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Li C, Guo X, He Y, Wang J, Hao J, Liu X. Cohabiting with ulcerative colitis patients decreases differences of gut microbiome between healthy individuals and the patients. Ann Med 2024; 56:2337712. [PMID: 38614128 PMCID: PMC11017998 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2337712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC), which is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation of the colon, results from a complex interaction of factors involving the host, environment, and microbiome. The present study aimed to investigate the gut microbial composition and metabolic variations in patients with UC and their spouses. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 13 healthy spouses and couples with UC. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomics sequencing were used to analyze gut microbiota composition, pathways, gene expression, and enzyme activity, followed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Results: We found that the microbiome diversity of couples with UC decreased, especially that of UC patients. Bacterial composition, such as Firmicutes, was altered between UC patients and healthy controls, but was not significantly different between UC patients and their spouses. This has also been observed in pathways, such as metabolism, genetic information processing, organismal systems, and human diseases. However, the genes and enzymes of spouses with UC were not significantly different from those of healthy individuals. Furthermore, the presence of Faecalibacterium correlated with oxidative phosphorylation, starch and sucrose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and the bacterial secretion system, showed a marked decline in the UC group compared with their spouses, but did not vary between healthy couples. Conclusion: Our study revealed that cohabitation with UC patients decreased differences in the gut microbiome between healthy individuals and patients. Not only was the composition and diversity of the microbiota diminished, but active pathways also showed some decline. Furthermore, Firmicutes, Faecalibacterium, and the four related pathways may be associated with the pathological state of the host rather than with human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan He
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Dixit Y, Kanojiya K, Bhingardeve N, Ahire JJ, Saroj D. In Vitro Human Gastrointestinal Tract Simulation Systems: A Panoramic Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:501-518. [PMID: 36988898 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Simulated human gastrointestinal (GI) tract systems are important for their applications in the fields of probiotics, nutrition and health. To date, various in vitro gut systems have been available to study GI tract dynamics and its association with health. In contrast to in vivo investigations, which are constrained by ethical considerations, in vitro models have several benefits despite the challenges involved in mimicking the GI environment. These in vitro models can be used for a range of research, from simple to dynamic, with one compartment to several compartments. In this review, we present a panoramic development of in vitro GI models for the first time through an evolutionary timeline. We tried to provide insight on designing an in vitro gut model, especially for novices. Latest developments and scope for improvement based on the limitations of the existing models were highlighted. In conclusion, designing an in vitro GI model suitable for a particular application is a multifaceted task. The bio-mimicking of the GI tract specific to geometrical, anatomical and mechanical features remains a challenge for the development of effective in vitro GI models. Advances in computer technology, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology are going to be revolutionary for further development. Besides this, in silico high-throughput technologies and miniaturisation are key players in the success of making in vitro modelling cost-effective and reducing the burden of in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogini Dixit
- Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd., 5th Floor, A-Wing, Sun Magnetica, Louiswadi, Maharashtra, Thane West, India
| | - Khushboo Kanojiya
- Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd., 5th Floor, A-Wing, Sun Magnetica, Louiswadi, Maharashtra, Thane West, India
| | - Namrata Bhingardeve
- Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd., 5th Floor, A-Wing, Sun Magnetica, Louiswadi, Maharashtra, Thane West, India
| | - Jayesh J Ahire
- Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd., 5th Floor, A-Wing, Sun Magnetica, Louiswadi, Maharashtra, Thane West, India.
| | - Dina Saroj
- Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd., 5th Floor, A-Wing, Sun Magnetica, Louiswadi, Maharashtra, Thane West, India
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Gong L, Liu F, Liu J, Wang J. Dietary fiber (oligosaccharide and non-starch polysaccharide) in preventing and treating functional gastrointestinal disorders - Challenges and controversies: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128835. [PMID: 38128805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a group of chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal functional diseases, including functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, and functional constipation. A lack of safe and reliable treatments for abdominal pain-related FGIDs has prompted interest in new therapies. Evidence has shown that supplementation with dietary fiber may help treat FGIDs. Dietary fibers (DFs) have been demonstrated to have regulatory effects on the gut microbiota, microbiota metabolites, and gastrointestinal movement and have important implications for preventing and treating FGIDs. However, the adverse effects of some DFs, such as fermentable oligosaccharides, on FGIDs are unclear. This review provides an overview of the DFs physiological properties and functional characteristics that influence their use in management of FGIDs, with emphasis on structural modification technology to improve their therapeutic activities. The review highlights that the use of appropriate or novel fibers is a potential therapeutic approach for FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feiyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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4
