1
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Achurra P, Fernandes E, O'Kane G, Grant R, Cattral M, Sapisochin G. Liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: who, when and how. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2024; 29:161-171. [PMID: 38258823 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Using transplant oncology principles, selected patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) may achieve long-term survival after liver transplantation. Strategies for identifying and managing these patients are discussed in this review. RECENT FINDINGS Unlike initial reports, several modern series have reported positive outcomes after liver transplantation for iCCA. The main challenges are in identifying the appropriate candidates and graft scarcity. Tumor burden and response to neoadjuvant therapies have been successfully used to identify favorable biology in unresectable cases. New molecular biomarkers will probably predict this response in the future. Also, new technologies and better strategies have been used to increase graft availability for these patients without affecting the liver waitlist. SUMMARY Liver transplantation for the management of patients with unresectable iCCA is currently a reality under strict research protocols. Who is a candidate for transplantation, when to use neoadjuvant and locoregional therapies, and how to increase graft availability are the main topics of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Achurra
- Department of Abdominal Transplant and HPB Surgical Oncology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Fernandes
- Department of Surgery and Abdominal Organ Transplantation - São Lucas Hospital Copacabana, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Grainne O'Kane
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Grant
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Cattral
- Department of Abdominal Transplant and HPB Surgical Oncology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto
| | - Gonzalo Sapisochin
- Department of Abdominal Transplant and HPB Surgical Oncology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto
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2
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Shenoy A, Pan JJ, Fontana RJ. PRO: Liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2023; 21:56-59. [PMID: 36938313 PMCID: PMC10013333 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shenoy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason J. Pan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Zhang Q, Liu Z, Liu S, Wang M, Li X, Xun J, Wang X, Yang Q, Wang X, Zhang D. A novel nomogram for adult primary perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and considerations concerning lymph node dissection. Front Surg 2023; 9:965401. [PMID: 36684342 PMCID: PMC9852046 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.965401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To construct a reliable nomogram available online to predict the postoperative survival of patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods Data from 1808 patients diagnosed with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma between 2004 and 2015 were extracted from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. They were randomly divided into training and validation sets. The nomogram was established by machine learning and Cox model. The discriminant ability and prediction accuracy of the nomogram were evaluated by concordance index (C-index), receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve. Kaplan-Meier curves show the prognostic value of the associated risk factors and classification system. Results Machine learning and multivariate Cox risk regression model showed that sex, age, tumor differentiation, primary tumor stage(T), lymph node metastasis(N), TNM stage, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, lymph node dissection were associated with the prognosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma patients relevant factors (P < 0.05). A novel nomogram was established. The calibration plots, C-index and ROC curve for predictions of the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS were in excellent agreement. In patients with stage T1 and N0 perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, the prognosis of ≥4 lymph nodes dissected was better than that of 1- 3 lymph nodes dissected (P < 0.01). Conclusion The nomogram prognostic prediction model can provide a reference for evaluating the prognosis and survival rate of patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with stage T1 and N0 perihilar cholangiocarcinoma have more benefits by increasing the number of lymph node dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zehan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangqing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ximo Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Correspondence: Dapeng Zhang Ximo Wang
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Correspondence: Dapeng Zhang Ximo Wang
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4
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Abdelrahim M, Al-Rawi H, Esmail A, Xu J, Umoru G, Ibnshamsah F, Abudayyeh A, Victor D, Saharia A, McMillan R, Al Najjar E, Bugazia D, Al-Rawi M, Ghobrial RM. Gemcitabine and Cisplatin as Neo-Adjuvant for Cholangiocarcinoma Patients Prior to Liver Transplantation: Case-Series. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:3585-3594. [PMID: 35621680 PMCID: PMC9139862 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29050290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The management of cholangiocarcinoma is continually reviewed on a current evidence basis to develop practice guidelines and consensus statements. However, the standardized treatment guidelines are still unclear for cholangiocarcinoma patients who are listed for liver transplantation. We aimed to validate and evaluate the potential efficacy of chemotherapy combination of Gemcitabine and Cisplatin as a neo-adjuvant treatment for cholangiocarcinoma patients before liver transplantation. Methods: In this prospective case series, patients with locally advanced, unresectable, hilar, or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with no evidence of extrahepatic disease or vascular involvement were treated with a combination of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin with no radiation. All patients included received chemotherapy prior to being listed for liver transplantation at a single cancer center according to an open-labeled, and center-approved clinical management protocol. The