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Miar S, Walters B, Gonzales G, Malka R, Baker A, Guda T, Dion GR. Augmentation and vocal fold biomechanics in a recurrent laryngeal nerve injury model. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1057-1064. [PMID: 36000036 PMCID: PMC9392410 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives/hypothesis Composite vocal fold (VF) biomechanical data are lacking for augmentation after recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. We hypothesize resulting atrophy decreases VF stiffness and augmentation restores native VF biomechanics. Methods Sixteen Yorkshire Crossbreed swine underwent left RLN transection and were observed or underwent carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHa) augmentation at 2 weeks. Biomechanical measurements (structural stiffness, displacement, and maximum load) were measured at 4 or 12 weeks. Thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle cross‐sectional area was quantified and compared with two‐way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. Results After 4 weeks, right greater than left structural stiffness (mean ± SE) was observed (49.6 ± 0.003 vs. 28.4 ± 0.002 mN/mm), left greater than right displacement at 6.3 mN (0.54 ± 0.01 vs. 0.46 ± 0.01 mm, p < .01) was identified, and right greater than left maximum load (72.3 ± 0.005 vs. 40.8 ± 0.003 mN) was recorded. TA muscle atrophy in the injured group without augmentations was significant compared to the noninjured side, and muscle atrophy was seen at overall muscle area and individual muscle bundles. CMC augmentation appears to maintain TA muscle structure in the first 4 weeks with atrophy present at 12 weeks. Conclusions VF biomechanical properties match TA muscle atrophy in this model, and both CMC and CaHa injection demonstrated improved biomechanical properties and slower TA atrophy compared to the uninjured side. Taken together, these data provide a quantifiable biomechanical basis for early injection laryngoplasty to improve dysphonia and potentially improve healing in reversible unilateral vocal fold atrophy. Level of evidence N/A
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaleh Miar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering The University of Texas San Antonio Texas USA
- USAF 59MDW/ST Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Benjamin Walters
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Brooke Army Medical Center JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA
| | - Gabriela Gonzales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering The University of Texas San Antonio Texas USA
- USAF 59MDW/ST Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Ronit Malka
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Brooke Army Medical Center JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA
| | - Amelia Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology Brooke Army Medical Center JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA
| | - Teja Guda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering The University of Texas San Antonio Texas USA
| | - Gregory R. Dion
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering The University of Texas San Antonio Texas USA
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Brooke Army Medical Center JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research Department U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research Houston Texas USA
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Foerster G, Bach A, Gorriz C, Guntinas-Lichius O, Klinge K, Leonhard M, Pototschnig C, Schneider-Stickler B, Volk GF, Mueller AH. Electromyography of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles: a consensus guideline. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:3785-3793. [PMID: 35488126 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the introduction of transcutaneous-transcricoidal needle approaches, electromyography (EMG) of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) became easier to perform and teach. Among the Neurolaryngology working group of the European Laryngological Society, several centers have adopted PCA EMG as part of their routine EMG workup in vocal fold immobility collectively gathering long-term experience. The purpose is to give an update and an extension to already existing guidelines on laryngeal EMG with specific regard to PCA EMG. METHODS Consensus of all co-authors is based on continuous exchange of ideas and on joint laryngeal EMG workshop experiences over at least 7 years. A Delphi method of consensus development was used, i.e., the manuscript was circulated among the co-authors until full agreement was achieved. RESULTS Step-by-step instructions on how to perform and interpret PCA EMG are provided. CONCLUSIONS Further research should include the establishment of normal values for PCA and thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) EMG as well as studies on the nature of some unusual activation pattern commonly seen in chronically lesioned PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Foerster
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Plastic Surgery, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Straße des Friedens 122, 07548, Gera, Germany.