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Song CH, Kim N, Nam RH, Choi SI, Jang JY, Lee HN. Changes in Gut Microbiome upon Orchiectomy and Testosterone Administration in AOM/DSS-Induced Colon Cancer Mouse Model. Cancer Res Treat 2023; 55:196-218. [PMID: 35790194 PMCID: PMC9873319 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2022.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sex hormones are known to affect the gut microbiota. Previously, we reported that endogenous and exogenous testosterone are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) development and submucosal invasion. In the present study, we investigated whether the gut microbiota is affected by orchiectomy (ORX) and testosterone propionate (TP) administration using an azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced CRC mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gut microbiota was evaluated by means of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of stool DNA extracted from feces that were obtained at 13 weeks after AOM injection (from 22-week-old animals) and stored in a gas-generating pouch. RESULTS The increase in microbial diversity (Chao1 and Phylogenetic Diversity index) and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio upon AOM/DSS treatment in ORX mice was significantly decreased by TP supplementation. The ratio of commensal bacteria to opportunistic pathogens was lower in the TP-administered females and ORX mice than in the AOM/DSS group. Opportunistic pathogens (Mucispirillum schaedleri or Akkermansia muciniphila) were identified only in the TP group. In addition, microbial diversity and F/B ratio were higher in male controls than in female and ORX controls. Flintibacter butyricus, Ruminococcus bromii, and Romboutsia timonensis showed similar changes in the male control group as those in the female and ORX controls. CONCLUSION In conclusion, testosterone determines the dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which suggests that it plays a role in the sex-related differences in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hee Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam,
Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam,
Korea,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam,
Korea
| | - Soo In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam,
Korea
| | - Jae Young Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam,
Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD,
USA
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Zhang D, Qiao L. Intestine‐on‐a‐chip for intestinal disease study and pharmacological research. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20220037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
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Yoon S, Lee G, Yu J, Lee K, Lee K, Si J, You HJ, Ko G. Distinct Changes in Microbiota-Mediated Intestinal Metabolites and Immune Responses Induced by Different Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121762. [PMID: 36551419 PMCID: PMC9774394 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cocktails of antibiotics are utilized to study the functions of microbiota. There have been studies on the alteration of not only the microbiota composition but also the host's metabolism or immunity. However, the bacterial species associated with these altered physiologic markers are still unclear. Therefore, we supplied mice with drinking water containing ampicillin (AMP), vancomycin (VAN), neomycin (NEO), or metronidazole (MET) to observe the effect of each antibiotic on helper T cells and inflammation-related gene expression and metabolism, including amino acid metabolism and changes in gut microbiota. We observed major changes in gut microbiota in mice treated with AMP and VAN, respectively, immediately after administration. The abundance of the genera Parabacteroides and Akkermansia increased in the AMP and VAN groups, while Prevotella almost disappeared from both groups. The compositional changes in intestinal metabolites in the AMP and VAN groups were more distinct than those in the NEO and MET groups, which was similar to the microbiome results. In particular, the most distinct changes were observed in amino acid related metabolism in AMP and VAN groups; the amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine were increased in the AMP group while those were decreased in the VAN group. The changed amounts of intestinal amino acids in each of the AMP and VAN groups were correlated with increases in the abundance of the genera Parabacteroides and Akkermansia in the AMP and VAN groups, respectively. The most distinctive changes in intestinal gene expression were observed in the ileum, especially the expression Th17-related genes such as rorgt, il17a, and il17f, which decreased dramatically in the guts of most of the antibiotic-treated groups. These changes were also associated with a significant decrease in Prevotella in both the AMP and VAN groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that changes in gut microbiota as well as host physiology, including host metabolism and immunity, differ depending on the types of antibiotics, and the antibiotic-induced gut microbiota alteration has a correlation with host physiology such as host metabolic or immunological status. Thus, the immune and metabolic status of the host should be taken into account when administering antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Giljae Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsun Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiuk Lee
- KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongju Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Si
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 13488, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.Y.); (G.K.)
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 13488, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.Y.); (G.K.)
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Luo M, Liu Q, Xiao L, Xiong LS. Golden bifid might improve diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome via microbiota modulation. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION AND NUTRITION 2022; 41:21. [PMID: 35578355 PMCID: PMC9109320 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-022-00302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gut microbiota might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and probiotics supplement may be an effective treatment option. This study aims to explore the therapeutic effects of Golden bifid on the diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Methods Twenty-one consecutive IBS-D patients were recruited based on Rome IV criteria. All patients took 2000 mg Golden bifid triple daily for 4 weeks. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, psychological symptoms, small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and fecal microbiota characteristics were evaluated in IBS-D patients before and after treatment. Results After 4-week treatment of Golden bifid, the GI symptoms such as abdominal pain (2.90 ± 1.04 vs. 1.90 ± 1.26, P = 0.002), abdominal distension (2.00 ± 1.34 vs. 1.29 ± 1.31, P = 0.007), diarrhea (3.24 ± 1.37 vs. 1.81 ± 1.21, P = 0.001), defecatory urgency (3.48 ± 1.03 vs. 2.33 ± 1.35, P = 0.000) and incomplete evacuation (2.71 ± 1.15 vs. 1.76 ± 1.26, P = 0.003) were significantly alleviated in IBS-D patients. The Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) decreased significantly (46.19 ± 11.36 vs. 43.33 ± 9.65, P = 0.041), and SIBO could be eradicated in 25% (4/16) of IBS-D patients with SIBO. Meanwhile, the abundance of Unclassified Lachnospiraceae and Dorea in genus level and Unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Bacterium Dorea, Bacterium Butyricicoccus and Dorea formicigenerans ATCC 27755 in species level were increased in fecal microbiota (P < 0.05). Conclusions Golden bifid could improve most of GI symptoms and depressive symptoms in IBS-D patients and eradicate a small proportion of SIBO in those IBS-D patients with SIBO. What's more, Golden bifid could also modulate the fecal microbiota in IBS-D patients, which implied that the Golden bifid might improve IBS-D via microbiota modulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41043-022-00302-0.
