typically underestimated until it is altered or even lost. Hypogeusia, a diminished capacity to taste, has an adverse influence on a patient's quality of life. Similar to interactions between the oral senses and between olfaction and intranasal trigeminal sensitivity, taste disturbance may also affect the mechanosensitivity of the tongue. In this study, we investigated the lingual tactile sensitivity of patients with subjective taste disturbance and people with normogeusia. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case-control study. METHODS Forty-six patients with subjective taste disturbance (mean age 60 years) and 43 participants with normogeusia (mean age 55 years) were enrolled and underwent a stereognostic test of edge and point sensitivity based on 3D-printed letters sized from 2 to 8 mm. Gustatory function and salivary production were also tested. RESULTS Patients with dysgeusia needed significantly bigger letters to recognize them compared with controls (P = .01). Apart from this, patients with dysgeusia had no significant association between gustatory function and salivary production. Duration of dysgeusia and age were not associated with the presently obtained measures of gustatory or oral mechanosensory function. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that taste dysfunction has a negative impact on oral mechanosensitivity and hence possibly on oral texture perception. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:2572-2577, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Bogdanov
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus gGmbH, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Jule Reinhard
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francis McGlone
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chris T Simons
- CFAES Department of Food Science & Technology, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Nishii T, Nin T, Maeda E, Fukunaga A, Mishiro Y, Sakagami M. Earlier recovery of lingual dysfunction after middle ear surgery in pediatric versus adult patients. Laryngoscope 2020; 130:1016-1022. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.28165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nishii
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryHyogo College of Medicine Hyogo Japan
| | - Tomomi Nin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryHyogo College of Medicine Hyogo Japan
| | - Emi Maeda
- Department of OtolaryngologyOsaka Minato Central Hospital Osaka Japan
| | - Akiko Fukunaga
- Department of OtolaryngologyOsaka Minato Central Hospital Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuo Mishiro
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryHyogo College of Medicine Hyogo Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakagami
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryHyogo College of Medicine Hyogo Japan
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Pellegrino R, Hummel T. Chemical, Electrical and Tactile Sensitivity Changes After Middle Ear Surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020; 129:572-577. [PMID: 31965810 DOI: 10.1177/0003489419901136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Taste disturbances are often seen in patients after middle ear surgery due to the stress received by an unprotected chorda tympani. It has also been reported that loss in tactile sensitivity may accompany this issue. The current study was designed to measure electrical, chemical, and tactile sensitives of several senses involved in oral processing, smell, taste and touch, over time. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS For three time points, one before middle ear surgery and two after operation (about 5 and 23 days), sensitivity thresholds were obtained using electrogustometry (electrical taste), taste strips (chemical taste), Sniffin' Sticks (smell) and Von Frey Hairs (point-pressure tactile sensitivity). RESULTS The results show a decline in both chemical and electrical taste responses. Additionally, the electrical taste response showed more sensitivity to deviations and no sign of recovery unlike the chemical taste response. Mechanosensory function of the anterior tongue and olfactory function was not strongly affected by middle ear surgery. CONCLUSION Taste responses, but not mechanosensory or olfaction function, are altered after middle ear surgery. Due to the effects that taste loss has on quality of life, gustometry is recommended for this group of patients. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pellegrino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, "Technische Universität Dresden", Dresden, Germany.,Department of Food Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, "Technische Universität Dresden", Dresden, Germany
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Maeda E, Katsura H, Nin T, Sakaguchi-Fukunaga A, Mishiro Y, Sakagami M. Change of somatosensory function of the tongue caused by chorda tympani nerve disorder after stapes surgery. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:701-706. [PMID: 28397279 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients after middle ear surgery often complain of taste disturbance and a lingual numbness. The purpose of this study was to objectively assess changes in the somatosensation of the tongue and taste function in patients undergoing stapes surgery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. METHODS Symptoms of taste disturbance and tongue numbness after surgery were investigated before and after surgery in 41 patients (13 males, 28 females; mean age 41.8 years) who underwent stapes surgery. Twenty-eight patients (9 males, 19 females; mean age 43.1 years) underwent sensory and taste function tests before and after surgery. Sensory function of the tongue was measured at the operated side and the nonoperated side using the 2-point discrimination test and an electrostimulator test. Taste function was assessed with electrogustometry (EGM). RESULTS The chorda tympani nerve (CTN) was gently touched or stretched in all patients. Postoperative thresholds on the operated side were significantly higher than preoperative thresholds in all tests in the patients who underwent all three kinds of tests. Tongue somatosensory symptoms improved significantly earlier than the taste disturbance postoperatively, and the sensory thresholds returned to the baseline along with recovery of symptoms. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that dysfunction of the CTN occurred following surgery even when the CTN was preserved, and that the sensory nerve threshold of the tongue correlated with the symptom of lingual numbness. The CTN may play a role not only in taste function but also in the somatosensory function of the tongue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 128:701-706, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Maeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Katsura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Mishiro
