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Nakagawa Y, Komaba H. Roles of Parathyroid Hormone and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:407-415. [PMID: 38752265 PMCID: PMC11220210 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2024.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) each play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder. Levels of both hormones increase progressively in advanced CKD and can lead to damage in multiple organs. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia with increased PTH secretion, is associated with fractures and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that these associations may be partially explained by PTH-induced browning of adipose tissue and increased energy expenditure. Observational studies suggest a survival benefit of PTHlowering therapy, and a recent study comparing parathyroidectomy and calcimimetics further suggests the importance of intensive PTH control. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of FGF23 secretion by osteocytes in response to phosphate load have been unclear, but recent experimental studies have identified glycerol-3-phosphate, a byproduct of glycolysis released by the kidney, as a key regulator of FGF23 production. Elevated FGF23 levels have been shown to be associated with mortality, and experimental data suggest off-target adverse effects of FGF23. However, the causal role of FGF23 in adverse outcomes in CKD patients remains to be established. Further studies are needed to determine whether intensive SHPT control improves clinical outcomes and whether treatment targeting FGF23 can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nakagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Komaba
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
- Interactive Translational Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
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Vachey C, Candellier A, Toutain S, Mac-Way F. The Bone-Vascular Axis in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:69-79. [PMID: 38195897 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to describe the pathogenic factors involved in bone-vessel anomalies in CKD which are the object of numerous experimental and clinical research. RECENT FINDINGS Knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of vascular calcification and mineral-bone disorders is evolving. Specific bone turnover anomalies influence the vascular health while recent studies demonstrate that factors released by the calcified vessels also contribute to bone deterioration in CKD. Current therapies used to control mineral dysregulations will impact both the vessels and bone metabolism. Available anti-osteoporotic treatments used in non-CKD population may negatively or positively affect vascular health in the context of CKD. It is essential to study the bone effects of the new therapeutic options that are currently under investigation to reduce vascular calcification. Our paper highlights the complexity of the bone-vascular axis and discusses how current therapies may affect both organs in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Vachey
- CHU de Québec Research Center, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Hospital, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Faculty and Department of Medicine, Université Laval, 10 McMahon, Quebec City, Quebec, G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Alexandre Candellier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Hospital, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Faculty and Department of Medicine, Université Laval, 10 McMahon, Quebec City, Quebec, G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Soline Toutain
- CHU de Québec Research Center, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Hospital, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Faculty and Department of Medicine, Université Laval, 10 McMahon, Quebec City, Quebec, G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Fabrice Mac-Way
- CHU de Québec Research Center, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Hospital, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Faculty and Department of Medicine, Université Laval, 10 McMahon, Quebec City, Quebec, G1R 2J6, Canada.
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Verlinden L, Li S, Veldurthy V, Carmeliet G, Christakos S. Relationship of the bone phenotype of the Klotho mutant mouse model of accelerated aging to changes in skeletal architecture that occur with chronological aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1310466. [PMID: 38352710 PMCID: PMC10861770 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1310466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to the relatively long life span of rodent models, in order to expediate the identification of novel therapeutics of age related diseases, mouse models of accelerated aging have been developed. In this study we examined skeletal changes in the male and female Klotho mutant (kl/kl) mice and in male and female chronically aged mice to determine whether the accelerated aging bone phenotype of the kl/kl mouse reflects changes in skeletal architecture that occur with chronological aging. Methods 2, 6 and 20-23 month old C57BL/6 mice were obtained from the National Institute of Aging aged rodent colony and wildtype and kl/kl mice were generated as previously described by M. Kuro-o. Microcomputed tomography analysis was performed ex vivo to examine trabecular and cortical parameters from the proximal metaphyseal and mid-diaphyseal areas, respectively. Serum calcium and phosphate were analyzed using