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Yan Y, Li Y, Lv M, Li W, Shi HN. Role of p40 phox in host defense against Citrobacter rodentium infection. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1476-1486. [PMID: 33780601 PMCID: PMC8091579 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mutations in NOX subunit genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), indicating a crucial role for ROS in regulating host immune responses. In this study, we utilize genetically deficient mice to investigate whether defects in p40phox , one subunit of NOX, impair host immune response in the intestine and aggravate disease in an infection-based (Citrobacter rodentium) model of colitis. We show that p40phox deficiency does not increase susceptibility of mice to C. rodentium infection, as no differences in body weight loss, bacterial clearance, colonic pathology, cytokine production, or immune cell recruitment were observed between p40phox-/- and wild-type mice. Interestingly, higher IL-10 levels were observed in the supernatants of MLN cells and splenocytes isolated from infected p40phox -deficient mice. Further, a higher expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also noted in mice lacking p40phox . In contrast to wild-type mice, p40phox-/- mice exhibited greater NO production after LPS or bacterial antigen re-stimulation. These results suggest that p40phox-/- mice do not develop worsened colitis. While the precise mechanisms are unclear, it may involve the observed alteration in cytokine responses and enhancement in levels of iNOS and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and RegulationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yali Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and RegulationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | | | | | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research CenterHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General HospitalCharlestownMAUSA
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Xu M, Zhang S, Zhao H, Ma C, Pan Y. Association between nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 ( NOD2) gene polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease (PD) susceptibility. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2134-2138. [PMID: 31146602 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1617730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) gene and Parkinson's disease susceptibility, including IVS4 + 10A > C (rs72796353) and a missense mutation at exon 9 (c.2857A > G p.K953E). Methods: Rs72796353 and c.2857A > G p.K953E polymorphisms of NOD2 gene were genotyped via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 125 cases with PD and 120 healthy controls. Genotype and allele frequencies differences of gene polymorphisms between the case and control groups were analyzed by the Chi-square test. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to indicate the relative susceptibility to PD. Furthermore, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was evaluated by the χ2 test in controls. Results: Neither genotypes nor allele of rs72796353 was significantly different in cases and control groups (p > .05). Differently, AG/GG genotype of NOD2 2857 A > G polymorphism were associated with the increased risk of PD (OR = 2.486, 95%CI = 1.223-5.056), and G allele carriers were 2.563 times risk to suffer from PD (OR = 2.563, 95%CI = 1.310-5.013). Besides, AG genotype might be also a risk factor for PD. Conclusion: NOD2 c.2857A > G p.K953E polymorphism may be correlated with PD susceptibility in Chinese Han population, but not rs727796353. Further study should be conduct to certify this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xu
- a Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Hong Zhao
- a Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Chi Ma
- a Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Yujun Pan
- b Department of Neurology, First Hospital and Clinical College of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
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Gogokhia L, Buhrke K, Bell R, Hoffman B, Brown DG, Hanke-Gogokhia C, Ajami NJ, Wong MC, Ghazaryan A, Valentine JF, Porter N, Martens E, O'Connell R, Jacob V, Scherl E, Crawford C, Stephens WZ, Casjens SR, Longman RS, Round JL. Expansion of Bacteriophages Is Linked to Aggravated Intestinal Inflammation and Colitis. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:285-299.e8. [PMID: 30763538 PMCID: PMC6885004 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are the most abundant members of the microbiota and have the potential to shape gut bacterial communities. Changes to bacteriophage composition are associated with disease, but how phages impact mammalian health remains unclear. We noted an induction of host immunity when experimentally treating bacterially driven cancer, leading us to test whether bacteriophages alter immune responses. Treating germ-free mice with bacteriophages leads to immune cell expansion in the gut. Lactobacillus, Escherichia, and Bacteroides bacteriophages and phage DNA stimulated IFN-γ via the nucleotide-sensing receptor TLR9. The resultant immune responses were both phage and bacteria specific. Additionally, increasing bacteriophage levels exacerbated colitis via TLR9 and IFN-γ. Similarly, ulcerative colitis (UC) patients responsive to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have reduced phages compared to non-responders, and mucosal IFN-γ positively correlates with bacteriophage levels. Bacteriophages from active UC patients induced more IFN-γ compared to healthy individuals. Collectively, these results indicate that bacteriophages can alter mucosal immunity to impact mammalian health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasha Gogokhia
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Center and Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kate Buhrke
