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Dong QQ, Wu Q, Lu Y, Shi Y, Yang KD, Xu XL, Chen W. Exploring β-glucan as a micro-nano system for oral delivery targeted the colon. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127360. [PMID: 37827417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of oral colon-specific delivery systems (OCDDS) is important for delivering active agents to the colon and rectum specifically via the oral route. The use of micro/nanostructured OCDDS further improves drug stability, bioavailability, and retention time, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects. However, designing micro/nanoscale OCDDSs is challenging due to pH changes, enzymatic degradation, and systemic absorption and metabolism. Biodegradable natural polysaccharides are a promising solution to these problems, and β-glucan is one of the most promising natural polysaccharides due to its unique structural features, conformational flexibility, and specific processing properties. This review covers the diverse chemical structures of β-glucan, its benefits (biocompatibility, easy modification, and colon-specific degradation), and various β-glucan-based micro/nanosized OCDDSs, as well as their drawbacks. The potential of β-glucan offers exciting new opportunities for colon-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Dong
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yi Shi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Ke-Da Yang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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2
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Mortensen JS, Bohr SSR, Harloff-Helleberg S, Hatzakis NS, Saaby L, Nielsen HM. Physical and barrier changes in gastrointestinal mucus induced by the permeation enhancer sodium 8-[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]octanoate (SNAC). J Control Release 2022; 352:163-178. [PMID: 36314534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) for oral delivery of peptide drugs contain excipients that facilitate and enhance absorption. However, little knowledge exists on how DDS excipients such as permeation enhancers interact with the gastrointestinal mucus barrier. This study aimed to investigate interactions of the permeation enhancer sodium 8-[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]octanoate (SNAC) with ex vivo porcine intestinal mucus (PIM), ex vivo porcine gastric mucus (PGM), as well as with in vitro biosimilar mucus (BM) by profiling their physical and barrier properties upon exposure to SNAC. Bulk mucus permeability studies using the peptides cyclosporine A and vancomycin, ovalbumin as a model protein, as well as fluorescein-isothiocyanate dextrans (FDs) of different molecular weights and different surface charges were conducted in parallel to mucus retention force studies using a texture analyzer, rheological studies, cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), and single particle tracking of fluorescence-labelled nanoparticles to investigate the effects of the SNAC-mucus interaction. The exposure of SNAC to PIM increased the mucus retention force, storage modulus, viscosity, increased nanoparticle confinement within PIM as well as decreased the permeation of cyclosporine A and ovalbumin through PIM. Surprisingly, the viscosity of PGM and the permeation of cyclosporine A and ovalbumin through PGM was unaffected by the presence of SNAC, thus the effect of SNAC depended on the regional site that mucus was collected from. In the absence of SNAC, the permeation of different molecular weight and differently charged FDs through PIM was comparable to that through BM. However, while bulk permeation of neither of the FDs through PIM was affected by SNAC, the presence of SNAC decreased the permeation of FD4 and increased the permeation of FD150 kDa through BM. Additionally, and in contrast to observations in PIM, nanoparticle confinement within BM remained unaffected by the presence of SNAC. In conclusion, the present study showed that SNAC altered the physical and barrier properties of PIM, but not of PGM. The effects of SNAC in PIM were not observed in the BM in vitro model. Altogether, the study highlights the need for further understanding how permeation enhancers influence the mucus barrier and illustrates that the selected mucus model for such studies should be chosen with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mortensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S S-R Bohr
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 17, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S Harloff-Helleberg
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N S Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 17, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Saaby
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer A/S, Kogle Alle 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - H M Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Daher R, Ducrot N, Lefebvre T, Zineeddine S, Ausseil J, Puy H, Karim Z. Crosstalk between Acidosis and Iron Metabolism: Data from In Vivo Studies. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020089. [PMID: 35208164 PMCID: PMC8874512 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron absorption requires an acidic environment that is generated by the activity of the proton pump gastric H(+)/K(+)ATPase (ATP4), expressed in gastric parietal cells. However, hepcidin, the iron regulatory peptide that inhibits iron absorption, unexpectedly upregulates ATP4 and increases gastric acidity. Thus, a concept of link between acidosis and alterations in iron metabolism, needs to be explored. We investigated this aspect in-vivo using experimental models of NH4Cl-induced acidosis and of an iron-rich diet. Under acidosis, gastric ATP4 was augmented. Serum hepcidin was induced and its mRNA level was increased in the liver but not in the stomach, a tissue where hepcidin is also expressed. mRNA and protein levels of intestinal DMT1(Divalent Metal Transporter 1) and ferroportin were downregulated. Serum iron level and transferrin saturation remained unchanged, but serum ferritin was significantly increased. Under iron-rich diet, the protein expression of ATP4A was increased and serum, hepatic and gastric hepcidin were all induced. Taken together, these results provide evidence of in-vivo relationship between iron metabolism and acidosis. For clinical importance, we speculate that metabolic acidosis may contribute in part to the pathologic elevation of serum hepcidin levels seen in patients with chronic kidney disease. The regulation of ATP4 by iron metabolism may also be of interest for patients with hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raêd Daher
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Nicolas Ducrot
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Thibaud Lefebvre
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Nord-Université de Paris, F-75014 Colombes, France
| | - Sofia Zineeddine
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jérome Ausseil
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Hervé Puy
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Nord-Université de Paris, F-75014 Colombes, France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence:
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Zheng LF, Ji T, Guo ZH, Wang T, Xiu XL, Liu XY, Li SC, Sun L, Xue H, Zhang Y, Zhu JX. Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 2 located in the human and murine gastric mucosa is involved in secretagogue-induced gastric acid secretion and is downregulated in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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5