a colorimetric assay. The expression of duodenal Trpv6, which codes for TRPV6, a vitamin D regulated epithelial calcium channel whose expression reflects intestinal calcium absorptive efficiency, was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results and discussion Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number decreased continuously with age in males and females. In contrast to aging mice, an increase in trabecular bone volume and trabecular number was observed in both male and female kl/kl mice. Cortical thickness decreased with advancing age and also decreased in male and female kl/kl mice. Serum calcium and phosphate levels were significantly increased in kl/kl mice but did not change with age. Aging resulted in a decline in Trpv6 expression. In the kl/kl mice duodenal Trpv6 was significantly increased. Our findings reflect differences in bone architecture as well as differences in calcium and phosphate homeostasis and expression of Trpv6 between the kl/kl mutant mouse model of accelerated aging and chronological aging. Although the Klotho deficient mouse has provided a new understanding of the regulation of mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism, our findings suggest that changes in bone architecture in the kl/kl mouse reflect in part systemic disturbances that differ from pathophysiological changes that occur with age including dysregulation of calcium homeostasis that contributes to age related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Vaishali Veldurthy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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Ananya FN, Ahammed MR, Lahori S, Parikh C, Lawrence JA, Sulachni F, Barqawi T, Kamwal C. Neuroprotective Role of Klotho on Dementia. Cureus 2023; 15:e40043. [PMID: 37425590 PMCID: PMC10324629 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Klotho, a gene found on chromosome 13q12, is involved in a variety of processes and signaling pathways in the human body related to vitamin D metabolism; cardiovascular, renal, musculoskeletal, and skin diseases; and cancer biology. However, more importantly, it has been linked to beneficial effects related to anti-aging. The levels of soluble Klotho in the blood have been found to decline with age, increasing the risk of age-related diseases. When the Klotho gene was silenced or defective, it caused a shorter lifespan. However, when the gene was overexpressed, it resulted in a longer lifespan. Klotho has positive benefits on the neurological system by causing a higher representation of useful longevity genes, preventing further neuronal damage, and offering neuroprotection. Thus, it has the potential to become a new treatment for many age-related diseases that cause dementia, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of Klotho's benefits and roles on various organ systems, specifically on nervous system disorders that lead to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Noor Ananya
- Internal Medicine, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
- Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
| | - Md Ripon Ahammed
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City Health + Hospitals/Queens, New York, USA
| | - Simmy Lahori
- Internal Medicine, Pramukhswami Medical College, Anand, IND
| | - Charmy Parikh
- Internal Medicine, Pramukhswami Medical College, Anand, IND
| | - Jannel A Lawrence
- Internal Medicine, Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, BRB
| | - Fnu Sulachni
- Internal Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, PAK
| | | | - Chhaya Kamwal
- Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
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Komaba H. Roles of PTH and FGF23 in kidney failure: a focus on nonclassical effects. Clin Exp Nephrol 2023; 27:395-401. [PMID: 36977891 PMCID: PMC10104924 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) each play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Both hormones increase as kidney function declines, presumably as a response to maintain normal phosphate balance, but when patients reach kidney failure, PTH and FGF23 fail to exert their phosphaturic effects, leading to hyperphosphatemia and further elevations in PTH and FGF23. In patients with kidney failure, the major target organ for PTH is the bone, but elevated PTH is also associated with mortality presumably through skeletal and nonskeletal mechanisms. Indeed, accumulated evidence suggests improved survival with PTH-lowering therapies, and a more recent study comparing parathyroidectomy and calcimimetic treatment further suggests a notion of "the lower, the better" for PTH control. Emerging data suggest that the link between SHPT and mortality could in part be explained by the action of PTH to induce adipose tissue browning and wasting. In the absence of a functioning kidney, the classical target organ for FGF23 is the parathyroid gland, but FGF23 loses its hormonal effect to suppress PTH secretion owing to the depressed expression of parathyroid Klotho. In this setting, experimental data suggest that FGF23 exerts adverse nontarget effects, but it remains to be confirmed whether FGF23 directly contributes to multiple organ injury in patients with kidney failure and whether targeting FGF23 can improve patient outcomes. Further efforts should be made to determine whether intensive control of SHPT improves clinical outcomes and whether nephrologists should aim at controlling FGF23 levels just as with PTH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Komaba
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimo-Kasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan.