primary endpoints were the overall survival and recurrence-free survival after liver transplantation. Results: Between 1 March 2016, and 15 March 2022, 10 patients (8 males and 2 females) with a median age of 62.71(interquartile range: 60.02–71.87) had a confirmed diagnosis of intrahepatic or hilar cholangiocarcinoma and underwent liver transplantation. Median days of neoadjuvant therapy for a given combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin were 181 (IRQ: 120–250). Nine patients (90%) were reported with no recurrence or metastasis, and only 1 patient had confirmed metastasis (10%); days for metastasis after transplantation were 612 for this patient. All patients received a combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin as neo-adjuvant while awaiting liver transplantation. The median days of follow-up were 851 (813–967). Overall survival was 100% (95% CI 100–100%) at both years one and two; 75% (95% CI 13–96%) at years three to five. One patient died at eight hundred and eighty-five days. No adverse events were reported after liver transplantation including the patient who was confirmed with recurrence. Conclusions: Our finding demonstrated that neo-adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin with no radiation prior to liver transplantation resulted in excellent outcomes for patients with cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maen Abdelrahim
- Section of GI Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.-R.); (A.E.)
- Cockrell Center of Advanced Therapeutics Phase I Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 14853, USA; (A.S.); (R.M.); (R.M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hadeel Al-Rawi
- Section of GI Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.-R.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Abdullah Esmail
- Section of GI Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.-R.); (A.E.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- JC Walter Jr Center for Transplantation and Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Jiaqiong Xu
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Godsfavour Umoru
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Fahad Ibnshamsah
- Medical Oncology, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah 52366, Saudi Arabia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ala Abudayyeh
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - David Victor
- JC Walter Jr Center for Transplantation and Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ashish Saharia
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 14853, USA; (A.S.); (R.M.); (R.M.G.)
- JC Walter Jr Center for Transplantation and Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Robert McMillan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 14853, USA; (A.S.); (R.M.); (R.M.G.)
- JC Walter Jr Center for Transplantation and Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ebtesam Al Najjar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sanaa 15201, Yemen;
| | - Doaa Bugazia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 22131, Libya;
| | - Maryam Al-Rawi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 14853, USA; (A.S.); (R.M.); (R.M.G.)
- JC Walter Jr Center for Transplantation and Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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5
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McMillan RR, Javle M, Kodali S, Saharia A, Mobley C, Heyne K, Hobeika MJ, Lunsford KE, Victor DW, Shetty A, McFadden RS, Abdelrahim M, Kaseb A, Divatia M, Yu N, Nolte Fong J, Moore LW, Nguyen DT, Graviss EA, Gaber AO, Vauthey JN, Ghobrial RM. Survival following liver transplantation for locally advanced, unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:823-832. [PMID: 34856069 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) has previously been considered a contraindication to liver transplantation (LT). However, recent series showed favorable outcomes for LT after neoadjuvant therapy. Our center developed a protocol for neoadjuvant therapy and LT for patients with locally advanced, unresectable iCCA in 2010. Patients undergoing LT were required to demonstrate disease stability for 6 months on neoadjuvant therapy with no extrahepatic disease. During the study period, 32 patients were listed for LT and 18 patients underwent LT. For transplanted patients, the median number of iCCA tumors was 2, and the median cumulative tumor diameter was 10.4 cm. Patients receiving LT had an overall survival at 1-, 3-, and 5-years of 100%, 71%, and 57%. Recurrences occurred in seven patients and were treated with systemic therapy and resection. The study population had a higher than expected proportion of patients with genetic alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and DNA damage repair pathways. These data support LT as a treatment for highly selected patients with locally advanced, unresectable iCCA. Further studies to identify criteria for LT in iCCA and factors predicting survival are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R McMillan
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Milind Javle
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sudha Kodali
- Department of Medicine, Hepatology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashish Saharia
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Constance Mobley
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kirk Heyne
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mark J Hobeika
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keri E Lunsford
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David W Victor
- Department of Medicine, Hepatology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Akshay Shetty
- Department of Medicine, Hepatology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert S McFadden
- Department of Medicine, Hepatology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maen Abdelrahim
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ahmed Kaseb
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mukul Divatia
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nam Yu
- Houston Radiology Associates, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joy Nolte Fong
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Linda W Moore
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Duc T Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Edward A Graviss
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - A Osama Gaber
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Vauthey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - R Mark Ghobrial