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Kumata R, Ito J, Takahashi K, Suzuki T, Sato K. A tissue level atlas of the healthy human virome. BMC Biol 2020; 18:55. [PMID: 32493363 PMCID: PMC7269688 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-resident microbes can influence both health and disease. Investigating the microbiome using next-generation sequencing technology has revealed examples of mutualism and conflict between microbes and humans. Comparing to bacteria, the viral component of the microbiome (i.e., the "virome") is understudied. Somatic tissues of healthy individuals are usually inaccessible for the virome sampling; therefore, there is limited understanding of the presence and distribution of viruses in tissues in healthy individuals and how virus infection associates with human gene expression and perturbs immunological homeostasis. RESULTS To characterize the human virome in a tissue-specific manner, here we performed meta-transcriptomic analysis using the RNA-sequencing dataset from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project. We analyzed the 8991 RNA-sequencing data obtained from 51 somatic tissues from 547 individuals and successfully detected 39 viral species in at least one tissue. We then investigated associations between virus infection and human gene expression and human disease onset. We detected some expected relationships; for instance, hepatitis C virus infection in the liver was strongly associated with interferon-stimulated gene upregulation and pathological findings of chronic hepatitis. The presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 in one subject's brain strongly associated with immune gene expression. While torque teno virus was detected in a broad range of human tissues, it was not associated with interferon responses. Being notable in light of its association with lymphoproliferative disorders, Epstein-Barr virus infection in the spleen and blood was associated with an increase in plasma cells in healthy subjects. Human herpesvirus 7 was often detected in the stomach; intriguingly, it associated with the proportion of human leukocytes in the stomach as well as digestive gene expression. Moreover, virus infections in the local tissues associated with systemic immune responses in circulating blood. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first comprehensive investigation of the human virome in a variety of tissues in healthy individuals through meta-transcriptomic analysis. Further investigation of the associations described here, and application of this analytical pipeline to additional datasets, will be useful to reveal the impact of viral infections on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kumata
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 1088639, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 1088639, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 1628640, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 1628640, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 1088639, Japan. .,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 3220012, Japan.
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6
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Ni X, Tan Z, Ding C, Zhang C, Song L, Yang S, Liu M, Jia R, Zhao C, Song L, Liu W, Zhou Q, Gong T, Li X, Tai Y, Zhu W, Shi T, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhen B, Qin J. A region-resolved mucosa proteome of the human stomach. Nat Commun 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30604760 PMCID: PMC6318339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric mucosa is the most active layer of the stomach wall, involved in food digestion, metabolic processes and gastric carcinogenesis. Anatomically, the human stomach is divided into seven regions, but the protein basis for cellular specialization is not well understood. Here we present a global analysis of protein profiles of 82 apparently normal mucosa samples obtained from living individuals by endoscopic stomach biopsy. We identify 6,258 high-confidence proteins and estimate the ranges of protein expression in the seven stomach regions, presenting a region-resolved proteome reference map of the near normal, human stomach. Furthermore, we measure mucosa protein profiles of tumor and tumor nearby tissues (TNT) from 58 gastric cancer patients, enabling comparisons between tumor, TNT, and normal tissue. These datasets provide a rich resource for the gastrointestinal tract research community to investigate the molecular basis for region-specific functions in mucosa physiology and pathology including gastric cancer. The human stomach is divided into seven anatomically distinct regions but their protein composition is largely unknown. Here, the authors present a region-resolved map of the healthy human stomach mucosa as well as mucosa proteomes of tumor and tumor nearby tissue from gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Ni
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.,Center for Bioinformatics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhaoli Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunchao Zhang
- Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chuanhua Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wanlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tongqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yanhong Tai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Bei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Institute of lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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7
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Birsen İ, Gemici B, Acar N, Üstünel İ, İzgüt-Uysal VN. The role of apelin in the healing of water-immersion and restraint stress-induced gastric damage. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:373-385. [PMID: 27369695 PMCID: PMC10717744 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the role of apelin in the healing of gastric lesions induced by stress. Male Wistar rats were exposed to water immersion and restraint stress (WIRS) for 6 h with or without the apelin receptor antagonist F13A. The rats were killed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th or 10th day after the end of stress induction. Apelin and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression was increased on the 1st day after the end of stress exposure and was decreased daily thereafter. However, F13A retarded the healing of gastric lesions by preventing the improvement of mucosal blood flow, prostaglandin E2 production and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rats exposed to WIRS. Additionally, F13A increased the gastric 4-hydroxynonenol + malondialdehyde content on the 1st and 3rd days after the end of stress induction but did not affect the change in gastric mucosal nitric oxide levels. In conclusion, apelin may be a regulatory protein involved in the healing mechanism of stress-induced gastric damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Birsen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burcu Gemici
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nuray Acar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İsmail Üstünel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - V Nimet İzgüt-Uysal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
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8