- Interactive Translational Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
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Prognostic Value of Serum Soluble Klotho and Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 in Multiple Myeloma Patients. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2022; 38:454-463. [DOI: 10.1007/s12288-021-01470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Afsar B, Kanbay M, Afsar RE. Interconnections of fibroblast growth factor 23 and klotho with erythropoietin and hypoxia-inducible factor. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1973-1985. [PMID: 35381946 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis is tightly regulated process and bone components such as osteoblasts, extracellular matrix, and minerals influence hematopoiesis via regulation of hematopoietic stem cell function. Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted mostly by renal EPO producing (REP) cells which employ the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. When tissue hypoxia occurs, HIFs bind to hypoxia response element in the EPO promoter and induce EPO production. EPO binds to the EPO receptor on red cell progenitors in the BM and triggers expansion of red cell mass. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) which is secreted mostly by osteoblasts and less by BM impacts hematopoiesis by influencing EPO production. Reciprocally, increases of EPO (acute or chronic) influence both FG23 production and cleavage resulting in variation of c fragment FGF23 (cFGF23) and intact FGF23 (iFGF23) ratios. As HIFs stimulate EPO production, they indirectly affect FGF23. Direct stimulation of FGF23 synthesis by binding of HIF on FGF23 promoter is also suggested. FGF23 cleavage by furin is another potential mechanism affecting FGF23 levels. Klotho is present in membrane-bound (transmembrane) and free (circulating) forms. Transmembrane klotho is the co-receptor of FGF23 and forms complexes with FGF23 receptors in the membrane surface and required for FGF23 actions. Recent evidence showed that klotho is also associated with EPO and HIF production suggesting a complex relationship between FGF23, klotho, EPO, and HIF. In this review, we have summarized the connections between FGF23, klotho, HIF, and EPO and their reflections to hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Assessment of Clinical Utility of Assaying FGF-23, Klotho Protein, Osteocalcin, NTX, and Sclerostin in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143089. [PMID: 34300255 PMCID: PMC8303928 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of assaying the fibroblast growth factor (FGF-23), Klotho, osteocalcin, N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), and sclerostin levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) as markers of bone damage as well as for surgical treatment success. Seventeen patients with hypercalcemic PHPT and normal kidney function were studied. In all patients, PTH (parathormone), serum calcium, and creatinine were performed before and six months after parathyroidectomy (PTX). The studied group included patients whose PTH and calcium concentrations normalized post-operatively and with confirmed histopathological diagnosis. The control group consisted of nine age-matched healthy volunteers. The PHPT patients had elevated concentrations of FGF-23, osteocalcin, and NTX and reduced levels of sclerostin, as compared to the control group. After PTX, osteocalcin, NTX, and sclerostin levels normalized. The plasma values of FGF-23 decreased significantly, but remained higher than in healthy subjects. Serum Klotho protein levels did not differ significantly in the two groups. These results suggest that osteocalcin and NTX may potentially be considered as markers of PHPT progression. Additionally, serum normalization of osteocalcin, NTX, and sclerostin might be considered as indicators of PTX success. On the other hand, FGF-23 can represent a parameter reflecting the degree of calcium–phosphate imbalance in PHPT patients, but its usefulness in monitoring the effects of PTX requires further research. The clinical utility of assaying Klotho in PHPT remains to be confirmed.