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Fragkou N, Sideras L, Panas P, Emmanouilides C, Sinakos E. Update on the association of hepatitis B with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Is there new evidence? World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4252-4275. [PMID: 34366604 PMCID: PMC8316913 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a subgroup of cholangiocarcinoma that accounts for about 10%-20% of the total cases. Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most important predisposing factors leading to the formation of iCCA. It has been recently estimated based on abundant epidemiological data that the association between HBV infection and iCCA is strong with an odds ratio of about 4.5. The HBV-associated mechanisms that lead to iCCA are under intense investigation. The diagnosis of iCCA in the context of chronic liver disease is challenging and often requires histological confirmation to distinguish from hepatocellular carcinoma. It is currently unclear whether antiviral treatment for HBV can decrease the incidence of iCCA. In terms of management, surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment. There is a need for effective treatment modalities beyond resection in both first- and second-line treatment. In this review, we summarize the epidemiological evidence that links the two entities, discuss the pathogenesis of HBV-associated iCCA, and present the available data on the diagnosis and management of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Fragkou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Lazaros Sideras
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Panteleimon Panas
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | | | - Emmanouil Sinakos
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
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7
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Moris D, Shaw BI, Ong C, Connor A, Samoylova ML, Kesseli SJ, Abraham N, Gloria J, Schmitz R, Fitch ZW, Clary BM, Barbas AS. A simple scoring system to estimate perioperative mortality following liver resection for primary liver malignancy-the Hepatectomy Risk Score (HeRS). Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2021; 10:315-324. [PMID: 34159159 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2020.03.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Selection of the optimal treatment modality for primary liver cancers remains complex, balancing patient condition, liver function, and extent of disease. In individuals with preserved liver function, liver resection remains the primary approach for treatment with curative intent but may be associated with significant mortality. The purpose of this study was to establish a simple scoring system based on Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and extent of resection to guide risk assessment for liver resections. Methods The 2005-2015 NSQIP database was queried for patients undergoing liver resection for primary liver malignancy. We first developed a model that incorporated the extent of resection (1 point for major hepatectomy) and a MELD-Na score category of low (MELD-Na =6, 1 point), medium (MELD-Na =7-10, 2 points) or high (MELD-Na >10, 3 points) with a score range of 1-4, called the Hepatic Resection Risk Score (HeRS). We tested the predictive value of this model on the dataset using logistic regression. We next developed an optimal multivariable model using backwards sequential selection of variables under logistic regression. We performed K-fold cross validation on both models. Receiver operating characteristics were plotted and the optimal sensitivity and specificity for each model were calculated to obtain positive and negative predictive values. Results A total of 4,510 patients were included. HeRS was associated with increased odds of 30-day mortality [HeRS =2: OR =3.23 (1.16-8.99), P=0.025; HeRS =3: OR =6.54 (2.39-17.90), P<0.001; HeRS =4: OR =13.69 (4.90-38.22), P<0.001]. The AUC for this model was 0.66. The AUC for the optimal multivariable model was higher at 0.76. Under K-fold cross validation, the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of these two models were similar at PPV =6.4% and NPV =97.7% for the HeRS only model and PPV =8.4% and NPV =98.1% for the optimal multivariable model. Conclusions The HeRS offers a simple heuristic for estimating 30-day mortality after resection of primary liver malignancy. More complicated models offer better performance but at the expense of being more difficult to integrate into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Moris
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian I Shaw
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cecilia Ong
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashton Connor
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Samuel J Kesseli
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nader Abraham
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jared Gloria
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Schmitz
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary W Fitch
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bryan M Clary
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew S Barbas
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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8
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Kodali S, Shetty A, Shekhar S, Victor DW, Ghobrial RM. Management of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112368. [PMID: 34072277 PMCID: PMC8198953 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a tumor that arises as a result of differentiation of the cholangiocytes and can develop from anywhere in the biliary tree. Subtypes of cholangiocarcinoma are differentiated based on their location in the biliary tree. If diagnosed early these can be resected, but most cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma present late in the disease course where surgical resection is not an option. In these patients who are poor candidates for resection, a combination of chemotherapy, locoregional therapies like ablation, transarterial chemo and radioembolization, and in very advanced and metastatic disease, external radiation are the available options. These modalities can improve overall disease-free and progression-free survival chances. In this review, we will discuss the risk factors and clinical presentation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, diagnosis, available therapeutic options, and future directions for management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Kodali
- Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.K.); (A.S.); (R.M.G.)