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Motta V, Trevisi P, Bertolini F, Ribani A, Schiavo G, Fontanesi L, Bosi P. Exploring gastric bacterial community in young pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173029. [PMID: 28249050 PMCID: PMC5332105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota plays an important role in the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract. Understanding the variations of the commensal microbiota composition is crucial for a more efficient control of enteric infectious diseases and for the reduction of the use of antibiotics in animal production, which are the main points of interest for improved animal healthcare and welfare and for consumer health protection. Even though the intestinal microbiota has been extensively studied, little is known about the gastric microbiota. This pilot study was aimed at a descriptive analysis of the gastric microbiota in healthy pigs and at the identification of any differences among four potentially distinct microbial niches in the stomach. Gastric mucosal samples from the oxyntic area, the pylorus and the gastric groove, and a sample of gastric contents were collected from four healthy weaned pigs. Bacterial DNA was isolated and extracted from each sample and amplicons from the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using Ion Torrent PGM. The data were analysed by an "unsupervised" and a "supervised" approach in the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) pipeline. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in all the samples. Differences in bacterial community composition were found between mucosal and content samples (one-way ANOSIM pairwise post hoc test, p < 0.05); instead, the different mucosal regions did not show differences between them. The mucosal samples were characterised by Herbiconiux and Brevundimonas, two genera which include cellulolytic and xylanolytic strains. Nevertheless, additional larger trials are needed to support the data presented in this pilot study and to increase the knowledge regarding the resident microbiota of the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Motta
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anisa Ribani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Schiavo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Fontanesi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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9
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Zhang G, Ducatelle R, Mihi B, Smet A, Flahou B, Haesebrouck F. Helicobacter suis affects the health and function of porcine gastric parietal cells. Vet Res 2016; 47:101. [PMID: 27756386 PMCID: PMC5070140 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomach of pigs at slaughter age is often colonized by Helicobacter (H.) suis, which is also the most prevalent gastric non-H. pylori Helicobacter (NHPH) species in humans. It is associated with chronic gastritis, gastric ulceration and other gastric pathological changes in both hosts. Parietal cells are highly specialized, terminally differentiated epithelial cells responsible for gastric acid secretion and regulation. Dysfunction of these cells is closely associated with gastric pathology and disease. Here we describe a method for isolation and culture of viable and responsive parietal cells from slaughterhouse pigs. In addition, we investigated the interactions between H. suis and gastric parietal cells both in H. suis-infected six-month-old slaughter pigs, as well as in our in vitro parietal cell model. A close interaction of H. suis and parietal cells was observed in the fundic region of stomachs from H. suis positive pigs. The bacterium was shown to be able to directly interfere with cultured porcine parietal cells, causing a significant impairment of cell viability. Transcriptional levels of Atp4a, essential for gastric acid secretion, showed a trend towards an up-regulation in H. suis positive pigs compared to H. suis-negative pigs. In addition, sonic hedgehog, an important factor involved in gastric epithelial differentiation, gastric mucosal repair, and stomach homeostasis, was also significantly up-regulated in H. suis positive pigs. In conclusion, this study describes a successful approach for the isolation and culture of porcine gastric parietal cells. The results indicate that H. suis affects the viability and function of this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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10
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Lee SY. Endoscopic gastritis, serum pepsinogen assay, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Korean J Intern Med 2016; 31:835-44. [PMID: 27604795 PMCID: PMC5016293 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic findings of the background gastric mucosa are important in the Helicobacter pylori-seroprevalent population. It is strongly correlated not only with the risk of gastric cancer, but also with the excretion ability of gastric mucosa cells. In noninfected subjects, common endoscopic findings are regular arrangement of collecting venules, chronic superficial gastritis, and erosive gastritis. In cases of active H. pylori infection, nodularity on the antrum, hemorrhagic spots on the fundus, and thickened gastric folds are common endoscopic findings. The secreting ability of the gastric mucosa cells is usually intact in both noninfected and actively infected stomachs, and the intragastric condition becomes hyperacidic upon inflammation. Increased serum pepsinogen II concentration correlates well with active H. pylori infection, and also indicates an increased risk of diffuse-type gastric cancer. In chronic inactive H. pylori infection, metaplastic gastritis and atrophic gastritis extending from the antrum (closed-type chronic atrophic gastritis) toward the corpus (open-type chronic atrophic gastritis) are common endoscopic findings. The intragastric environment is hypoacidic and the risk of intestinal-type gastric cancer is increased in such conditions. Furthermore, there is a decrease in serum pepsinogen I concentration when the secreting ability of the gastric mucosa cells is damaged. Serologic and endoscopic changes that occur upon H. pylori infection are important findings for estimating the secreting ability of the gastric mucosa cells, and could be applied for the secondary prevention of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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11
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De Luca V, Vullo D, Del Prete S, Carginale V, Scozzafava A, Osman SM, AlOthman Z, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Cloning, characterization and anion inhibition studies of a new γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4405-4409. [PMID: 26145820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new γ-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned, purified and characterized from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, PhaCAγ. The enzyme has a medium-low catalytic activity for the physiologic reaction of CO2 hydration to bicarbonate and protons, with a kcat of 1.4×10(5)s(-1) and a kcat/Km of 1.9×10(6)M(-1)s(-1). An anion inhibition study of PhaCAγ with inorganic anions and small molecule inhibitors is also reported. Many anions present in sea water, such as chloride, fluoride, sulfate, iodide, but also others such as azide, perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate did not inhibit this enzyme. Pseudohalides such as cyanate, thiocyanate, cyanide, selenocyanide, and also bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite and many complex inorganic anions showed inhibition in the millimolar range (KI in the range of 1.7-9.3mM). The best PhaCAγ inhibitors detected in this study were diethyldithiocarbamate (KI of 0.96 mM) as well as sulfamide, sulfamate, phenylboronic acid and phenylarsonic acid (KI in the range of 82-91 μM). Since γ-CAs are poorly understood at this moment, being present in carboxysomes and thus involved in photosynthesis, this study may be relevant for a better understanding of these processes in Antarctic bacteria/cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Luca
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carginale
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sameh M Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid AlOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 81, Napoli, Italy.