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Hildebrand S, Cunningham J. Is there a role for bisphosphonates in vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease? Bone 2021; 142:115751. [PMID: 33188959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically bisphosphonates could accelerate or retard vascular calcification. In subjects with low GFR, the position is further confounded by a combination of uncertain pharmacokinetics (GI absorption is poor and inconsistent at all levels of renal function and the effect of low GFR generally is to increase bioavailability) and a highly variable skeletal substrate with extremes of turnover that increase unpredictably further. Although bisphosphonates reduce bone formation by 70-90% in subjects with normal GFR and reduce the ability of bone to buffer exogenous calcium fluxes, in bisphosphonate treated postmenopausal women accelerated vascular calcification has not been documented. The kidneys assist with this buffering, but the capacity to modulate calcium excretion declines as GFR falls, increasing the risk of hypercalcaemia in the event of high calcium influx. In the ESRD patient, decreased buffering capacity substantially increases the risk of transient hypercalcaemia, especially in the setting of dialysis, and as such may promote vascular calcification which is highly prevalent in the CKD population. Low bone turnover may thus be less of a vascular problem in patients with preserved renal function and a bigger problem when the GFR is low. In patients with stage 4 and 5 CKD, adynamic bone disease associates with the severity and progression of arterial calcification, including coronary artery calcification, and further suppression of bone turnover by a bisphosphonate might exacerbate an already high predisposition to vascular calcification. No convincing signal of harm has emerged from clinical studies thus far. For example 51 individuals with CKD stage 3-4 treated with either alendronate 70 mg per week or placebo for 18 months showed no difference in the rate of vascular calcifications. Conversely an observational study of women with stage 3-4 CKD with pre-existing cardiovascular disease found an increased risk of mortality with a hazard ratio of 1.22 (1.04-1.42) in those given bisphosphonates. Direct suppression of vascular calcification by bisphosphonates is probably confined to etidronate - treatment of soft tissue calcification was a recognized indication for this drug and etidronate markedly reduced progression of vascular calcification in CKD patients. Bisphosphonates are analogues of pyrophosphate, a potent calcification inhibitor in bone and soft tissue. Thus the efficacy of etidronate as treatment for soft tissue calcification brought with it a problematic tendency to cause osteomalacia. In contrast, conventional doses of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates fail to yield circulating concentrations sufficient to exert direct anti-calcifying effects, at least in patients with good renal function and studies using alendronate and ibandronate have yielded inconsistent vascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hildebrand
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
| | - J Cunningham
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Yeter HH, Helvaci O, Korucu B, Gonen S, Guz G, Derici U. Factors Affecting Bone Health in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Klotho Gene Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Other Clinical Features. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2020; 20:370-379. [PMID: 33272153 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2020.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Posttransplant bone diseases are a major cause of morbidity in kidney transplant recipients. We investigated the relationship between klotho gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms and bone diseases after kidney transplant. We also aimed to identify possible risk factors for development of bone disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study consisted of 251 kidney transplant recipients (164 men and 87 women) with minimum follow-up of 3 years after kidney transplant. Patients with prolonged immobilization, malignancy, parathyroidectomy, glomerular filtration rates less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m², hypo- or hyperthyroidism, and treatment with drugs that affect bone metabolism were excluded. We investigated the relationship between 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the klotho gene (rs480780, rs211234, rs576404, rs211235, rs9536314, and rs1207568) and development of osteoporosis, avascular bone necrosis, and persistent hyperparathyroidism. RESULTS Longer dialysis treatment (odds ratio, 1.13; P = .002) and rs211235 single-nucleotide polymorphism in the klotho gene (odds ratio, 9.87; P = .001 for GG genotype) were significantly associated with persistent hyperparathyroidism. A higher magnesium level was detected as a protective factor from development of persistent hyperparathyroidism (odds ratio, 0.19; P = .009). Persistent hyperparathyroidism was defined as a risk factor for development of osteopenia/osteoporosis (odds ratio, 2.76; P = .003) and avascular bone necrosis (odds ratio, 2.52; P= .03). Although the rs480780 (odds ratio, 8.73; P = .04) single-nucleotide polymorphism in the klotho gene was defined as a risk factor for development of osteopenia/osteoporosis, none of the klotho single-nucleotide polymorphisms was found to be associated with development of avascular bone necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Persistent hyperparathyroidism could be an important indicator for development of bone disease in kidney transplant recipients. Also, some of the klotho gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with higher risk for bone disease after kidney transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan H Yeter