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akshay Shetty
- Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.K.); (A.S.); (R.M.G.)
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Soumya Shekhar
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston Campus, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - David W. Victor
- Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.K.); (A.S.); (R.M.G.)
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.K.); (A.S.); (R.M.G.)
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Sapisochin G, Ivanics T, Subramanian V, Doyle M, Heimbach JK, Hong JC. Multidisciplinary treatment for hilar and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A review of the general principles. Int J Surg 2020; 82S:77-81. [PMID: 32380231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare but devastating malignancy that presents late, and associated with a high mortality if untreated. CCA is locally aggressive and located in close proximity to vital structures i.e. the portal vein and hepatic artery. A complete extirpation of the tumor including microscopically detectable disease R0 resection offers the best possibility of long-term survival in patients with CCA. As such, the surgical approach to achieve a R0 resection is dictated by the location of the tumor and the presence of underlying liver disease. The present article focuses on the general principles of the multidisciplinary treatment of hilar and intrahepatic CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sapisochin
- Multi-Organ Transplant and HPB Surgical Oncology, Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Tommy Ivanics
- Multi-Organ Transplant and HPB Surgical Oncology, Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Vijay Subramanian
- Transplant, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Majella Doyle
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie K Heimbach
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Johnny C Hong
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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10
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Wong M, Kim J, George B, Eriksen C, Pearson T, Robbins J, Zimmerman MA, Hong JC. Downstaging Locally Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma Pre-Liver Transplantation: A Prospective Pilot Study. J Surg Res 2019; 242:23-30. [PMID: 31059945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) after neoadjuvant therapy (NT) in well-selected patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) achieves excellent recurrence-free survival. Current criteria for NT-OLT exclude patients with locally advanced hilar and intrahepatic CCA from potential cure. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of NT in downstaging locally advanced CCA, and examine outcomes after OLT. METHODS Among 24 patients referred for unresectable hilar and intrahepatic CCA from January 2013 through August 2017, 18 met center-specific inclusion criteria for the NT-OLT treatment protocol: hilar tumor size ≤3.5 cm or intrahepatic ≤8 cm, and regional lymphadenopathy but without distant metastasis. Median follow-up was 22.1 mo from diagnosis. RESULTS Of 18 patients who initiated NT, 11 were removed from the protocol due to tumor progression (n = 6) or uncontrolled infection and failure-to-thrive (n = 5). Median NT duration tended to be shorter for patients progressing to dropout than for those surviving to OLT (5.5 versus 13.5 mo, P = 0.109). Among five patients who received OLT, 1-y post-OLT patient survival was 80%: three survive recurrence-free (14.5-29.2 mo post-OLT); one developed an isolated tumor recurrence in a single portacaval lymph node at 12 mo post-OLT; and one experienced non-tumor-related death. All dropout patients died at a median of 14.4 mo after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first prospective study to show successful NT downstaging of unresectable locally advanced hilar and intrahepatic CCA before OLT. NT-OLT for select patients with locally advanced hilar and intrahepatic CCA achieved acceptable short-term recurrence-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Wong
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; The Transplant Center, Froedtert and The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Joohyun Kim
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; The Transplant Center, Froedtert and The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ben George
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Calvin Eriksen
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; The Transplant Center, Froedtert and The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Terra Pearson
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; The Transplant Center, Froedtert and The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jared Robbins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael A Zimmerman
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; The Transplant Center, Froedtert and The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Johnny C Hong
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; The Transplant Center, Froedtert and The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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11