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12
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Tatara MR, Krupski W, Szpetnar M, Dąbrowski A, Bury P, Szabelska A, Charuta A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Maciejewski R, Wallner G. Effects of total gastrectomy on plasma silicon and amino acid concentrations in men. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1557-63. [PMID: 26041388 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215588925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine one-year effects of total gastrectomy on plasma silicon and free amino acid concentrations in patients and evaluate changes of volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) in lumbar spine. Eight patients were enrolled to the control (CTR) group. Six patients subjected to total gastrectomy (GX group) were included to the experimental group. vBMD in trabecular and cortical bone was measured in lumbar vertebrae at baseline (before surgery) and one year later using quantitative computed tomography. Plasma concentrations of silicon and free amino acids were determined at baseline and one year later using photometric method and ion-exchange chromatography. Body weights within CTR and GX groups were not different after one-year follow-up when compared to the baseline values (P > 0.05). An average annual decrease of vBMD in the trabecular bone in the gastrectomized patients reached 15.0% in lumbar spine and was significantly different in comparison to the percentage changes observed in CTR group (P = 0.02). One-year percentage change of vBMD in the cortical bone in L1 and L2 has shown significantly decreased values by 10.5 and 9.1% in the GX group when compared to the percentage change observed in the controls (P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of adipic acid was significantly higher by 101.6% one year after total gastrectomy procedure in the patients when compared to the baseline value (P = 0.01). Plasma concentration of silicon was significantly lowered by 26.7% one year after the total gastrectomy when compared to the baseline value (P = 0.009). Total gastrectomy in patients has induced severe osteoporotic changes in lumbar spine within one-year period. The observed osteoporotic changes were associated with decreased plasma concentration of silicon indicating importance of exocrine and endocrine functions of stomach for silicon homeostasis maintenance. Gastrectomy-induced bone loss was not related to decreased amino acid concentration in plasma obtained from overnight fasted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin R Tatara
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland II Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Witold Krupski
- II Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Szpetnar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University in Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dąbrowski
- II Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery and Surgical Oncology of the Alimentary Tract, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Bury
- II Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery and Surgical Oncology of the Alimentary Tract, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Szabelska
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical University in Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Charuta
- Vertebrates Morphology Department, Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Human Anatomy Department, Medical University in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wallner
- II Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery and Surgical Oncology of the Alimentary Tract, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract
Peptic ulcer is a common disease characterized by lesions that affect the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach and/or duodenum, and may extend into the muscular layer of the mucosa. Natural products have played an important role in the process of development and discovery of new drugs, due to their wide structural diversity and present, mostly specific and selective biological activities. Among natural products the alkaloids, biologically active secondary metabolites, that can be found in plants, animals or microorganisms stand out. The alkaloids are compounds consisting of a basic nitrogen atom that may or may not be part of a heterocyclic ring. This review will describe 15 alkaloids with antiulcer activity in animal models and in vitro studies.
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14
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Colombo M, Priori D, Trevisi P, Bosi P. Differential gene expression in the oxyntic and pyloric mucosa of the young pig. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111447. [PMID: 25357124 PMCID: PMC4214732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomach is often considered a single compartment, although morphological differences among specific areas are well known. Oxyntic mucosa (OXY) and pyloric mucosa (PYL, in other species called antral mucosa) are primarily equipped for acid secretion and gastrin production, respectively, while it is not yet clear how the remainder of genes expressed differs in these areas. Here, the differential gene expression between OXY and PYL mucosa was assessed in seven starter pigs. Total RNA expression was analyzed by whole genome Affymetrix Porcine Gene 1.1_ST array strips. Exploratory functional analysis of gene expression values was done by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, comparing OXY and PYL. Normalized enrichment scores (NESs) were calculated for each gene (statistical significance defined when False Discovery Rate % <25 and P-values of NES<0.05). Expression values were selected for a set of 44 genes and the effect of point of gastric sample was tested by analysis of variance with the procedure for repeated measures. In OXY, HYDROGEN ION TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORTER ACTIVITY gene set was the most enriched set compared to PYL, including the two genes for H+/K+-ATPase. Pathways related to mitochondrial activity and feeding behavior were also enriched (primarily cholecystokinin receptors and ghrelin). Aquaporin 4 was the top-ranking gene. In PYL, two gene sets were enriched compared with OXY: LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION and LIPID RAFT, a gene set involved in cholesterol-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane. The single most differentially expressed genes were gastrin and secretoglobin 1A, member 1, presumably located in the epithelial line, to inactivate inflammatory mediators. Several genes related to mucosal integrity, immune response, detoxification and epithelium renewal were also enriched in PYL (P<0.05). The data indicate that there is significant differential gene expression between OXY of the young pig and PYL and further functional studies are needed to confirm their physiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Priori