- From the Department of Nephrology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Meng F, Bertucci C, Gao Y, Li J, Luu S, LeBoff MS, Glowacki J, Zhou S. Fibroblast growth factor 23 counters vitamin D metabolism and action in human mesenchymal stem cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105587. [PMID: 32004706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with elevated circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), impaired renal biosynthesis of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D), low bone mass, and increased fracture risk. Our previous data with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) indicated that vitamin D metabolism in hMSCs is regulated as it is in the kidney and promotes osteoblastogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine manner. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that FGF23 inhibits vitamin D metabolism and action in hMSCs. hMSCs were isolated from discarded marrow during hip arthroplasty, including two subjects receiving hemodialysis and a series of 20 subjects (aged 49-83 years) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) data. The direct in vitro effects of rhFGF23 on hMSCs were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western immunoblot, and biochemical assays. Ex vivo analyses showed positive correlations for both secreted and membrane-bound αKlotho gene expression in hMSCs with eGFR of the subjects from whom hMSCs were isolated. There was downregulated constitutive expression of αKlotho, but not FGFR1 in hMSCs obtained from two hemodialysis subjects. In vitro, rhFGF23 countered vitamin D-stimulated osteoblast differentiation of hMSCs by reducing the vitamin D receptor, CYP27B1/1α-hydroxylase, biosynthesis of 1α,25(OH)2D3, and signaling through BMP-7. These data demonstrate that dysregulated vitamin D metabolism in hMSCs may contribute to impaired osteoblastogenesis and altered bone and mineral metabolism in CKD subjects due to elevated FGF23. This supports the importance of intracellular vitamin D metabolism in autocrine/paracrine regulation of osteoblast differentiation in hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangang Meng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Christopher Bertucci
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Simon Luu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meryl S LeBoff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Glowacki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with chronic kidney disease have a high risk of fractures and no established treatments that have been shown to prevent the bone disease. The physiology of renal osteodystrophy is complex and recently more factors have been found that complicate the mineral metabolism. The recognition that vascular calcifications are related to bone disease has made treatment even more challenging. RECENT FINDINGS The most exciting new findings relate to the signaling pathways that are seen in kidney disease and how they cause abnormalities in bone physiology. In particular, wnt and activin signaling pathways are seen early in the course of renal disease. The bones react by increasing FGF-23, which targets both renal phosphate secretion and a variety of other systemic effects. Secreted klotho is another newly described hormone with effects on several systems.Clinical studies have focused on treatments for hyperparathyroidism and phosphate, and frustrating limitations of the treatments used for ordinary osteoporosis. SUMMARY Treatment of bone disease in patients with chronic kidney disease is challenging, and understanding the physiological pathways could lead to novel therapies.
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Plotkin LI, Bruzzaniti A. Molecular signaling in bone cells: Regulation of cell differentiation and survival. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:237-281. [PMID: 31036293 PMCID: PMC7416488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The achievement of proper bone mass and architecture, and their maintenance throughout life requires the concerted actions of osteoblasts, the bone forming cells, and osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells. The differentiation and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are regulated by molecules produced by matrix-embedded osteocytes, as well as by cross talk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts through secreted factors. In addition, it is likely that direct contact between osteoblast and osteoclast precursors, and the contact of these cells with osteocytes and cells in the bone marrow, also modulates bone cell differentiation and function. With the advancement of molecular and genetic tools, our comprehension of the intracellular signals activated in bone cells has evolved significantly, from early suggestions that osteoblasts and osteoclasts have common precursors and that osteocytes are inert cells in the bone matrix, to the very sophisticated understanding of a network of receptors, ligands, intracellular kinases/phosphatases, transcription factors, and cell-specific genes that are known today. These advances have allowed the design and FDA-approval of new therapies to preserve and increase bone mass and strength in a wide variety of pathological conditions, improving bone health from early childhood to the elderly. We have summarized here the current knowledge on selected intracellular signal pathways activated in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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胡 顺, 王 东, 张 芮, 曹 媛, 金 华, 茅 燕, 魏 玲, 任 克, 章 雪, 王 亿. [Effect of Ronghuang Granule on serum FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho in non-dialysis patients with CKD-MBD and kidney deficiency and damp-heat syndrome]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1427-1432. [PMID: 30613009 PMCID: PMC6744217 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.12.