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Alotaibi AM. Post-cholecystectomy syndrome: A cohort study from a single private tertiary center. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 18:383-389. [PMID: 37102072 PMCID: PMC10124111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) is a well-recognized complication, there are few reports arising from KSA. The effect of sleeve gastrectomy or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) stenting on the development of PCS is unknown. We aimed to measure the possible factors affecting the development of PCS, such as symptom duration, comorbidities, previous bariatric surgery, ERCP stent insertion, surgical intervention, conversion to open surgery and complication rate. Methods This was a prospective cohort and observational study conducted at a single, private tertiary center. We included 167 patients who underwent surgery for gallbladder disease between October 2019 and June 2020. The patients were classified into two groups according to their PCS status (PCS+ vs. PCS-). Results Thirty-nine patients were PCS+ (23.3%). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regards to age, gender, BMI, ASA score, smoking, comorbidities, duration of symptoms, previous bariatric surgery, ERCP, stent insertion or sphincterotomy. Chronic cholecystitis was the predominant histopathology in 83% (139/167) of patients. The most frequent causes of PCS included biliary system dysfunction, bile salt-induced diarrhea, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and retained stones. Overall, 71.8% (28/39) of patients had incident PCS; the remaining patients had persistent PCS. Conclusions PCS is a neglected complication that was observed in 25% of patients mainly in the first year. Surgeon awareness can assist with patient diagnosis, preoperative selection and education. Furthermore, the history of ERCP stenting, sphincterotomy, or sleeve gastrectomy seems to be unrelated to PCS development.
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Geng J, Ni Q, Sun W, Li L, Feng X. The links between gut microbiota and obesity and obesity related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Georgescu D, Caraba A, Ionita I, Lascu A, Hut EF, Dragan S, Ancusa OE, Suceava I, Lighezan D. Dyspepsia and Gut Microbiota in Female Patients with Postcholecystectomy Syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:41-56. [PMID: 35136356 PMCID: PMC8816732 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s342882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallstone disease (GSD) represents one of the most frequent digestive disorders, highly reported in female gender. The purpose of the study was to explore the clinical and gut microbiota particularities of female patients with postcholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) and the possible relationship between gut dysbiosis (DB) and abdominal complaints. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 129 female participants: 104 outpatients divided into two equal groups, 52 PCS (+), 52 PCS (-) and 25 healthy controls were consecutively enrolled in this observational study. Patients underwent clinical examination with assessment of pain, bloating, transit disturbances, abdominal ultrasound/computer tomography/magnetic resonance imaging/endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, upper and lower digestive endoscopies. Laboratory work-ups and stool microbiology assessments were performed for all study participants (patients and controls). Stool microorganisms were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization - time-of-flight- mass spectrometry and in patients with DB also by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS Older age, complicated gallstones disease, associated conditions like diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose tolerance and irritable bowel syndrome were significantly present in PCS (+) group, as well as sedentary lifestyle and diets characterized by a low fiber intake (p<0.0001). PCS (+) patients displayed significant differences related to the incidence and severity of overall gut microbiota DB, decreased H index of biodiversity and the unbalanced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratios by comparison to the PCS (-) group (p<0.0001). Strong positive correlations of the severity of overall DB with bloating and the intestinal habit disorders, as well as of F/B ratios to all abdominal symptoms were noted. CONCLUSION PCS in female patients was associated with older age, sedentary lifestyle, specific dietary habits, history of complicated gallstone disease, diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose tolerance and irritable bowel syndrome, as well as gut microbiota particularities. Overall DB and unbalanced F/B ratios were strongly correlated to abdominal complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Georgescu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandru Caraba
- Department of Internal Medicine I, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Ionita
- Department of Internal Medicine I, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ana Lascu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Emil Florin Hut
- Department IX of Surgery I/Compartment of Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Simona Dragan
- Department of Cardiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Oana Elena Ancusa
- Department of Internal Medicine I, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Suceava
- Department of Internal Medicine I, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniel Lighezan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Chu F, Li Y, Meng X, Li Y, Li T, Zhai M, Zheng H, Xin T, Su Z, Lin J, Zhang P, Ding X. Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Changes in Fecal Metabolic Phenotype in Precancerous Lesions of Gastric Cancer Induced With N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine, Sodium Salicylate, Ranitidine, and Irregular Diet. Front Physiol 2021; 12:733979. [PMID: 34803728 PMCID: PMC8599278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.733979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) are the most important pathological phase with increased risk of gastric cancer (GC) and encompass the key stage in which the occurrence of GC can be prevented. In this study, we found that the gut microbiome changed significantly during the process of malignant transformation from chronic gastritis to GC in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) multiple factors-induced rat model. Accumulating evidence has shown that alterations in gut microbiota and metabolism are potentially linked to chronic inflammation and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the correlation of gut microbiota and