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Frakulli R, Buwenge M, Macchia G, Cammelli S, Deodato F, Cilla S, Cellini F, Mattiucci GC, Bisello S, Brandi G, Parisi S, Morganti AG. Stereotactic body radiation therapy in cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20180688. [PMID: 30673295 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been used in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) but toxicity and clinical results of SBRT in CC are still limited and sparse. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to analyze the results of SBRT in the setting of advanced CC. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane library using the PRISMA methodology. Studies including at least 10 patients with diagnosis of advanced CC regardless of tumor site and other treatments were included. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) and secondary endpoints were local control (LC) and toxicity rates. The ROBINS-I risk of bias tool was used. RESULTS 10 studies (231 patients) fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in this review. All but one study showed moderate to serious risk of bias. Median follow up was 15 months (range: 7.8-64.0 months). Pooled 1 year OS was 58.3% (95% CI: 50.2-66.1%) and pooled 2 year OS was 35.5% (95% CI: 22.1-50.1%). Pooled 1 year LC was 83.4%, (95% CI: 76.5-89.4%). The reported toxicities were acceptable and manageable with only one treatment-related death. CONCLUSION The role of SBRT in CC is not yet supported by robust evidence in literature. However, within this limit, preliminary results seem almost comparable to the ones of standard chemotherapy or chemoradiation. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE SBRT seems effective in terms of LC with acceptable treatment-related toxicities. Therefore, SBRT can be considered a therapeutic option at least in selected patients with CC, possibly combined with adjuvant chemotherapy (CHT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezarta Frakulli
- 1 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Milly Buwenge
- 1 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Gabriella Macchia
- 2 Radiotherapy Unit, Fondazione "Giovanni Paolo II", Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Campobasso , Italy
| | - Silvia Cammelli
- 1 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Francesco Deodato
- 2 Radiotherapy Unit, Fondazione "Giovanni Paolo II", Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Campobasso , Italy
| | - Savino Cilla
- 3 Medical Physic Unit, Fondazione "Giovanni Paolo II", Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Campobasso , Italy
| | - Francesco Cellini
- 4 Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Gian C Mattiucci
- 4 Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Silvia Bisello
- 1 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanni Brandi
- 5 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Cancer Research, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Salvatore Parisi
- 6 Unit of Radiotherapy, IRCCS"Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy
| | - Alessio G Morganti
- 1 Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
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Liver transplantation for locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant therapy: a prospective case-series. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:337-348. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Lee DD, Croome KP, Musto KR, Melendez J, Tranesh G, Nakhleh R, Taner CB, Nguyen JH, Patel T, Harnois DM. Liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Transpl 2018. [PMID: 29514406 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a common indication for liver transplantation (LT), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) are historically contraindicated due to their aggressive behavior. On the basis of recent experiences, some groups have proposed a clinical trial investigating the role of LT for patients with early cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), defined as a single lesion ≤ 2 cm. The purpose of this study is to assess the clinicopathologic features and outcomes following LT for patients who were initially diagnosed with HCC and subsequently found to have either ICC or cHCC-CCA on explant. Patients with the diagnosis of primary liver cancer (PLC) after LT from a single center were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes for patients with early CCA were compared with patients with HCC within Milan criteria (MC). Out of 618 patients transplanted with PLC, 44 patients were found to have CCA on explant. On the basis of preoperative imaging, 12 patients met criteria for early CCA and were compared with 319 patients who had HCC within MC. The 1- and 5-year overall survival for early CCA versus HCC was 63.6% versus 90.0% and 63.6% versus 70.3% (log-rank, P = 0.25), respectively. Overall recurrence was 33.3% for early CCA versus 11% for HCC. On explant the patients with CCA were more likely understaged with higher tumor grade and vascular invasion. In conclusion, patients with CCA present a diagnostic challenge, which often leads to the finding of more aggressive lesions on explant after LT, higher recurrence rates, and worse post-LT survival. Careful consideration of this diagnostic conundrum needs to be made before a clinical trial is undertaken. Liver Transplantation 24 634-644 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Lee
- Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | | | - Jose Melendez
- Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.,Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL
| | | | - Raouf Nakhleh
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | | | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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14
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Haberal Reyhan N. Liver Transplant for Nonhepatocellular Carcinoma Malignancy. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2017; 15:69-73. [PMID: 28302003 DOI: 10.6002/ect.tond16.l18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Liver transplant is now an acceptable and effective treatment for specific nonhepatocellular malignancies. Worldwide, hilar cholangiocarcinoma accounts for 3% of all primary gastrointestinal malignancies and for 10% of primary hepatobiliary malignancies. For patients who have early-stage, unresectable cholangiocarcinoma, liver transplant preceded by neoadjuvant radiotherapy can result in tumor-free margins, accomplish a radical resection, and treat the underlying primary sclerosing cholangitis when present. Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare tumor of vascular origin with a variable malignant potential. Excellent results have been reported with liver transplant for patients with unresectable hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, with 1-year and 10-year survival rates of 96% and 72%. Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary hepatic malignancy in children. The long-term survival rate after transplant ranges from 66% to 77% in patients with unresectable tumors and good response to chemotherapy. Metastatic liver disease is not an indication for liver transplant, with the exception of cases in which the primary tumor is a neuroendocrine tumor. Indication for liver transplant for hepatic metastasis from neuroendocrine tumors is mainly for patients with unresectable tumors and for palliation of medically uncontrollable symptoms. Posttransplant survival in those patients with low tumor activity index is excellent, despite recurrence of the tumor. Some recent data on liver transplant for unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer have reported limited survival benefits compared with previous reports. However, due to the high rate of tumor recurrence in a very short time after liver transplant, especially in the era of organ shortage, this indication has not been favored by the transplant community. The indications for liver transplant for nonhepatocellular carcinoma malignancy and its limitations have evolved dramatically over the past decades and will continue to be redefined through future research and investigations.
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15
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Rabinel P, Dousse D, Muscari F, Suc B. Management of liver cancer. The Surgeon's point of view. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2017; 22:176-180. [PMID: 28490990 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last twenty years, a huge progress has been achieved in the treatment of liver cancer and recent strategies include interventional radiology, chemotherapy regimens and surgery. Meanwhile, Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SRBT) has developed in the treatment of all organs with millimetre accuracy, very few side effects and a high control rate. So, SRBT has become a therapeutic weapon in his own right in liver tumour treatment. Many publications have reported encouraging results in colorectal liver metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis and peripheric cholangiocarcinoma. It is important that radiation therapists involve systematic multidisciplinary "liver tumour" meetings to discuss therapeutic indications and initiate treatments quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rabinel
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Rangueil Hospital, 1, Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Damien Dousse
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Rangueil Hospital, 1, Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Muscari
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Rangueil Hospital, 1, Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Suc
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Rangueil Hospital, 1, Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex, France
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16
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17
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Gulamhusein AF, Sanchez W. Liver transplantation in the management of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2015; 2:409-421. [PMID: 30191020 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary hepatic neoplasm and accounts for 10-20% of hepatobiliary cancer-related deaths. The prognosis of patients with CCA is poor with 5-year survival rates of 10%, partially due to the limited effective treatment options that exist for this disease. In this review, we discuss the evolving role of liver transplantation in the management of patients with perihilar CCA (pCCA). We specifically discuss the Mayo Clinic protocol of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by liver transplantation in selected patients with pCCA and describe pretransplant, peritransplant, and post-transplant considerations and challenges with this approach. Finally, we review local, national and international outcomes and discuss future directions in optimizing this treatment strategy for patients who otherwise have few therapeutic options and limited survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya F Gulamhusein
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William Sanchez
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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18
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Trilianos P, Selaru F, Li Z, Gurakar A. Trends in pre-liver transplant screening for cholangiocarcinoma among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Digestion 2014; 89:165-73. [PMID: 24577150 DOI: 10.1159/000357445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common hepatobiliary malignancy complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Unfortunately, timely diagnosis of CCA in PSC patients remains challenging. AIM To investigate the strategies among liver centers regarding pre-transplant screening for CCA in patients with PSC. METHODS An online survey was returned from 46 US transplant centers, inquiring on the frequency of screening, the use of specific tests, or tactical approaches to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or CCA. RESULTS Most centers screen their PSC patients for CCA prior to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) (89%). Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are first-line screening tools (93 and 84% respectively). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with biliary brushings is routinely performed in only 30% of the centers. In the case of HGD, 61% would choose close monitoring. In the event of non-resectable CCA, 37% have an OLT protocol, 33% resort to palliative treatment and the remaining 30% make an outside referral. Finally, half the participating centers perform CCA surveillance among their listed PSC patients every 6 months. CONCLUSION Screening for CCA among PSC patients prior to OLT varies greatly among centers. Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are widely used. HGD warrants surveillance rather than intervention among most experts. Protocolized chemoradiation followed by OLT has yet to become a widely accepted approach. The very poor survival of PSC patients who develop CCA underlines the importance of an effective and universally accepted screening process that will aid in its earlier detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Trilianos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Transplant Hepatology Section, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