| | - Adam Bach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Carmen Gorriz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kathleen Klinge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Plastic Surgery, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Straße des Friedens 122, 07548, Gera, Germany
| | - Matthias Leonhard
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Pototschnig
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Berit Schneider-Stickler
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Fabian Volk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas H Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Plastic Surgery, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Straße des Friedens 122, 07548, Gera, Germany
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Foerster G, Podema R, Guntinas-Lichius O, Crumley RL, Mueller AH. Crumley's Classification of Laryngeal Synkinesis: A Comparison of Laryngoscopy and Electromyography. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E1605-E1610. [PMID: 33220002 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Applying the principles of misdirected nerve regeneration to the larynx, Roger Crumley in 1989 coined the term laryngeal synkinesis (LS) which he later (2000) classified into 4 types (type I - good voice, type II - involuntary twitches and poor voice, type III - adduction during inspiration, type IV - abduction during phonation). Neurophysiological data were not available for all LS patients at that time. The current study was undertaken to utilize and test the Crumley classification for a clinical interrater comparison and, secondly, compare predicted with actual laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) results. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive study. METHODS Laryngoscopic and LEMG data of patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (VFP) of 6 months duration or longer were combined for retrospective evaluation. Forty-five data sets were available for laryngoscopic classification by two local laryngologists and by Roger Crumley. Twenty-three data sets with complete thyroarytenoid (TA) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) - EMG data were used to compare predicted with actual LEMG results. RESULTS Local laryngologists were able to classify 24 of 45, Crumley 30 of 45 cases into one of the 4 synkinesis types. There was substantial agreement between examiners (Cohens Kappa 0.66 [P < .001]). Comparison of predicted and actual LEMG data showed only moderate agreement. EMG sykinesis rates were lower in TA than in PCA and highest in Crumley type I cases. CONCLUSION The Crumley classification is helpful in describing and understanding synkinesis. It does not always correlate predictably with actual LEMG data. A complete LEMG mapping of all intrinsic muscles may improve understanding of chronic VFP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 131:E1605-E1610, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Foerster
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Plastic Surgery, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Gera, Germany
| | - Rosa Podema
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Roger L Crumley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, U.S.A
| | - Andreas H Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Plastic Surgery, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Gera, Germany
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Foerster G, Mueller AH. PCA Atrophy and Synkinesis as the Main Factors for Persistent Vocal Fold Immobility in RLN Paralysis. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E1244-E1248. [PMID: 33141465 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS An immobile vocal fold due to recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury usually shows no gross signs of atrophy and lies near the midline. In 1881, Felix Semon proposed that this phenomenon was due to a selective injury of nerve fibers supplying the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) and supported this with postmortem proof of selective PCA atrophy. In recent decades, evidence has emerged that the RLN regenerates after injury but does not always result in useful motion of the vocal folds. It has been proposed that this is caused by laryngeal synkinesis. Laryngeal synkinesis describes a random distribution of regenerated nerve fibers to opposing vocal fold muscles. This study was conducted to clarify the relative contribution of these two potential pathomechanisms in our patient population. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case analysis. METHODS Retrospective analysis of laryngeal EMG results from cases with RLN paralysis of at least 6 months duration seen at our neurolaryngology clinic. RESULTS Out of 118 PCA EMGs, there was not a single normal or near-normal tracing, whilst 33.3% of TA EMGs indicated normal or near normal innervation. PCA EMGs showed signs of persistent high-grade partial denervation (41.5%) as a sign of atrophy, moderate or strong synkinesis (21.2%), or a combination of both (37.3%). CONCLUSIONS In chronic RLN paralysis the intrinsic laryngeal muscles are affected to different extents either by atrophy or synkinesis or a combination of both. The PCA is always affected. The lesser damage to TA innervation explains the commonly seen maintenance of vocal fold muscle bulk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1244-E1248, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Foerster
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/ Plastic Surgery, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Gera, Germany
| | - Andreas H Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/ Plastic Surgery, SRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Gera, Germany
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Yu T, Wang FL, Meng LB, Li JK, Miao G. Early detection of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage using intraoperative nerve monitoring during thyroidectomy. J Int Med Res 2019; 48:300060519889452. [PMID: 31840556 PMCID: PMC7286183 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519889452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate risk factors for early recurrent laryngeal
nerve (RLN) damage during thyroid surgery with intraoperative nerve
monitoring (IONM) technology to avoid RLN damage during surgery. Methods Data were retrospectively collected from 93 patients who underwent
thyroidectomy at Beijing Hospital. All operations were performed by the same
surgeon. A four-step procedure of IONM was used during the operation to
determine the amplitude and latency of the RLN. Results The majority (51.6%) of patients who underwent surgery had thyroid carcinoma.