metabolites, inflammatory factors, and the potential mechanism in the formation of PLGC have not yet been revealed. Methods: In this study, multiple factors including MNNG, sodium salicylate drinking, ranitidine feed, and irregular diet were used to establish a PLGC rat model. The pathological state of the gastric mucosa of rats was identified through HE staining and the main inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum were detected by the Luminex liquid suspension chip (Wayen Biotechnologies, Shanghai, China). The microbial composition and metabolites in the stool samples were tested by using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics. The correlation analysis of gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines in the serum and gut microbiota and differential metabolites in feces was performed to clarify their biological function. Results: The results showed that compared to the control group, the gastric mucosa of the model rats had obvious morphological and pathological malignant changes and the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) increased significantly, while the level of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) in serum reduced significantly. There were significant differences in the composition of the gut microbiota and fecal metabolic profiles between the model and control rats. Among them, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased significantly, while Turicibacter, Romboutsia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Ruminococcus_1 reduced significantly in the model rats compared to the control rats. The metabolites related to the lipid metabolism and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway have also undergone significant changes. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the changes of the differential inflammatory cytokines in the serum, fecal metabolic phenotypes, and gut microbial dysbiosis in model rats. Conclusion: The activation of the inflammatory response, disturbance of the gut microbiota, and changes in the fecal metabolic phenotype could be closely related to the occurrence of PLGC. This study provides a new idea to reveal the mechanism of risk factors of chronic gastritis and GC from the perspective of inflammation-immune homeostasis, gut microbiota, and metabolic function balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Chu
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yicong Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyin Zhai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haocheng Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxi Xin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zeqi Su
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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12
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Song CH, Kim N, Nam RH, Choi SI, Yu JE, Nho H, Surh YJ. Changes in Microbial Community Composition Related to Sex and Colon Cancer by Nrf2 Knockout. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:636808. [PMID: 34249773 PMCID: PMC8261249 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.636808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced carcinogenesis in male mice is higher than that in female mice. Previous studies have reported that 17β-estradiol inhibits tumorigenesis in males by modulating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). This study aimed to investigate the changes in mouse gut microbiome composition based on sex, AOM/DSS-induced colorectal cancer (CRC), and Nrf2 genotype. The gut microbiome composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing fecal samples obtained at week 16 post-AOM administration. In terms of sex differences, our results showed that the wild-type (WT) male control mice had higher alpha diversity (i.e. Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson) than the WT female control mice. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) results revealed that the abundances of Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus murinus were higher in WT male control mice than in WT female controls. In terms of colon tumorigenesis, the alpha diversity of the male CRC group was lower than that of the male controls in both WT and Nrf2 KO, but did not show such changes in females. Furthermore, the abundance of A. muciniphila was higher in male CRC groups than in male controls in both WT and Nrf2 KO. The abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus was higher in WT CRC groups than in WT controls in both males and females. However, the abundance of L. murinus was lower in WT female CRC and Nrf2 KO male CRC groups than in its controls. The abundance of A. muciniphila was not altered by Nrf2 KO. In contrast, the abundances of L. murinus and B. vulgatus were changed differently by Nrf2 KO depending on sex and CRC. Interestingly, L. murinus showed negative correlation with tumor numbers in the whole colon. In addition, B. vulgatus showed positive correlation with inflammatory markers (i.e. myeloperoxidase and IL-1β levels), tumor numbers, and high-grade adenoma, especially, developed mucosal and submucosal invasive adenocarcinoma at the distal part of the colon. In conclusion, Nrf2 differentially alters the gut microbiota composition depending on sex and CRC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hee Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Soo In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Heewon Nho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Valeri F, Endres K. How biological sex of the host shapes its gut microbiota. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 61:100912. [PMID: 33713673 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex system, consisting of a dynamic population of microorganisms, involved in the regulation of the host's homeostasis. A vast number of factors are driving the gut microbiota composition including diet, antibiotics, environment, and lifestyle. However, in the past decade, a growing number of studies also focused on the role of sex in relationship to changes in the gut microbiota composition in animal experiments as well as in human beings. Despite the progress in investigation techniques, still little is known about the mechanism behind the observed sex-related differences. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on the sex-dependent differences of the intestinal commensals and discuss the probable direct impact of sex hormones and more indirect effects such as dietary habits or antibiotics. While we have to conclude limited data on specific developmental stages, a clear role for sexual hormones and most probably for testosterone emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Valeri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany.