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rickesha Bell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brenden Hoffman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D Garrett Brown
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christin Hanke-Gogokhia
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Wong
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arevik Ghazaryan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John F Valentine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nathan Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vinita Jacob
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Center and Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ellen Scherl
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Center and Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Carl Crawford
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Center and Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - W Zac Stephens
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sherwood R Casjens
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Randy S Longman
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Center and Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Quigley EMM. Overlapping irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: less to this than meets the eye? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:199-212. [PMID: 26929782 PMCID: PMC4749858 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x15621230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though distinct in terms of pathology, natural history and therapeutic approach, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have some features in common. These include shared symptomatology and largely similar demographics. However, in most instances, clinical presentation, together with laboratory, imaging and endoscopic findings will readily permit the differentiation of active IBD from IBS. More problematic is the situation where a subject with IBD, in apparent remission, continues to complain of symptoms which, in aggregate, satisfy commonly employed criteria for the diagnosis of IBS. Access to methodologies, such the assay for levels of calprotectin in feces, now allows identification of ongoing inflammation in some such individuals and prompts appropriate therapy. More challenging is the IBD patient with persisting symptoms and no detectable evidence of inflammation; is this coincident IBS, IBS triggered by IBD or an even more subtle level of IBD activity unrecognized by available laboratory or imaging methods? Arguments can be advanced for each of these proposals; lacking definitive data, this issue remains unresolved. The occurrence of IBS-type symptoms in the IBD patient, together with some data suggesting a very subtle level of 'inflammation' or 'immune activation' in IBS, raises other questions: is IBS a prodromal form of IBD; and are IBS and IBD part of the spectrum of the same disease? All of the available evidence indicates that the answer to both these questions should be a resounding 'no'. Indeed, the whole issue of overlap between IBS and IBD should be declared moot given their differing pathophysiologies, contrasting natural histories and divergent treatment paths. The limited symptom repertoire of the gastrointestinal tract may well be fundamental to the apparent confusion that has, of late, bedeviled this area.
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Ma Z, Liang Q, Tang X, Hu D, Tan H, Xiao C, Gao Y. Tanshinone IIA ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammatory bowel disease via the pregnane X receptor. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:6343-62. [PMID: 26674743 PMCID: PMC4676510 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s79388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) (C19H18O3) is one of the major active lipophilic components in a conventional Chinese medicine called danshen, and it has long been used in the People’s Republic of China and other neighboring countries to treat patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous experiments by many teams determined which mechanism of Tan IIA is relevant to the treatment of IBD associated with inflammation and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). The current study demonstrated that Tan IIA is an efficacious PXR agonist and its ability to induce CYP3A4 mRNA and protein expression was mediated by the transactivation of PXR, a known target of abrogating inflammation in IBD. Clinical symptoms in mice and histological assessment data suggested that administration of Tan IIA in mice demonstrated significant protection and showed that in DSS-induced IBD it acts in a concentration-dependent manner. PXR-silenced mice treated with Tan IIA demonstrated low protection against DSS-induced mouse IBD and exacerbated the severity of IBD compared with wild-type mice; PXR-silenced mice demonstrated the necessity for PXR in Tan IIA-mediated upregulation of xenobiotic metabolism genes. The IBD treatment effects of Tan IIA are partially due to PXR-mediated upregulation of xenobiotic metabolism and downregulation of inflammatory mediators. The novel findings reported here may contribute to the effective utilization of Tan IIA and its derivatives as a PXR ligand in the treatment of human IBD. This suggests that Tan IIA may have considerable clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxie Zhang