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zhao CM, Kodama Y, Flatberg A, Beisvag V, Kulseng B, Sandvik AK, Rehfeld JF, Chen D. Gene expression profiling of gastric mucosa in mice lacking CCK and gastrin receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 192-193:35-44. [PMID: 25160855 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The stomach produces acid, which may play an important role in the regulation of bone homeostasis. The aim of this study was to reveal signaling pathways in the gastric mucosa that involve the acid secretion and possibly the bone metabolism in CCK1 and/or CCK2 receptor knockout (KO) mice. Gastric acid secretion was impaired and the ECL cell signaling pathway was inhibited in CCK2 receptor KO mice but not in CCK1 receptor KO mice. However, in CCK1+2 receptor double KO mice the acid secretion in response to pylorus ligation-induced vagal stimulation and the ECL cell pathway were partially normalized, which was associated with an up-regulated pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type 1 receptor (PAC1). The basal part of the gastric mucosa expressed parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) in a subpopulation of likely ECL cells (and possibly other cells) and vitamin D3 1α hydroxylase probably in trefoil peptide2-immunoreactive cells. In conclusion, mice lacking CCK receptors exhibited a functional shift from the gastrin-CCK pathways to the neuronal pathway in control of the ECL cells and eventually the acid secretion. Taking the present data together with previous findings, we suggest a possible link between gastric PTHLH and vitamin D and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Zhao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Yosuke Kodama
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bård Kulseng
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Olav's University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
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16
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El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Stomach antral endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:967-74. [PMID: 25110039 PMCID: PMC4152137 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, stomach antral endocrine cells have not previously been investigated in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Thus, in the present study, 76 patients with IBS were examined (designated as IBS-total). Diarrhoea was the predominant symptom in 26 of these patients (IBS-D), while in 21 patients, the predominant symptoms were both diarrhoea and constipation (IBS-M) and in 29 patients the predominant symptom was constipation (IBS-C). Forty-three healthy subjects were enrolled as the controls. Stomach antral biopsy samples obtained from all of the subjects were immunostained using the avidin-biotin-complex method for serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin and serotonin transporter (SERT). The immunopositive cell densities and immunoreactivity intensities were determined by computer-aided image analysis. The density of the serotonin-immunoreactive cells was significantly decreased in the IBS-M patients and increased in the IBS-C patients relative to the controls. The immunoreactivity intensity did not differ significantly between the controls and IBS-total. The density of the gastrin-immunoreactive cells was significantly greater in the IBS-D, IBS-M and IBS-C patients than in the controls. The immunoreactivity intensity of gastrin was significantly greater in the IBS-D patients than in the controls. The density of the somatostatin-immunoreactive cells cells was significantly lower in the IBS-total, IBS-D, IBS-M and IBS-C patients than in the controls. The immunoreactivity intensities of both somatostatin and SERT did not differ significantly between the controls and IBS-total. The increase in gastrin cell density and the decrease in somatostatin cell density in all IBS subtypes may cause high levels of gastric secretion, which may in turn contribute to the high incidence of dyspepsia and gastro-oesophageal reflux observed in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse-Fonna Hospital, Stord, Norway
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Mazzawi T, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M. Effect of dietary management on the gastric endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:519-24. [PMID: 25097003 PMCID: PMC4387551 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background/objectives: The gastric endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) tend to normalize following dietary guidance. The aim of the present study was to identify the gastric endocrine cell types that are changed following such dietary guidance. Subjects/methods: Fourteen IBS patients and 14 healthy subjects were included in the study. Patients received three sessions of individual dietary management guidance. Gastroscopy was performed on both the controls and the patients at baseline and then again for the patients at 3–9 months after dietary guidance. Biopsy samples from the corpus and antrum were immunostained for all gastric endocrine cell types. Endocrine cells were quantified by computerized image analysis. Results: The densities of the ghrelin cells for the controls and IBS patients before and after dietary guidance were 149.6±36.2 (mean±s.e.m.; 95% confidence interval (CI) 71.3–227.8), 114.5±32.7 and 161.8±37.8 cells/mm2, respectively. The densities of the gastrin cells in these groups were 155.8±21.0 (95% CI 110.3–201.2), 159.4±24.3 and 211.6±28.0 cells/mm2, respectively; the corresponding densities of serotonin cells in the corpus were 18.2±3.9 (95% CI 9.8–26.6), 10.6±3.4 and 14±2.0 cells/mm2 and in the antrum were 44.6±12.2 (95% CI 18.1–71.1), 1.7±0.5 and 14.7±6.3 cells/mm2. The densities of the somatostatin cells in the corpus were 40.0±7.7 (95% CI 23.5–56.5), 23.0±3.0 and 37.3±4.2 cells/mm2, respectively, and in the antrum were 138.9±22.0 (95% CI 91.4–186.3), 95.6±15.9 and 86.0±16.9 cells/mm2, respectively. Conclusions: The densities of all of the gastric endocrine cell types changed towards the healthy control values in the IBS patients following a change in food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mazzawi
- 1] Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Hospital, Stord, Norway [2] Section for Gastroenterology, Institute of Medicine, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Hausken
- Section for Gastroenterology, Institute of Medicine, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
| | - D Gundersen
- Department of Research, Helse-Fonna, Haugesund, Norway
| | - M El-Salhy
- 1] Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Hospital, Stord, Norway [2] Section for Gastroenterology, Institute of Medicine, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
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Ramineni M, Taggart MW, Rashid A, Abraham SC. Benign glandular downgrowth in gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: a potential mimic of composite tumour. Histopathology 2014; 65:897-907. [PMID: 25041266 DOI: 10.1111/his.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We have observed glandular downgrowth in some gastric neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), in which nonneoplastic appearing gastric glands are admixed with submucosal neuroendocrine nests, that could potentially be confused with composite tumours. METHODS AND RESULTS We reviewed 68 gastric NETs with at least submucosal invasion, and evaluated associations between glandular downgrowth, clinical parameters (age, gender, NET setting) and tumour characteristics (size, depth of invasion, grade). Controls included 45 duodenal NETs. Glandular downgrowth was present in 28 (41%) gastric NETs but only 2 (4.4%) duodenal NETs (P < 0.0001). It was not related to age, gender, hypergastrinemia (downgrowth present in 43% of NETs arising in autoimmune gastritis, 41% of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 36% of sporadic NETs), tumour size, depth of invasion, or grade. Glandular downgrowth was confined to the submucosa even though 12 (18%) gastric NETs invaded muscularis propria. Submucosal gastric glands (pyloric type in 79%, intestinal in 50%, fundic in 29%) showed metaplastic changes similar to overlying mucosa, were usually mitotically inactive (64% of cases lacked mitotic figures), were geographically restricted to the NET, and never metastasized. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the frequent occurrence and nonneoplastic nature of glandular downgrowth in gastric NETs, which should not be mistaken for composite tumours.