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14
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Celiker C, Kalkan R. Genetic and epigenetic perspective of microbiota. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8221-8229. [PMID: 32857199 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has an extremely important role within the body and it is necessary for the regulation of the metabolism of the host and also for the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity. Here, we show several different factors leading to obesity such as epigenetic changes and how they result in differences to occur in the gut microbiota, along with gut dysbiosis which is caused by disturbances in the microbiota homeostasis. Several studies have been explained in this paper, providing evidence in how these findings can actually decrease the susceptibility of obesity, whether it be by changing an individual's diet pattern or observing the epigenetic changes which are taking place. KEY POINTS: • The microbiota depends on an individual's diet, lifestyle, environment, genetics and epigenetic profile. • Changes of the gut microbiota can increase obesity susceptibility. • Non-coding RNA has an important role in the metabolic homeostasis in check so if a disturbance occurs it can lead to resistance to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Celiker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Arts and Science Faculty, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Rasime Kalkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,DESAM Institute, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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15
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Mizoguchi E, Low D, Ezaki Y, Okada T. Recent updates on the basic mechanisms and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases in experimental animal models. Intest Res 2020; 18:151-167. [PMID: 32326669 PMCID: PMC7206339 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.09154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific pathogenesis underlining inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is very complicated, and it is further more difficult to clearly explain the pathophysiology of 2 major forms of IBD, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and both disorders affect individuals throughout life. Despite every extensive effort, the interplay among genetic factors, immunological factors, environmental factors and intestinal microbes is still completely unrevealed. Animal models are indispensable to find out mechanistic details that will facilitate better preclinical setting to target specific components involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Based on many recent reports, dysbiosis of the commensal microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, not only IBD but also colon cancer, obesity, psoriasis as well as allergic disorders, in both human and animal models. Advanced technologies including cell-specific and inducible knockout systems, which are recently employed to mouse IBD models, have further enhanced the ability of developing new therapeutic strategies for IBD. Furthermore, data from these mouse models highlight the critical involvement of dysregulated immune responses and impaired colonic epithelial defense system in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this review, we will explain from the history of animal models of IBD to the recent reports of the latest compounds, therapeutic strategies, and approaches tested on IBD animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Daren Low
- Crohn's & Colitis Society of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yui Ezaki
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Okada
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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16
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Guo XY, Liu XJ, Hao JY. Gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis: insights on pathogenesis and treatment. J Dig Dis 2020; 21:147-159. [PMID: 32040250 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota constitute the largest reservoir of the human microbiome and are an abundant and stable ecosystem-based on its diversity, complexity, redundancy, and host interactions This ecosystem is indispensable for human development and health. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier depends on its interactions with gut microbiota. The commensal bacterial community is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC). The dysbiosis of microbes is characterized by reduced biodiversity, abnormal composition of gut microbiota, altered spatial distribution, as well as interactions among microbiota, between different strains of microbiota, and with the host. The defects in microecology, with the related metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms, play a critical role in the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa in UC. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used to treat many diseases related to gut microbiota, with the most promising outcome reported in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, followed by IBD. This review evaluated the results of various reports of FMT in UC. The efficacy of FMT remains highly controversial, and needs to be regularized by integrated management, standardization of procedures, and individualization of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Juan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Dietary supplementation with spray-dried porcine plasma has prebiotic effects on gut microbiota in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2926. [PMID: 32076042 PMCID: PMC7031359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal models of inflammation and in farm animals, dietary inclusion of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP) reduces mucosal inflammation. Here, we study whether these effects could be mediated by changes in the intestinal microbiota and if these changes are similar to those induced by oral antibiotics. Weaned 21-day-old C57BL/6 mice were divided into 3 groups: the CTL group, fed the control diet; the COL group, administered low doses of neomycin and colistin; and the SDP group, supplemented with 8% SDP. After 14 days, analysis of the fecal microbiome showed that the microbiota profiles induced by SDP and the antibiotics were very different, thus, SDP has prebiotic rather than antibiotic effects. At the phylum level, SDP stimulated the presence of Firmicutes, considerably increasing the lactobacilli population. It also enhanced the growth of species involved in regulatory T-lymphocyte homeostasis and restoration of the mucosal barrier, as well as species negatively correlated with expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. At the mucosal level, expression of toll-like receptors Tlr2, Tlr4 and Tlr9, and mucous-related genes Muc2 and Tff3 with regulatory and barrier stability functions, were increased. SDP also increased expression of Il-10 and Tgf-β, as well as markers of macrophages and dendritic cells eventually promoting an immune-tolerant environment.