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakagami
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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Omelian JM, Samson KK, Sollars SI. Chronic Oral Capsaicin Exposure During Development Leads to Adult Rats with Reduced Taste Bud Volumes. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2016; 9:95-104. [PMID: 28083080 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-016-9214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cross-sensory interaction between gustatory and trigeminal nerves occurs in the anterior tongue. Surgical manipulations have demonstrated that the strength of this relationship varies across development. Capsaicin is a neurotoxin that affects fibers of the somatosensory lingual nerve surrounding taste buds, but not fibers of the gustatory chorda tympani nerve which synapse with taste receptor cells. Since capsaicin is commonly consumed by many species, including humans, experimental use of this neurotoxin provides a naturalistic perturbation of the lingual trigeminal system. Neonatal or adults rats consumed oral capsaicin for 40 days and we examined the cross-sensory effect on the morphology of taste buds across development. METHODS Rats received moderate doses of oral capsaicin, with chronic treatments occurring either before or after taste system maturation. Tongue morphology was examined either 2 or 50 days after treatment cessation. Edema, which has been previously suggested as a cause of changes in capsaicin-related gustatory function, was also assessed. RESULTS Reductions in taste bud volume occurred 50 days, but not 2 days post-treatment for rats treated as neonates. Adult rats at either time post-treatment were unaffected. Edema was not found to occur with the 5 ppm concentration of capsaicin we used. CONCLUSIONS Results further elucidate the cooperative relationship between these discrete sensory systems and highlight the developmentally mediated aspect of this interaction. IMPLICATIONS Chronic exposure to even moderate levels of noxious stimuli during development has the ability to impact the orosensory environment, and these changes may not be evident until long after exposure has ceased.
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Changes in transient receptor potential channels in the rat geniculate ganglion after chorda tympani nerve injury. Neuroreport 2016; 26:856-61. [PMID: 26302160 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We reported differential expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and the (TRPM8) in the geniculate ganglions (GGs) of naive rats. In medical practice, the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) is injured in some patients during middle-ear surgery, and results in tongue numbness and taste disorder. We investigated changes in the expression of these receptors in GGs after CTN injury. In naive-rat GGs, 11.4, 11.8, and 0.5% of neurons were found to express the TRPV1, the TRPA1, the TRPM8, respectively. At 3 days after CTN injury, 5.2 and 4.0% of activating transcription factor 3-immunoreactive neurons, considered as injured neurons, were found to express the TRPV1 and the TRPA1, respectively. Among activating transcription factor 3-immunonegative neurons, considered as uninjured neurons, 3.9 and 3.8% were found to express the TRPV1 and the TRPA1, respectively. The TRPM8 was not detected in GGs after CTN injury. We found decreased mRNA levels of the TRPV1 and the TRPA1 in all neurons, as well as in uninjured neurons of ipsilateral GGs after CTN injury. CTN injury changes the gene expression in GGs and may have effects on the tongue.
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Kolkka-Palomaa M, Jääskeläinen SK, Laine MA, Teerijoki-Oksa T, Sandell M, Forssell H. Pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome with special focus on taste dysfunction: a review. Oral Dis 2015; 21:937-48. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kolkka-Palomaa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - SK Jääskeläinen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - MA Laine
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - T Teerijoki-Oksa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - M Sandell
- Functional Foods Forum; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Food Chemistry and Food Development; Department of Biochemistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - H Forssell
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
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Dissection and exposure of the whole course of deep nerves in human head specimens after decalcification. Int J Otolaryngol 2012; 2012:418650. [PMID: 22523494 PMCID: PMC3317215 DOI: 10.1155/2012/418650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The whole course of the chorda tympani nerve, nerve of pterygoid canal, and facial nerves and their relationships with surrounding structures are complex. After reviewing the literature, it was found that details of the whole course of these deep nerves are rarely reported and specimens displaying these nerves are rarely seen in the dissecting room, anatomical museum, or atlases. Dissections were performed on 16 decalcified human head specimens, exposing the chorda tympani and the nerve connection between the geniculate and pterygopalatine ganglia. Measurements of nerve lengths, branching distances, and ganglia size were taken. The chorda tympani is a very fine nerve (0.44 mm in diameter within the tympanic cavity) and approximately 54 mm in length. The mean length of the facial nerve from opening of internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen was 52.5 mm. The mean length of the greater petrosal nerve was 26.1 mm and nerve of the pterygoid canal was 15.1 mm.
