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An Overview of In Vivo and In Vitro Models for Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Journey from 3D-Cysts to Mini-Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124537. [PMID: 32630605 PMCID: PMC7352572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inheritable cause of end stage renal disease and, as of today, only a single moderately effective treatment is available for patients. Even though ADPKD research has made huge progress over the last decades, the precise disease mechanisms remain elusive. However, a wide variety of cellular and animal models have been developed to decipher the pathophysiological mechanisms and related pathways underlying the disease. As none of these models perfectly recapitulates the complexity of the human disease, the aim of this review is to give an overview of the main tools currently available to ADPKD researchers, as well as their main advantages and limitations.
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Zhang P, Kiseleva AA, Korobeynikov V, Liu H, Einarson MB, Golemis EA. Microscopy-Based Automated Live Cell Screening for Small Molecules That Affect Ciliation. Front Genet 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 30809247 PMCID: PMC6379280 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary monocilium, or cilium, is a single antenna-like organelle that protrudes from the surface of most mammalian cell types, and serves as a signaling hub. Mutations of cilia-associated genes result in severe genetic disorders termed ciliopathies. Among these, the most common is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD); less common genetic diseases include Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Joubert syndrome, nephronophthisis, and others. Important signaling cascades with receptor systems localized exclusively or in part at cilia include Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), platelet derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRα), WNTs, polycystins, and others. Changes in ciliation during development or in pathological conditions such as cancer impacts signaling by these proteins. Notably, ciliation status of cells is coupled closely to the cell cycle, with cilia protruding in quiescent (G0) or early G1 cells, declining in S/G2, and absent in M phase, and has been proposed to contribute to cell cycle regulation. Because of this complex biology, the elaborate machinery regulating ciliary assembly and disassembly receives input from many cellular proteins relevant to cell cycle control, development, and oncogenic transformation, making study of genetic factors and drugs influencing ciliation of high interest. One of the most effective tools to investigate the dynamics of the cilia under different conditions is the imaging of live cells. However, developing assays to observe the primary cilium in real time can be challenging, and requires a consideration of multiple details related to the cilia biology. With the dual goals of identifying small molecules that may have beneficial activity through action on human diseases, and of identifying ciliary activities of existing agents that are in common use or development, we here describe creation and evaluation of three autofluorescent cell lines derived from the immortalized retinal pigmented epithelium parental cell line hTERT-RPE1. These cell lines stably express the ciliary-targeted fluorescent proteins L13-Arl13bGFP, pEGFP-mSmo, and tdTomato-MCHR1-N-10. We then describe methods for use of these cell lines in high throughput screening of libraries of small molecule compounds to identify positive and negative regulators of ciliary disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vladislav Korobeynikov
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Margret B Einarson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Ising C, Bharill P, Brinkkoetter S, Brähler S, Schroeter C, Koehler S, Hagmann H, Merkwirth C, Höhne M, Müller RU, Fabretti F, Schermer B, Bloch W, Kerjaschki D, Kurschat CE, Benzing T, Brinkkoetter PT. Prohibitin-2 Depletion Unravels Extra-Mitochondrial Functions at the Kidney Filtration Barrier. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:1128-39. [PMID: 27105734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fusion is essential for maintenance of mitochondrial function and requires the prohibitin ring complex subunit prohibitin-2 (PHB2) at the mitochondrial inner membrane. Loss of the stomatin/PHB/flotillin/HflK/C (SPFH) domain containing protein PHB2 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and defective mitochondria-mediated signaling, which is implicated in a variety of human diseases, including progressive renal disease. Here, we provide evidence of additional, extra-mitochondrial functions of this membrane-anchored protein. Immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling detected PHB2 at mitochondrial membranes and at the slit diaphragm, a specialized cell junction at the filtration slit of glomerular podocytes. PHB2 coprecipitated with podocin, another SPFH domain-containing protein, essential for the assembly of the slit diaphragm protein-lipid supercomplex. Consistent with an evolutionarily conserved extra-mitochondrial function, the ortholog of PHB2 in Caenorhabditis elegans was also not restricted to mitochondria but colocalized with the mechanosensory complex that requires the podocin ortholog MEC2 for assembly. Knockdown of phb-2 partially phenocopied loss of mec-2 in touch neurons of the nematode, resulting in impaired gentle touch sensitivity. Collectively, these data indicate that, besides its established role in mitochondria, PHB2 may have an additional function in conserved protein-lipid complexes at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ising
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Puneet Bharill
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sibylle Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brähler
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christina Schroeter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sybille Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carsten Merkwirth
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman U Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesca Fabretti
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine E Kurschat
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Prohibitin Signaling at the Kidney Filtration Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:563-575. [PMID: 28551807 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney filtration barrier consists of three well-defined anatomic layers comprising a fenestrated endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and glomerular epithelial cells, the podocytes. Podocytes are post-mitotic and terminally differentiated cells with primary and secondary processes. The latter are connected by a unique cell-cell contact, the slit diaphragm. Podocytes maintain the GBM and seal the kidney filtration barrier to prevent the onset of proteinuria. Loss of prohibitin-1/2 (PHB1/2) in podocytes results not only in a disturbed mitochondrial structure but also in an increased insulin/IGF-1 signaling leading to mTOR activation and a detrimental metabolic switch. As a consequence, PHB-knockout podocytes develop proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis and eventually loss of renal function. In addition, experimental evidence suggests that PHB1/2 confer additional, extra-mitochondrial functions in podocytes as they localize to the slit diaphragm and thereby stabilize the unique intercellular contact between podocytes required to maintain an effective filtration barrier.
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Abstract
At least 10% of adults and nearly all children who receive renal-replacement therapy have an inherited kidney disease. These patients rarely die when their disease progresses and can remain alive for many years because of advances in organ-replacement therapy. However, these disorders substantially decrease their quality of life and have a large effect on health-care systems. Since the kidneys regulate essential homoeostatic processes, inherited kidney disorders have multisystem complications, which add to the usual challenges for rare disorders. In this review, we discuss the nature of rare inherited kidney diseases, the challenges they pose, and opportunities from technological advances, which are well suited to target the kidney. Mechanistic insights from rare disorders are relevant for common disorders such as hypertension, kidney stones, cardiovascular disease, and progression of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Devuyst
- Division of Nephrology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nine V A M Knoers
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso and Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Little MH, McMahon AP. Mammalian kidney development: principles, progress, and projections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a008300. [PMID: 22550230 PMCID: PMC3331696 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney is a vital organ with considerable cellular complexity and functional diversity. Kidney development is notable for requiring distinct but coincident tubulogenic processes involving reciprocal inductive signals between mesenchymal and epithelial progenitor compartments. Key molecular pathways mediating these interactions have been identified. Further, advances in the analysis of gene expression and gene activity, coupled with a detailed knowledge of cell origins, are enhancing our understanding of kidney morphogenesis and unraveling the normal processes of postnatal repair and identifying disease-causing mechanisms. This article focuses on recent insights into central regulatory processes governing organ assembly and renal disease, and predicts future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
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