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18
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Pieczynska MD, Yang Y, Petrykowski S, Horbanczuk OK, Atanasov AG, Horbanczuk JO. Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis Development. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030594. [PMID: 32013236 PMCID: PMC7037843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota metabolites have a great influence on host digestive function and body health itself. The effects of intestinal microbes on the host metabolism and nutrients absorption are mainly due to regulatory mechanisms related to serotonin, cytokines, and metabolites. Multiple studies have repeatedly reported that the gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in the absorption of bioactive compounds by converting dietary polyphenols into absorbable bioactive substances. Moreover, some intestinal metabolites derived from natural polyphenol products have more biological activities than their own fundamental biological functions. Bioactive like polyphenolic compounds, prebiotics and probiotics are the best known dietary strategies for regulating the composition of gut microbial populations or metabolic/immunological activities, which are called “three “p” for gut health”. Intestinal microbial metabolites have an indirect effect on atherosclerosis, by regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation. It has been found that the diversity of intestinal microbiota negatively correlates with the development of atherosclerosis. The fewer the variation and number of microbial species in the gut, the higher the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Therefore, the atherosclerosis can be prevented and treated from the perspective of improving the number and variability of gut microbiota. In here, we summarize the effects of gut metabolites of natural products on the pathological process of the atherosclerosis, since gut intestinal metabolites not only have an indirect effect on macrophage foaming in the vessel wall, but also have a direct effect on vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena D. Pieczynska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.D.P.); (J.O.H.); Tel.: +48-22-736-70-00
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - S. Petrykowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
| | - Olaf K. Horbanczuk
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw O. Horbanczuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A Street, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (Y.Y.); (S.P.); (A.G.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.P.); (J.O.H.); Tel.: +48-22-736-70-00
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19
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Anani H, Abdallah RA, Khoder M, Fontanini A, Mailhe M, Ricaboni D, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Colibacter massiliensis gen. nov. sp. nov., a novel Gram-stain-positive anaerobic diplococcal bacterium, isolated from the human left colon. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17199. [PMID: 31748674 PMCID: PMC6868274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is considered to play a key role in human health. As a consequence, deciphering its microbial diversity is mandatory. A polyphasic taxonogenomic strategy based on the combination of phenotypic and genomic analyses was used to characterize a new bacterium, strain Marseille-P2911. This strain was isolated from a left colon sample of a 60-year old man who underwent a colonoscopy for an etiological investigation of iron-deficiency anemia in Marseille, France. On the basis of 16S rRNA sequence comparison, the closest phylogenetic neighbor was Anaeroglobus geminatus (94.59% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) within the family Veillonellaceae. Cells were anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, catalase/oxidase negative cocci grouped in pairs. The bacterium was able to grow at 37 °C after 2 days of incubation. Strain Marseille-P2911 exhibited a genome size of 1,715,864-bp with a 50.2% G + C content, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and OrthoANI values with A. geminatus of only 19.1 ± 4.5% and 74.42%, respectively. The latter value being lower than the threshold for genus delineation (80.5%), we propose the creation of the new genus Colibacter gen. nov., with strain Marseille-P2911T (=DSM 103304 = CSUR P2911) being the type strain of the new species Colibacter massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Anani
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de Santé des Armées, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditeranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Rita Abou Abdallah
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de Santé des Armées, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditeranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - May Khoder
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Fontanini
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Mailhe
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Davide Ricaboni
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de Santé des Armées, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditeranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France. .,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France.
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20
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Study Insights into Gastrointestinal Cancer through the Gut Microbiota. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8721503. [PMID: 31341907 PMCID: PMC6612970 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8721503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome in human is recognized as a “microbial organ” for its roles and contributions in regulating the human homeostasis and metabolism. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, especially colorectal cancer (CRC), rank as the most common cancer-related deaths worldwide. Evidences have suggested that the disorder of gut microbiota, also named as “dysbiosis,” is related to the development of a variety of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the CRC. However, detailed mechanisms between disease and gut microbiota remain largely unknown. This review introduced the correlation between gastrointestinal diseases and the microbiota in human gut from the recent studies, as well as the roles of microbiota in manipulating the CRC and IBDs development, in order to facilitate future studies and to develop novel methods for the precaution, diagnosis, or even cure of gastrointestinal diseases. Additionally, we also elucidated the possibility of probiotics in treatment against CRC.
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21
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Kim YS, Unno T, Kim BY, Park MS. Sex Differences in Gut Microbiota. World J Mens Health 2019; 38:48-60. [PMID: 30929328 PMCID: PMC6920072 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans carry numerous symbiotic microorganisms in their body, most of which are present in the gut. Although recent technological advances have produced extensive research data on gut microbiota, there are various confounding factors (e.g., diet, race, medications) to consider. Sex is one of the important variables affecting the gut microbiota, but the association has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Although the results are inconsistent, several animal and human studies have shown sex differences in gut microbiota. Herein, we review these studies to discuss the sex-dependent differences as well as the possible mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sung Kim
- Digestive Disease Research Institute and Department of Gastroenterology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea.,Division of Microbiome Research, VOWLIFE R&D Center, Iksan, Korea.