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19
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Sperling J, Justinger C, Schuld J, Ziemann C, Seidel R, Kollmar O. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a transplant liver--selective internal radiation therapy followed by right hemihepatectomy: report of a case. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:198. [PMID: 24980217 PMCID: PMC4099142 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra- or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are the second most common primary liver malignancies behind hepatocellular carcinoma. Whereas the incidence for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is rising, the occurrence of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is trending downwards. The treatment of choice for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remains liver resection. However, a case of liver resection after selective internal radiation therapy in order to treat a recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a transplant liver is unknown in the literature so far. Herein, we present a case of a patient undergoing liver transplantation for Wilson’s disease with an accidental finding of an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma within the explanted liver. Due to a recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after liver transplantation, a selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium-90 microspheres was performed followed by right hemihepatectomy. Four years later, the patient is tumor-free and in a healthy condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Otto Kollmar
- Present address: Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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Bridgewater J, Galle PR, Khan SA, Llovet JM, Park JW, Patel T, Pawlik TM, Gores GJ. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2014; 60:1268-89. [PMID: 24681130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 988] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Bridgewater
- University College, London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St., London WC1E 6AA, UK
| | - Peter R Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shahid A Khan
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Josep M Llovet
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Joong-Won Park
- Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Boulevard, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Harvey 611, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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21
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Hibi T, Shinoda M, Itano O, Kitagawa Y. Current status of the organ replacement approach for malignancies and an overture for organ bioengineering and regenerative medicine. Organogenesis 2014; 10:241-9. [PMID: 24836922 DOI: 10.4161/org.29245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant achievements in the organ replacement approach for malignancies over the last 2 decades opened new horizons, and the age of "Transplant Oncology" has dawned. The indications of liver transplantation for malignancies have been carefully expanded by a strict patient selection to assure comparable outcomes with non-malignant diseases. Currently, the Milan criteria, gold standard for hepatocellular carcinoma, are being challenged by high-volume centers worldwide. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and liver transplantation for unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma has been successful in specialized institutions. For other primary and metastatic liver tumors, clinical evidence to establish standardized criteria is lacking. Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation is an option for low-grade neoplasms deemed unresectable by conventional surgery. However, the procedure itself is in the adolescent stage. Solid organ transplantation for malignancies inevitably suffers from "triple distress," i.e., oncological, immunological, and technical. Organ bioengineering and regenerative medicine should serve as the "triple threat" therapy and revolutionize "Transplant Oncology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Hibi
- Department of Surgery; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinoda
- Department of Surgery; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Itano
- Department of Surgery; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Luo X, Yuan L, Wang Y, Ge R, Sun Y, Wei G. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors of surgical therapy for all potentially resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a large single-center cohort study. J Gastrointest Surg 2014; 18:562-72. [PMID: 24395070 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection is currently indicated for all potentially resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), but the survival outcomes and the prognostic factors have not been well-documented due to its rarity. This study aims to assess these in a large, consecutive series of patients with ICC treated surgically. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 1,333 ICC patients undergoing surgery between January 2007 and December 2011. Surgical results and survival were evaluated and compared among different subgroups of patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS R0, R1, R2 resection and exploratory laparotomy were obtained in 34.8, 44.9, 16.4, and 3.9% of the patients, respectively. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates for the entire cohort were 58.2, 25.2, and 17.0%, respectively, with corresponding rates of 79.1, 42.6, and 28.7% for patients with R0 resection; 60.5, 20.1, and 13.9% for patients with R1 resection; 20.5, 7.4, and 0% for patients with R2 resection; and 3.8, 0, and 0% for patients with an exploratory laparotomy. Independent factors for poor survival included positive resection margin, lymph node metastasis, multiple tumors, vascular invasion, and elevated CA19-9 and/or CEA, whereas hepatitis B virus infection and cirrhosis were independently favorable prognosis indicators. CONCLUSIONS R0 resection offers the best possibility of long-term survival, but the chance of a R0 resection is low when surgery is performed for potential resectable ICC. Further randomized trials are warranted to refine indications for surgery in the management of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Luo
- Second Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
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Oniscu GC, Diaz G, Levitsky J. Meeting report of the 19th Annual International Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society (Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, Sydney, Australia, June 12-15, 2013). Liver Transpl 2014; 20:7-14. [PMID: 24136728 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The International Liver Transplantation Society held its annual meeting from June 12 to 15 in Sydney, Australia. More than 800 registrants attended the congress, which opened with a conference celebrating 50 years of liver transplantation (LT). The program included series of featured symposia, focused topic sessions, and oral and poster presentations. This report is by no means all-inclusive and focuses on specific abstracts on key topics in LT. Similarly to previous reports, this one presents data in the context of the published literature and highlights the current direction of LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Oniscu
- Scottish Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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24
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Sulpice L, Rayar M, Desille M, Turlin B, Fautrel A, Boucher E, Llamas-Gutierrez F, Meunier B, Boudjema K, Clément B, Coulouarn C. Molecular profiling of stroma identifies osteopontin as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 58:1992-2000. [PMID: 23775819 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common type of primary cancer in the liver. ICC is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic strategies. The identification of new drug targets and prognostic biomarkers is an important clinical challenge for ICC. The presence of an abundant stroma is a histological hallmark of ICC. Given the well-established role of the stromal compartment in the progression of cancer diseases, we hypothesized that relevant biomarkers could be identified by analyzing the stroma of ICC. By combining laser capture microdissection and gene expression profiling, we demonstrate that ICC stromal cells exhibit dramatic genomic changes. We identified a signature of 1,073 nonredundant genes that significantly discriminate the tumor stroma from nontumor fibrous tissue. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated that up-regulated genes in the stroma of ICC were related to cell cycle, extracellular matrix, and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathways. Tissue microarray analysis using an independent cohort of 40 ICC patients validated at a protein level the increased expression of collagen 4A1/COL4A1, laminin gamma 2/LAMC2, osteopontin/SPP1, KIAA0101, and TGFβ2 genes in the stroma of ICC. Statistical analysis of clinical and pathological features demonstrated that the expression of osteopontin, TGFβ2, and laminin in the stroma of ICC was significantly correlated with overall patient survival. More important, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the stromal expression of osteopontin was an independent prognostic marker for overall and disease-free survival. CONCLUSION The study identifies clinically relevant genomic alterations in the stroma of ICC, including candidate biomarkers for prognosis, supporting the idea that tumor stroma is an important factor for ICC onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sulpice
- Inserm, UMR991, Liver Metabolisms and Cancer, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Service de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et Digestive, Rennes, France
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Razumilava N, Gores GJ. Classification, diagnosis, and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:13-21.e1; quiz e3-4. [PMID: 22982100 PMCID: PMC3596004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are tumors that develop along the biliary tract. Depending on their site of origin, they have different features and require specific treatments. Classification of CCAs into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal subgroups has helped standardize the registration, treatment, and study of this lethal malignancy. Physicians should remain aware that cirrhosis and viral hepatitis B and C are predisposing conditions for intrahepatic CCA. Treatment options under development include locoregional therapies and a chemotherapy regimen of gemcitabine and cisplatin. It is a challenge to diagnose perihilar CCA, but an advanced cytologic technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization for polysomy can aid in diagnosis. It is important to increase our understanding of the use of biliary stents and liver transplantation in the management of perihilar CCA, as well as to distinguish distal CCAs from pancreatic cancer, because of different outcomes from surgery. We review advances in the classification, diagnosis, and staging of CCA, along with treatment options.
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