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Clinical anatomy of the chorda tympani: a systematic review. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2011; 125:1101-8. [PMID: 21810294 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215111001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chorda tympani is at risk of iatrogenic injury throughout its course. This paper reviews the clinical anatomy of the nerve in adults. DESIGN Systematic literature review. METHOD Relevant English-language articles were identified using five electronic databases and one search engine. Data from approximately 70 scientific papers were supplemented with information from selected reference texts. RESULTS The anatomy of the chorda tympani differs from standard descriptions, particularly regarding its exit from the middle ear and area of lingual innervation. Whilst it is known to convey taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, the chorda tympani probably has additional sensory and secretomotor functions. CONCLUSION A detailed understanding of the anatomy of the chorda tympani may help to reduce the risk of iatrogenic injury during head, neck and middle-ear surgery, and to explain the variable consequences of such injury.
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Nasri-Heir C, Gomes J, Heir GM, Ananthan S, Benoliel R, Teich S, Eliav E. The role of sensory input of the chorda tympani nerve and the number of fungiform papillae in burning mouth syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:65-72. [PMID: 21601494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate patients suffering from burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and control subjects by means of sensory testing and fungiform papillae count. STUDY DESIGN The left and right anterior two-thirds of the tongue of of 25 BMS subjects and 20 healthy control subjects were evaluated for electric taste and electric detection threshold. The number of fungiform papillae/cm(2) was evaluated by using close-up digital photography. RESULTS The electric taste/tingling detection threshold ratio was significantly higher in BMS compared with control subjects (P = .041). No difference was found between the number of fungiform papillae/cm(2) in the BMS compared with the control subjects (P = .277). Patients suffering from BMS for a prolonged period of time presented with a significantly elevated electric taste/tingling detection threshold ratio (P = .031). CONCLUSIONS BMS may be a neurodegenerative process with chorda tympani nerve hypofunction potentially playing a role in the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Nasri-Heir
- Orofacial Pain Center, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07101-1709, USA.
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In reference to capsaicin receptors are colocalized with sweet/bitter receptors in the taste sensing cells of circumvallate papillae. GENES AND NUTRITION 2010; 5:181. [PMID: 20606812 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-010-0178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Relationship between pediatric obesity and otitis media with effusion. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2009; 9:465-72. [PMID: 19814920 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-009-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although eustachian tube dysfunction and bacterial infection have been shown to cause otitis media with effusion (OME), other etiologies are possible. One of the most common medical conditions in children is obesity, which can have effects throughout the body. Little is known, however, about the relationship between obesity and OME. Obesity may result in altered cytokine expression, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or fat accumulation, all of which may contribute to OME. Conversely, OME may induce taste changes through middle ear cavity inflammation, thus contributing to obesity. A similar pattern of taste change has been shown in patients with gustatory nerve anesthesia. Further research on the relationship between obesity and OME may help to determine the exact etiology of OME and contribute to our knowledge about the causes of obesity.
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Hoffman HJ, Cruickshanks KJ, Davis B. Perspectives on population-based epidemiological studies of olfactory and taste impairment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1170:514-30. [PMID: 19686188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of the senses of olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste) are needed since impairments in these senses have important implications for health. Only a few attempts have been made to measure the prevalence of olfactory and gustatory or taste dysfunction, and many methodological challenges remain to be addressed. These challenges differ from those faced in studies based in the clinic or research laboratory. Epidemiological studies of smell and taste represent translational research, because they can be used to understand how findings from laboratory or clinical studies apply to the general population. This paper briefly reviews existing methods for "how" to measure smell and taste dysfunction and then illustrates findings based on prior epidemiological studies to indicate "why" we wish to measure smell and taste functioning in population-based samples. Self-reported information collected on smell and taste loss in a national sample, the 1994-1995 Disability Sample (phase I screening) of the National Health Interview Survey, is contrasted with results provided by an exam-based measure of olfactory impairment in an epidemiological study conducted in Beaver Dam, WI. The comparison of self-reported and exam-based measures of smell or taste loss leads to the question of how to best define smell or taste impairment in population samples, since unlike other sensory domains (namely, vision and hearing), there are no internationally accepted standards of impairment for the chemosenses. In addition to highlighting existing epidemiological studies, the current development of an NIH Toolbox of brief exam measures is described. Through this symposium, we hope to advance the nascent field of olfactory and taste epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Hoffman
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7180, USA.
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Berteretche MV, Eloit C, Dumas H, Talmain G, Herman P, Tran Ba Huy P, Faurion A. Taste deficits after middle ear surgery for otosclerosis: taste somatosensory interactions. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:394-404. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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