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea.,Faculty of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | | | - Mi Sung Park
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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22
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Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is poorly understood. Inflammasomes are a large family of multiprotein complexes that act to mediate host immune responses to microbial infection and have a regulatory or conditioning influence on the composition of the microbiota. Inflammasomes and the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) lead to caspase-1 activation. The activated caspase-1 promotes secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) from their precursors (pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18). Inflammasomes have been implicated in a host of inflammatory disorders. Among the inflammasomes, NLRP3, NLRP12 and NLRC4 are the most widely investigated. Knock-out mice models of inflammasomes NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRC4, caspase-1 and ASC are reported to have higher susceptibility to experimental colitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRC4, caspase-1, ASC, pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 in the bowel specimens from patients with HSCR and controls. METHODS Pulled-through colonic specimens were collected from HSCR patients (n = 6) and healthy controls from the proximal colostomy of children with anorectal malformations (n = 6). The gene expression of NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRC4, caspase-1, ASC, pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 was assessed using qPCR. The protein distribution was assessed using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. MAIN RESULTS qRT-PCR analysis revealed that NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRC4, ASC and pro-IL-1β gene expressions was significantly downregulated in the aganglionic and ganglionic colon of patients with HSCR compared to controls. Confocal microscopy revealed a markedly decreased expression of NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRC4 and ASC protein in the colonic epithelium of aganglionic and ganglionic bowel of patients with HSCR compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRC4, ASC and pro-IL-1β gene expressions in patients with HSCR. Decreased expression of NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRC4, ASC and pro-IL-1β in the aganglionic and ganglionic bowel may increase susceptibility of HSCR patients to develop HAEC.
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23
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Cuevas-Sierra A, Ramos-Lopez O, Riezu-Boj JI, Milagro FI, Martinez JA. Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Obesity: Links with Host Genetics and Epigenetics and Potential Applications. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S17-S30. [PMID: 30721960 PMCID: PMC6363528 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is involved in the development of obesity and associated comorbidities. It has been reported that the composition of the gut microbiota differs in obese and lean subjects, suggesting that microbiota dysbiosis can contribute to changes in body weight. However, the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota participates in energy homeostasis are unclear. Gut microbiota can be modulated positively or negatively by different lifestyle and dietary factors. Interestingly, complex interactions between genetic background, gut microbiota, and diet have also been reported concerning the risk of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome features. Moreover, microbial metabolites can induce epigenetic modifications (i.e., changes in DNA methylation and micro-RNA expression), with potential implications for health status and susceptibility to obesity. Also, microbial products, such as short-chain fatty acids or membrane proteins, may affect host metabolism by regulating appetite, lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, inflammation, and other functions. Metabolomic approaches are being used to identify new postbiotics with biological activity in the host, allowing discovery of new targets and tools for incorporation into personalized therapies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relations between the human gut microbiota and the onset and development of obesity. These scientific insights are paving the way to understanding the complex relation between obesity and microbiota. Among novel approaches, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiome transplantation could be useful to restore gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cuevas-Sierra
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose I Riezu-Boj
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermin I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology and Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies (IMDEA Food), Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to JAM (e-mail: )
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Fecal chromogranins and secretogranins are linked to the fecal and mucosal intestinal bacterial composition of IBS patients and healthy subjects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16821. [PMID: 30429499 PMCID: PMC6235916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered fecal levels of chromogranins (Cg) and secretogranins (Sg) are demonstrated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but their role in IBS pathophysiology remains unknown. This study aimed to determine if granins are associated with bacterial composition, immune activation and IBS symptoms. Protein levels of fecal granins (CgA, CgB, SgII and SgIII) were analysed with immunoassays. Mucosal mRNA expression of granins, TPH1 and immune markers were evaluated with RT-qPCR. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on fecal and mucosal bacteria. The intestinal granin profile, based on fecal protein levels and mucosal mRNA expression, could not discriminate between IBS patients (n = 88) and healthy subjects (HS, n = 33). IBS patients dominated by high fecal or mucosal granin levels, respectively, did not differ in symptom or immune profiles. Fecal-dominated and mucosal-dominated granin clusters of IBS patients and HS, demonstrated separate fecal and mucosal bacterial profiles and high fecal abundance of granins were associated with a less diverse bacterial composition and the Bacteroides enterotype. The intestinal granin profiles of IBS patients and HS are linked to the intestinal bacterial composition, diversity and enterotypes. These findings suggest that granins may be one of several host-produced factors regulating the microbiota composition of the intestine.