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Capasso C, Supuran CT. An overview of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-carbonic anhydrases from Bacteria: can bacterial carbonic anhydrases shed new light on evolution of bacteria? J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:325-32. [PMID: 24766661 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.910202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes which catalyze a simple but physiologically crucial reaction in all life Domains, the carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and protons: CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3(-)+ H(+). These enzymes are involved in many physiologic processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, CO2 transport, as well as metabolism of xenobiotics. Five different, genetically distinct CA families are known to date: the α-, β-, γ-, δ- and ζ-CAs. α-, β- and δ-CAs use Zn(II) ions at the active site, the γ-CAs are probably Fe(II) enzymes (but they are active also with bound Zn(II) or Co(II) ions), whereas the ζ-class uses Cd(II) or Zn(II) to perform the physiologic reaction catalysis. Bacteria encode for enzymes belonging to the α-, β-, and γ-CA classes. They contain zinc ion (Zn(2+)) in their active site, coordinated by three histidine residues and a water molecule/hydroxide ion (in the α and γ) or by two cysteine and one histidine residues (in the β class), with the fourth ligand being a water molecule/hydroxide ion. Here we propose that bacterial CAs can be used as markers for understanding the evolution and genetic variability of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We addressed several questions such as: (1) why are α-CAs present only in the genome of Gram-negative bacteria; (2) why are α-CAs not present in all Gram-negative bacteria; (3) why do Bacteria show an intricate pattern of CA gene expression; (4) what are the physiologic roles of such diverse CAs in these prokaryotes. We proposed possible answers to the previous questions. Moreover, we speculated on the evolution of the CA classes (α, β and γ) identified in the Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. Our main hypothesis is that from the ancestral Ur-CA, the γ-class arose first, followed by the β-class; the α-class CAs came last it is found only in the Gram-negative bacteria.
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20
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Pizzi M, Saraggi D, Fassan M, Megraud F, Di Mario F, Rugge M. Secondary prevention of epidemic gastric cancer in the model of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Dig Dis 2014; 32:265-74. [PMID: 24732192 DOI: 10.1159/000357857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Irrespective of its etiology, long-standing, non-self-limiting gastric inflammation (mostly in Helicobacter pylori-associated cases) is the cancerization ground on which epidemic (intestinal-type) gastric carcinoma (GC) can develop. The natural history of invasive gastric adenocarcinoma encompasses gastritis, atrophic mucosal changes, and intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN). The topography, the extent and the severity of the atrophic changes significantly correlate with the risk of developing both IEN and GC. In recent years, both noninvasive (serological) tests and invasive (endoscopy/biopsy) procedures have been proposed to stratify patients according to different classes of GC risk. As a consequence, different patient-tailored GC secondary prevention strategies have been put forward. This review summarizes the histological features of H. pylori-related gastritis and the natural history of the disease. Histological and serological strategies to assess GC risk as well as the clinical management of atrophic gastritis patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pizzi
- General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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21
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Maggio M, Lauretani F, De Vita F, Buttò V, Cattabiani C, Masoni S, Sutti E, Bondi G, Dall'aglio E, Bandinelli S, Corsonello A, Abbatecola AM, Lattanzio F, Ferrucci L, Ceda GP. Relationship between use of proton pump inhibitors and IGF system in older subjects. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:420-3. [PMID: 24676324 PMCID: PMC5077149 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-013-0430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to investigate the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on the insulin-like-growth factor 1(IGF-1) system in the elderly. DESIGN cross-sectional. SETTING InCHIANTI study. PARTICIPANTS 938 older subjects (536 women, 402 men, mean age 75.7±7.4 years). MEASUREMENTS complete data on age, sex, BMI, liver function, medications, dietary intake, IGF-1, IGF-binding protein-1 and -3 (IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3). RESULTS Participants were categorized by PPI use, identifying 903 PPI non users and 35 users. After adjusting for age, male PPI users (107.0 ± 69.6 vs. 127.1 ± 55.8, p<0.001) and female PPI users (87.6 ± 29.1 vs. 107.6 ± 52.3, p=0.03) had lower IGF-1 levels than non-users. IGFBP-1 levels were similar in the two groups in both sexes. In whole population, after adjustment for age and sex, PPI users had lower IGF-1 levels 81.9 [61.1-113.8] than non-users 110 [77.8-148.6], p=0.02. After further adjustment for BMI, albumin, liver function, C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6, number of medications, ACE-inhibitors use, caloric intake, protein intake, physical activity, glycemia, and IGFBP-1, the use of PPIs remained significantly and negatively associated with IGF-1 levels (β±SE = -19.60±9.83, p=0.045). CONCLUSION Use of PPIs was independently and negatively associated with IGF-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maggio
- M. Maggio, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Geriatric Clinic, Food Sciences Unit and Endocrinology of Aging Unit, via Gramsci 14, 43100, Parma, Italy. Phone: 0039-0521-703916 E-Mail:
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Tappenden KA. Pathophysiology of short bowel syndrome: considerations of resected and residual anatomy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38:14S-22S. [PMID: 24500909 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113520005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human small intestine is organized with a proximal-to-distal gradient of mucosal structure and nutrient processing capacity. However, certain nutrients undergo site-specific digestion and absorption, such as iron and folate in the duodenum/jejunum vs vitamin B12 and bile salts in the ileum. Intestinal resection can result in short bowel syndrome (SBS) due to reduction of total and/or site-specific nutrient processing areas. Depending on the segment(s) of intestine resected, malabsorption can be nutrient specific (eg, vitamin B12 or fat) or sweeping, with deficiencies in energy, protein, and various micronutrients. Jejunal resections are generally better tolerated than ileal resections because of greater postresection adaptive capacity than that of the jejunum. Following intestinal resection, energy scavenging and fluid absorption become particularly important in the colon owing to loss of digestive and absorptive surface area in the resection portion. Resection-induced alterations in enteroendocrine cell abundance can further disrupt intestinal function. For example, patients with end jejunostomy have depressed circulating peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide 2 concentrations, which likely contribute to the rapid intestinal transit and blunted intestinal adaptation observed in this population. SBS-associated pathophysiology often extends beyond the gastrointestinal tract, with hepatobiliary disease, metabolic bone disease, D-lactic acidosis, and kidney stone formation being chronic complications. Clinical management of SBS must be individualized to account for the specific nutrient processing deficit within the remnant bowel and to mitigate potential complications, both inside and outside the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Tappenden