Lymphadenectomy was carried out in 55 (59.1%) patients. A strong association
was observed between temporary injury of the RLN and the extent of
resection. The risk of temporary injury of the RLN during total
thyroidectomy was three times that during right thyroid lobectomy (odds
ratio = 3.13). The results of left lobectomy were also different from those
of right lobectomy because the RLN was more likely to be damaged during left
lobectomy. Conclusions Assessment of the amplitude and latency of the RLN can help to assess the
integrity of the RLN. The extent of resection affects the functional
integrity of the RLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Liang Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Bing Meng
- Neurology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Kun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Gang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P.R. China
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Halum SL, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K, Saadatzadeh MR, McRae BR. Differences in Laryngeal Neurotrophic Factor Gene Expression after Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve and Vagus Nerve Injuries. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/000348941312201009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Halum
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - M. Reza Saadatzadeh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bryan R. McRae
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K, Blum K, Zhang H, Safa AR, Halum SL. Microarray Analysis Gene Expression Profiles in Laryngeal Muscle After Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 125:247-56. [PMID: 26530091 DOI: 10.1177/0003489415608866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pathophysiology of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) transection injury is rare in that it is characteristically followed by a high degree of spontaneous reinnervation, with reinnervation of the laryngeal adductor complex (AC) preceding that of the abducting posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle. Here, we aim to elucidate the differentially expressed myogenic factors following RLN injury that may be at least partially responsible for the spontaneous reinnervation. METHODS F344 male rats underwent RLN injury (n = 12) or sham surgery (n = 12). One week after RLN injury, larynges were harvested following euthanasia. The mRNA was extracted from PCA and AC muscles bilaterally, and microarray analysis was performed using a full rat genome array. RESULTS Microarray analysis of denervated AC and PCA muscles demonstrated dramatic differences in gene expression profiles, with 205 individual probes that were differentially expressed between the denervated AC and PCA muscles and only 14 genes with similar expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS The differential expression patterns of the AC and PCA suggest different mechanisms of reinnervation. The PCA showed the gene patterns of Wallerian degeneration, while the AC expressed the gene patterns of reinnervation by adjacent axonal sprouting. This finding may reveal important therapeutic targets applicable to RLN and other peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Blum
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ahmad R Safa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stacey L Halum
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Zhuang P, Nemcek S, Surender K, Hoffman MR, Zhang F, Chapin WJ, Jiang JJ. Differentiating arytenoid dislocation and recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis by arytenoid movement in laryngoscopic video. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 149:451-6. [PMID: 23719396 PMCID: PMC3770460 DOI: 10.1177/0194599813491222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a new method of quantifying arytenoid movement during inspiration and determine if it can be used to distinguish arytenoid dislocation from vocal fold paralysis. STUDY DESIGN Case series with chart review. SETTING Retrospective study conducted in a university laboratory based on university hospital data. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Endoscopic videos from 8 patients with dislocation and 5 patients with vocal fold paralysis diagnosed by electromyography were included. Vector analysis measured cuneiform movement, an indirect measurement of arytenoid movement, during 1 inspiration. Measurements normalized and not normalized to vocal fold length were evaluated. Interrater reliability (2 raters) and intrarater reliability (1 rater performing the analysis twice) were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Raters were blinded to subject group during analysis. RESULTS Pixel-valued cuneiform movement was 81.16 ± 25.62 for dislocation and 30.22 ± 23.60 for paralysis (P = .019). Unitless cuneiform movement was 0.58 ± 0.17 for dislocation and 0.24 ± 0.18 for paralysis (P = .030). Interrater ICC was 0.942 for pixel-valued measurements and 0.962 for unitless measurements. Intrarater ICC was 0.909 for pixel-valued measurements and 0.881 for unitless measurements. CONCLUSIONS Both pixel-valued and unitless measures of arytenoid movement were significantly greater in arytenoid dislocation than vocal fold paralysis. Pixel-valued measurements were included to demonstrate the ability to make quantitative comparisons across subjects without precise knowledge of camera precision, provided position is approximately stable, as each measurement is inherently normalized by vocal tract length. Future studies will apply this new method of evaluating vocal fold immobility disorders on a larger scale and incorporate a more diverse group of etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Zhuang
- Xiamen University Zhongshan Hospital, ENT Department, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Chen D, Chen S, Wang W, Zhang C, Zheng H. Spontaneous regeneration of recurrent laryngeal nerve following long-term vocal fold paralysis in humans: Histologic evidence. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:1035-9. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.21739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Vega-Cordova X, Cosenza NM, Helfert RH, Woodson GE. Neurotrophin expression of laryngeal muscles in response to recurrent laryngeal nerve transection. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1591-6. [PMID: 20641073 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) commonly regenerates after injury; however, functional motion is rarely recovered. Animal experiments have documented aberrant reinnervation after nerve transection, with motor axons reaching inappropriate muscles. More recently, experimental results suggest that lack of vocal fold motion after RLN injury is due to preferential reinnervation of adductor muscles, with inadequate reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA), the only abductor muscle of the larynx. Information on factors that could influence the receptiveness of these muscles to reinnervation could be useful in developing new therapeutic strategies. It is hypothesized that the thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) and the PCA differ in expression of neurotrophins in response to denervation. STUDY DESIGN Laboratory experiment. METHODS Rats were sacrificed at 3 days, 6 weeks, or 4 months after unilateral RLN injury measure expression of brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4) in the TA and PCA muscles, using immunohistochemistry. We also assessed nerve regeneration. RESULTS NGF was significantly diminished in the denervated TA muscle at 3 days after injury and increased at 6 weeks. BDNF expression was unchanged in the TA, but was diminished in both PCA muscles at 3 days and 6 weeks, returning to near-normal levels at 4 months after injury. Robust nerve regeneration of distal RLN was present at 4 months. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the TA and PCA muscles respond differently to denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Vega-Cordova
- Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
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