- Air Force General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengchun Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiande Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianglin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghua Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengrong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Voronov E, Apte RN. IL-1 in Colon Inflammation, Colon Carcinogenesis and Invasiveness of Colon Cancer. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2015; 8:187-200. [PMID: 26686225 PMCID: PMC4715003 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-015-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a major "alarm" upstream pro-inflammatory cytokine that mainly acts by inducing cascades of cytokine and inflammation-promoting mediators. In the tumor arena, IL-1 is produced by both malignant and microenvironmental cells. IL-1α and IL-1β are the major agonists of IL-1, while IL-1Ra is a physiological inhibitor of pre-formed IL-1. IL-1α and IL-1β differ in their compartmentalization and in the producing cells. IL-1β is only active in its inflammasome dependent processed and secreted form and has been considered as the major mediator of inflammation. On the other hand, IL-1α is mainly cell-associated in tissue resident cells, being also active in its precursor form. The role of the IL-1 molecules in the unique microenvironment in the colon is largely unknown. Here, we described the role of IL-1α and IL-1β in colon homeostasis, colon inflammation, colon carcinogenesis and invasiveness of colorectal cancer. Understanding of the integrative role of IL-1α and IL-1β in these processes will facilitate the application of novel IL-1 modulating approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Voronov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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Hu D, Wang Y, Chen Z, Ma Z, You Q, Zhang X, Zhou T, Xiao Y, Liang Q, Tan H, Xiao C, Tang X, Zhang B, Gao Y. Artemisinin protects against dextran sulfate-sodium-induced inflammatory bowel disease, which is associated with activation of the pregnane X receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:273-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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NOD2 mutations affect muramyl dipeptide stimulation of human B lymphocytes and interact with other IBD-associated genes. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2599-607. [PMID: 23709157 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and functional studies have associated variants in the NOD2/CARD15 gene with Crohn's disease. AIMS This study aims to replicate the association of three common NOD2 mutations with Crohn's disease, study its effect on NOD2 expression in B cells and its interaction with other IBD-associated genes. METHODS A total of 294 IBD patients (179 familial IBD, 115 sporadic IBD) and 298 unrelated healthy controls were from central Pennsylvania. NOD2 mutations were analyzed by primer-specific amplification, PCR based-RFLP, and validated with the ABI SNPlexM genotyping system. Gene-gene interaction was studied using a statistical model for epistasis analysis. RESULTS Three common NOD2 mutations are associated with Crohn's disease (p=5.08×10(-7), 1.67×10(-6), and 1.87×10(-2) for 1007fs, R720W, and G908R, respectively), but not with ulcerative colitis (p=0.1046, 0.1269, and 0.8929, respectively). For IBD overall, 1007finsC (p=4.4×10(-5)) and R720W (p=9.24×10(-5)) were associated with IBD, but not G908R (p=0.1198). We revealed significant interactions of NOD2 with other IBD susceptibility genes IL23R, DLG5, and OCTN1. We discovered that NOD2 was expressed in both normal human peripheral blood B cells and in EBV-transformed B cell lines. Moreover, we further demonstrated that muramyl dipeptide (MDP) stimulation of B lymphocytes up-regulated expression of NF-κB-p50 mRNA. CONCLUSION NOD2 is expressed in peripheral B cells, and the up-regulation of NOD2 expression by MDP was significantly impaired by NOD2 mutations. The finding suggests a possible role of NOD2 in the immunological response in IBD pathogenesis.
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Fattouh R, Guo CH, Lam GY, Gareau MG, Ngan BY, Glogauer M, Muise AM, Brumell JH. Rac2-deficiency leads to exacerbated and protracted colitis in response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61629. [PMID: 23613889 PMCID: PMC3628927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic-based studies have implicated a number of immune-related genes in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our recent genetic studies showed that RAC2 is associated with human IBD; however, its role in disease pathogenesis is unclear. Given Rac2's importance in various fundamental immune cell processes, we investigated whether a defect in Rac2 may impair host immune responses in the intestine and promote disease in the context of an infection-based (Citrobacter rodentium) model of colitis. In response to infection, Rac2(-/-) mice showed i) worsened clinical symptoms (days 13-18), ii) increased crypt hyperplasia at days 11 and 22 (a time when crypt hyperplasia was largely resolved in wild-type mice; WT), and iii) marked mononuclear cell infiltration characterized by higher numbers of T (CD3(+)) cells (day 22), compared to WT-infected mice. Moreover, splenocytes harvested from infected Rac2(-/-) mice and stimulated in vitro with C. rodentium lysate produced considerably higher levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-17A. The augmented responses observed in Rac2(-/-) mice did not appear to stem from Rac2's role in NADPH oxidase-driven reactive oxygen species production as no differences in crypt hyperplasia, nor inflammation, were observed in infected NOX2(-/-) mice compared to WT. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Rac2(-/-) mice develop more severe disease when subjected to a C. rodentium-induced model of infectious colitis, and suggest that impaired Rac2 function may promote the development of IBD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Fattouh
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cong-Hui Guo
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Y. Lam
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie G. Gareau
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bo-Yee Ngan
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleixo M. Muise