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Corleto VD, Festa S, Di Giulio E, Annibale B. Proton pump inhibitor therapy and potential long-term harm. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2014; 21:3-8. [PMID: 24310148 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent literature on the potential side-effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and known interactions with the metabolism/absorption of other drugs. RECENT FINDINGS Data confirm that PPIs are a very well tolerated drug class. Their high safety, efficacy and wide distribution lead to overuse, inappropriate dosage or excessive duration of treatment. Despite the absorption of micronutrients or other plausible effects on the development of bacterial infections linked to PPI-induced hypochlorhydria, it is difficult to demonstrate an association between PPI and specific symptoms. A possible negative effect of PPIs on bone integrity appears weak, but hypomagnesemia is likely a PPI drug class effect. A higher risk of Clostridium difficile infection and other infectious diseases such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis remain controversial in PPI users. However, the careful use of PPIs in cirrhotic or otherwise fragile patients is mandatory. Short-term or long-term PPI use may trigger microscopic colitis, and the management of this condition may include PPI withdrawal. The effect of PPIs on stimulating exocrine or endocrine gastric cell proliferation is poorly understood. A diagnostic delay or masking of diseases such as gastrinoma is difficult to evaluate. SUMMARY Short-term standard dose PPI treatment is low risk. Long-term PPI use may complicate health conditions by various mechanisms linked to PPIs and/or to hypochlorhydria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Domenico Corleto
- aDepartment of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital bCentro Ricerche S. Pietro, Ospedale S. Pietro, Rome, Italy
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24
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Kumpf VJ. Pharmacologic management of diarrhea in patients with short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 38:38S-44S. [PMID: 24463352 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113520618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea associated with short bowel syndrome (SBS) can have multiple etiologies, including accelerated intestinal transit, gastric acid hypersecretion, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and malabsorption of fats and bile salts. As a result, patients may need multiple medications to effectively control fecal output. The armamentarium of antidiarrheal drugs includes antimotility agents, antisecretory drugs, antibiotics and probiotics, bile acid-binding resins, and pancreatic enzymes. An antidiarrheal regimen must be individualized for each patient and should be developed using a methodical, stepwise approach. Treatment should be initiated with a single first-line medication at the low end of its dosing range. Dosage and/or dosing frequency can then be slowly escalated to achieve maximal effect while minimizing adverse events. If diarrhea remains poorly controlled, additional agents can be incorporated sequentially. If modification of the regimen is required, a single medication should be altered or exchanged at a time. After each adjustment of the regimen, sufficient time should be permitted to fully assess response (≥3-5 days) before initiating additional changes. SBS-associated malabsorption is a major obstacle to optimization of an antidiarrheal regimen because drug absorption is impaired. Patients may benefit from high dosages and/or frequent dosing intervals, liquid preparations, or nonoral routes of drug delivery. Although the diarrhea associated with SBS can be debilitating, effective pharmaceutical management has the potential to substantially improve health outcomes and quality of life for these patients.
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Paxton BE, Alley CL, Crow JH, Burchette J, Weiss CR, Kraitchman DL, Arepally A, Kim CY. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical sequelae of bariatric embolization in a porcine model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25:455-61. [PMID: 24462005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the histopathologic sequelae of bariatric embolization on the gastric mucosa and to correlate with immunohistochemical evaluation of the gastric fundus, antrum, and duodenum. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed on 12 swine stomach and duodenum specimens after necropsy. Of the 12 swine, 6 had previously undergone bariatric embolization of the gastric fundus, and the 6 control swine had undergone a sham procedure with saline. Gross pathologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical examinations of the stomach and duodenum were performed. Specifically, mucosal integrity, fibrosis, ghrelin-expressing cells, and gastrin-expressing cells were assessed. RESULTS Gross and histopathologic evaluation of treatment animals showed healing or healed mucosal ulcers in 50% of animals, with gastritis in 100% of treatment animals and in five of six control animals. The ghrelin-immunoreactive mean cell density was significantly lower in the gastric fundus in the treated animals compared with control animals (15.3 vs 22.0, P < .01) but similar in the gastric antrum (9.3 vs 14.3, P = .08) and duodenum (8.5 vs 8.6, P = .89). The gastrin-expressing cell density was significantly lower in the antrum of treated animals compared with control animals (82.2 vs 126.4, P = .03). A trend toward increased fibrosis was suggested in the gastric fundus of treated animals compared with controls (P = .07). CONCLUSIONS Bariatric embolization resulted in a significant reduction in ghrelin-expressing cells in the gastric fundus without evidence of upregulation of ghrelin-expressing cells in the duodenum. Healing ulcerations in half of treated animals underscores the need for additional refinement of this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben E Paxton
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710.