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Ronghuang granule on serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFRs) and Klotho protein levels in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and kidney deficiency and damp heat syndrome. METHODS Seventy non-dialysis CKD-MBD patients with kidney deficiency and dampness-heat syndrome were randomized into control group (n=35) and treatment group (n=35). All the patients were given routine treatment combined with traditional Chinese medicine retention enema, and the patients in the treatment group received additional Ronghuang granule treatment (3 times a day). After the 12-week treatments, the patients were examined for changes of TCM syndromes. Serum levels of Ca, P, parathyroid hormone (iPTH), FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho proteins were detected before and after treatment. These parameters were also examined in 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Sixty-five patients completed the study, including 33 in the control group and 32 in the treatment group. The patients in the treatment group showed significantly better treatment responses than those in the control group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). At 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment, the patients in the treatment group had significantly lowered scores of TCM syndromes compared with the score before treatment (P < 0.05 or 0.01), while in the control group, significant reduction of the scores occurred only at 12 weeks (P < 0.05); at each of the time points, the treatment group had significantly greater reductions in the score than the control group (P < 0.01). Significant improvements in serum Ca, P and iPTH levels were observed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks in the treatment group (P < 0.05) but only at 12 weeks in the control group (P < 0.05). The patients in the control and treatment groups all showed elevated serum levels of FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho protein compared with the normal subjects (P < 0.01); FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho levels were significantly reduced in the treatment group (P < 0.05) but remained unchanged in the control group (P>0.05), showing significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Ronghuang granule improves the clinical symptoms of non-dialysis CKD-MBD patients with kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome by reducing serum levels of FGF23, FGFRs and Klotho, improving calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorder, and inhibiting secondary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- 顺金 胡
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 东 王
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 芮 张
- 安徽中医药大学 研究生院,安徽 合肥 230000Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 媛茹 曹
- 安徽省中西医结合医院,安徽 合肥 230000Anhui Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Hefei 230000, China
| | - 华 金
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 燕萍 茅
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 玲 魏
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 克军 任
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 雪莲 章
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
| | - 亿平 王
- 安徽中医药大学 第一附属医院,安徽 合肥 230000First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Heifei 230000, China
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Damasiewicz MJ, Nickolas TL. Rethinking Bone Disease in Kidney Disease. JBMR Plus 2018; 2:309-322. [PMID: 30460334 PMCID: PMC6237213 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is the bone component of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). ROD affects bone quality and strength through the numerous hormonal and metabolic disturbances that occur in patients with kidney disease. Collectively these disorders in bone quality increase fracture risk in CKD patients compared with the general population. Fractures are a serious complication of kidney disease and are associated with higher morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. Furthermore, at a population level, fractures are at historically high levels in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), whereas in contrast the general population has experienced a steady decline in fracture incidence rates. Based on these findings, it is clear that a paradigm shift is needed in our approach to diagnosing and managing ROD. In clinical practice, our ability to diagnose ROD and initiate antifracture treatments is impeded by the lack of accurate noninvasive methods that identify ROD type. The past decade has seen advances in the noninvasive measurement of bone quality and strength that have been studied in kidney disease patients. Below we review the current literature pertaining to the epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, and management of ROD. We aim to highlight the pressing need for a greater awareness of this condition and the need for the implementation of strategies that prevent fractures in kidney disease patients. Research is needed for more accurate noninvasive assessment of ROD type, clinical studies of existing osteoporosis therapies in patients across the spectrum of kidney disease, and the development of CKD-specific treatments. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Damasiewicz
- Department of NephrologyMonash HealthClaytonAustralia
- Department of MedicineMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Thomas L Nickolas
- Columbia University Medical CenterDepartment of MedicineDivision of NephrologyNew YorkNYUSA
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