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sickkids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H. Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sickkids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Modern hygienic lifestyles are associated with the emergence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which now afflicts millions of people in highly-developed countries. Meticulous hygiene interrupts conduits of transmission required for ubiquitous exposure to parasitic worms (helminths). We proposed that loss of exposure to helminths permits development of IBD. Early clinical trials suggested that exposure to helminths such as Trichuris suis or Necator americanus can improve IBD. Over the last several years, processes to "medicinalize"T. suis have been developed and use of this helminth is now being studied in large multi-center clinical trials. Concurrently, we and others have identified some of the immune regulatory mechanisms elicited by helminth exposure that suppress inappropriate intestinal inflammation. These efforts could soon result in new therapies for patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel V Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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MacDonald TT, Biancheri P, Sarra M, Monteleone G. What's the next best cytokine target in IBD? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:2180-9. [PMID: 22508526 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), immune and nonimmune cells produce large amounts of cytokines that drive the inflammatory process leading to the tissue damage. Cytokine blockers, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), have been used with some success in IBD. However, not all patients respond, and the therapeutic effects wane with time, demonstrating the need for more effective and long-lasting antiinflammatory strategies. A key question is whether neutralizing other proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12, IL-21, IL-27, or IL-33 will lead to a better clinical response than with anti-TNF-α antibodies. Equally, we now know that IBD-related inflammation is marked by defective production/activity of antiinflammatory cytokines, and there are strategies to correct these defects. An alternative approach is to try to target individual therapies to individual patients, to improve clinical efficacy in subsets of patients, but this has proven difficult. Here we try to evaluate the potential of each of these choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T MacDonald
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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12
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Cheng J, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ. Pregnane X receptor as a target for treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:323-30. [PMID: 22609277 PMCID: PMC3368991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has a major role in the induction of genes involved in drug transport and metabolism. Recent studies in mice have provided insight into a novel function for PXR in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanism of the protective effect of PXR activation on IBD is not fully established, but is due in part to the attenuation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling that results in lower expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent clinical trials with the antibiotic rifaximin, a PXR agonist in the gastrointestinal system, have revealed its potential therapeutic value in the treatment of intestinal inflammation in humans. Thus, PXR may be a novel target for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Miklossy J. Alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:90. [PMID: 21816039 PMCID: PMC3171359 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that chronic spirochetal infection can cause slowly progressive dementia, brain atrophy and amyloid deposition in late neurosyphilis. Recently it has been suggested that various types of spirochetes, in an analogous way to Treponema pallidum, could cause dementia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we review all data available in the literature on the detection of spirochetes in AD and critically analyze the association and causal relationship between spirochetes and AD following established criteria of Koch and Hill. The results show a statistically significant association between spirochetes and AD (P = 1.5 × 10-17, OR = 20, 95% CI = 8-60, N = 247). When neutral techniques recognizing all types of spirochetes were used, or the highly prevalent periodontal pathogen Treponemas were analyzed, spirochetes were observed in the brain in more than 90% of AD cases. Borrelia burgdorferi was detected in the brain in 25.3% of AD cases analyzed and was 13 times more frequent in AD compared to controls. Periodontal pathogen Treponemas (T. pectinovorum, T. amylovorum, T. lecithinolyticum, T. maltophilum, T. medium, T. socranskii) and Borrelia burgdorferi were detected using species specific PCR and antibodies. Importantly, co-infection with several spirochetes occurs in AD. The pathological and biological hallmarks of AD were reproduced in vitro by exposure of mammalian cells to spirochetes. The analysis of reviewed data following Koch's and Hill's postulates shows a probable causal relationship between neurospirochetosis and AD. Persisting inflammation and amyloid deposition initiated and sustained by chronic spirochetal infection form together with the various hypotheses suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of AD a comprehensive entity. As suggested by Hill, once the probability of a causal relationship is established prompt action is needed. Support and attention should be given to this field of AD research. Spirochetal infection occurs years or decades before the manifestation of dementia. As adequate antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapies are available, as in syphilis, one might prevent and eradicate dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Miklossy
- International Alzheimer Research Center, Prevention Alzheimer Foundation, Martigny-Combe, Switzerland.
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