| | - Christopher L Alley
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jennifer H Crow
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710
| | - James Burchette
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Clifford R Weiss
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dara L Kraitchman
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Charles Y Kim
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710
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26
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Smith JP, Solomon TE. Cholecystokinin and pancreatic cancer: the chicken or the egg? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G91-G101. [PMID: 24177032 PMCID: PMC4073990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00301.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) causes the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes and growth of the normal pancreas. Exogenous CCK administration has been used in animal models to study pancreatitis and also as a promoter of carcinogen-induced or Kras-driven pancreatic cancer. Defining CCK receptors in normal human pancreas has been problematic because of its retroperitoneal location, high concentrations of pancreatic proteases, and endogenous RNase. Most studies indicate that the predominant receptor in human pancreas is the CCK-B type, and CCK-A is the predominant form in rodent pancreas. In pancreatic cancer cells and tumors, the role of CCK is better established because receptors are often overexpressed by these cancer cells and stimulation of such receptors promotes growth. Furthermore, in established cancer, endogenous production of CCK and/or gastrin occurs and their actions stimulate the synthesis of more receptors plus growth by an autocrine mechanism. Initially it was thought that the mechanism by which CCK served to potentiate carcinogenesis was by interplay with inflammation in the pancreatic microenvironment. But with the recent findings of CCK receptors on early PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia) lesions and on stellate cells, the question has been raised that perhaps CCK actions are not the result of cancer but an early driving promoter of cancer. This review will summarize what is known regarding CCK, its receptors, and pancreatic cancer, and also what is unknown and requires further investigation to determine which comes first, the chicken or the egg, "CCK or the cancer."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P. Smith
- 1Clinical and Translational Research, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Travis E. Solomon
- 2Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
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Novak I, Haanes KA, Wang J. Acid-base transport in pancreas-new challenges. Front Physiol 2013; 4:380. [PMID: 24391597 PMCID: PMC3868914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Along the gastrointestinal tract a number of epithelia contribute with acid or basic secretions in order to aid digestive processes. The stomach and pancreas are the most extreme examples of acid (H(+)) and base (HCO(-) 3) transporters, respectively. Nevertheless, they share the same challenges of transporting acid and bases across epithelia and effectively regulating their intracellular pH. In this review, we will make use of comparative physiology to enlighten the cellular mechanisms of pancreatic HCO(-) 3 and fluid secretion, which is still challenging physiologists. Some of the novel transporters to consider in pancreas are the proton pumps (H(+)-K(+)-ATPases), as well as the calcium-activated K(+) and Cl(-) channels, such as KCa3.1 and TMEM16A/ANO1. Local regulators, such as purinergic signaling, fine-tune, and coordinate pancreatic secretion. Lastly, we speculate whether dys-regulation of acid-base transport contributes to pancreatic diseases including cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Novak
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Márquez L, Fuentes J. In vitro characterization of acid secretion in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) stomach. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 167:52-8. [PMID: 24126049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The gastric acid secretion of juvenile Sparus aurata was characterized in Ussing chambers; secretion rates were determined by a pH-stat method at pH5.50 and bioelectrical parameters were measured in current-clamped tissues. The basal secretion equaled to 535±87nmol·cm(-2)·h(-1). Serosal carbachol 100μM produced an increase (ΔJH(+)) of 725±133nmol·cm(-2)·h(-1) from basal secretion, this effect being inhibited by mucosal omeprazole 100μM. Basal secretion was also sensitive to the combination of serosal forskolin (FK) 10μM+serosal isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) 100μM (ΔJH(+)=793±239nmol·cm(-2)·h(-1)); this effect was insensitive to mucosal omeprazole 100mM but inhibited by mucosal bafilomycin A1 100nM. The effect of carbachol proceeded within a few minutes (<10min), whereas the effect of FK+IBMX was gradual, taking 40min to reach the maximum. The addition of mucosal gadolinium (Gd(3+)) 100μM, a potent calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) agonist, stimulated the basal secretion (ΔJH(+)=340±81nmol·cm(-2)·h(-1)). The present results indicate that the acid secretion mechanism in the sea bream stomach is regulated by muscarinic and CaR-like receptors, cAMP is implicated in the signal transduction, and at least two proton pumps, a HK-ATPase and a V-ATPase contribute to acid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Márquez
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria/Escuela de Acuicultura, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Avda. Rudecindo Ortega 02950, PO Box 15-D, Temuco, Chile.
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29
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Alexandrou A, Armeni E, Kouskouni E, Tsoka E, Diamantis T, Lambrinoudaki I. Cross-sectional long-term micronutrient deficiencies after sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a pilot study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 10:262-8. [PMID: 24182446 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional deficiencies are highly prevalent in obese patients. Bariatric surgery has been associated with adverse effects on homeostasis of significant vitamins and micronutrients, mainly after gastric bypass. The aim of the present study was to compare the extent of long-term postsurgical nutritional deficiencies between Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). METHODS This cross-sectional, pilot study included 95 patients who underwent RYGB or SG surgery with a mean follow-up of 4 years. Demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters were compared according to the type of surgery. RESULTS Both types of surgery were associated with significant nutritional deficiencies. Vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly higher in patients with RYGB compared with SG (42.1% versus 5%, P = .003). The type of surgery was associated neither with anemia nor with iron or folate deficiency (SG versus RYGB: anemia, 54.2% versus 64.3%, P = .418; folate deficiency, 20% versus 18.4%, P = .884; iron deficiency, 30% versus 36.4%, P = .635). CONCLUSION During a mean follow up period of 4 years postRYGB or SG, patients were identified with several micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamin D, folate, and vitamin B12. SG may have a more favorable effect on the metabolism of vitamin B12 compared with RYGB, being associated with less malabsorption. Adherence to supplemental iron and vitamin intake is of primary significance in all cases of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Alexandrou
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laiko Athens General Hospital, University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Armeni
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieio Hospital, University of Athens
| | - Evangelia Kouskouni
- Biochemical and Hormonal Laboratory, Aretaieio Hospital, University of Athens
| | - Evangelia Tsoka
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieio Hospital, University of Athens
| | - Theodoros Diamantis
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laiko Athens General Hospital, University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieio Hospital, University of Athens.
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