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Lee KA, Cho KC, Kim B, Jang IH, Nam K, Kwon YE, Kim M, Hyeon DY, Hwang D, Seol JH, Lee WJ. Inflammation-Modulated Metabolic Reprogramming Is Required for DUOX-Dependent Gut Immunity in Drosophila. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:338-352.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yan A, Culp E, Perry J, Lau JT, MacNeil LT, Surette MG, Wright GD. Transformation of the Anticancer Drug Doxorubicin in the Human Gut Microbiome. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:68-76. [PMID: 29160065 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria living in the human gut are implicated in the etiology of several diseases. Moreover, dozens of drugs are metabolized by elements of the gut microbiome, which may have further implications for human health. Here, we screened a collection of gut isolates for their ability to inactivate the widely used antineoplastic drug doxorubicin and identified a strain of Raoultella planticola as a potent inactivator under anaerobic conditions. We demonstrate that R. planticola deglycosylates doxorubicin to metabolites 7-deoxydoxorubicinol and 7-deoxydoxorubicinolone via a reductive deglycosylation mechanism. We further show that doxorubicin is degraded anaerobically by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli BW25113 and present evidence that this phenotype is dependent on molybdopterin-dependent enzyme(s). Deglycosylation of doxorubicin by R. planticola under anaerobic conditions is found to reduce toxicity to the model species Caenorhabditis elegans, providing a model to begin understanding the role of doxorubicin metabolism by microbes in the human gut. Understanding the in vivo metabolism of important therapeutics like doxorubicin by the gut microbiome has the potential to guide clinical dosing to maximize therapeutic benefit while limiting undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Yan
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Culp
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Julie Perry
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jennifer T. Lau
- Farncombe
Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Lesley T. MacNeil
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Farncombe
Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael G. Surette
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Farncombe
Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- M. G. DeGroote Institute
for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Pan P, Oshima K, Huang YW, Yearsley M, Zhang J, Arnold M, Yu J, Wang LS. Gut bacteria are required for the benefits of black raspberries in Apc Min/+ mice. JOURNAL OF BERRY RESEARCH 2018; 8:239-249. [PMID: 30636993 PMCID: PMC6326590 DOI: 10.3233/jbr-180337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the gut microbiota is required for the chemoprotective effects of black raspberries (BRBs) in Apc Min/+ mice. METHODS Apc Min/+ mice were given (a) a control diet for 8 weeks, or (b) the control diet for 4 weeks and then a 5% BRB diet for additional 4 weeks, or (c) the control diet and antibiotics for 4 weeks followed by the 5% BRB diet and antibiotics for the next 4 weeks. At the end of the study, all the mice were euthanized, and colonic and intestinal polyps were counted. mRNA expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB1, and COX2 were determined in colon and small intestine of these Apc Min/+ mice by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS 5% BRBs significantly suppressed intestinal and colonic polyp development in the Apc Min/+ mice, whereas antibiotics significantly abolished BRBs' chemoprotective effects. BRBs decreased mRNA levels of TLR4, NF-κB1, and COX2 in colon, whereas significantly enhanced mRNA levels of TLR4 and NF-κB1 were observed in small intestine of BRB-treated Apc Min/+ mice fed antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiota is required for BRBs' chemoprotection against polyp development in Apc Min/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kiyoko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Martha Yearsley
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Science of Informatics, Division of Biostatistics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mark Arnold
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Corresponding author: Li-Shu Wang, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, RM C4930, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. Tel.: +1 414 955 2827; Fax: +1 414 955 6059; .
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Expression of the bitter receptor T2R38 in pancreatic cancer: localization in lipid droplets and activation by a bacteria-derived quorum-sensing molecule. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12623-32. [PMID: 26862855 PMCID: PMC4914309 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T2R38 belongs to the family of bitter receptors and was initially detected in cells of the oral cavity. We now describe expression of T2R38 in tumor cells in patients with pancreatic cancer and in tumor-derived cell lines. T2R38 is localized predominantly intracellular in association with lipid droplets, particularly with the lipid droplet membrane. The receptor can be activated by the bona fide ligand for T2R38, phenylthiourea (PTU), and by N-acetyl-dodecanoyl homoserine (AHL-12), a quorum sensing molecule of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the latter is the only known natural ligand for T2R38. In response to PTU or AHL-12, key transcription factors are activated including phosphorylation of the MAP kinases p38 and ERK1/2, and upregulation of NFATc1. Moreover, we found increased expression of the multi-drug resistance protein 1 (also known as ABCB1), a transmembrane transporter molecule, participating in shuttling of a plethora of drugs, such as chemotherapeutics or antibiotics. In conclusion, our data indicate a new, additional function of the taste receptor T2R38 beyond sensing ‘bitter’. Moreover, because T2R38 can be stimulated by a bacteria-derived signaling molecule the receptor could link microbiota and cancer.
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Yadav M, Verma MK, Chauhan NS. A review of metabolic potential of human gut microbiome in human nutrition. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:203-217. [PMID: 29188341 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human gut contains a plethora of microbes, providing a platform for metabolic interaction between the host and microbiota. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota act as a link between gut microbiota and its host. These metabolites act as messengers having the capacity to alter the gut microbiota. Recent advances in the characterization of the gut microbiota and its symbiotic relationship with the host have provided a platform to decode metabolic interactions. The human gut microbiota, a crucial component for dietary metabolism, is shaped by the genetic, epigenetic and dietary factors. The metabolic potential of gut microbiota explains its significance in host health and diseases. The knowledge of interactions between microbiota and host metabolism, as well as modification of microbial ecology, is really beneficial to have effective therapeutic treatments for many diet-related diseases in near future. This review cumulates the information to map the role of human gut microbiota in dietary component metabolism, the role of gut microbes derived metabolites in human health and host-microbe metabolic interactions in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Nar Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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Zhang SL, Wang SN, Miao CY. Influence of Microbiota on Intestinal Immune System in Ulcerative Colitis and Its Intervention. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1674. [PMID: 29234327 PMCID: PMC5712343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with chronic and recurrent characteristics caused by multiple reasons. Although the pathogenic factors have not been clarified yet, recent studies have demonstrated that intestinal microbiota plays a major role in UC, especially in the immune system. This review focuses on the description of several major microbiota communities that affect UC and their interactions with the host. In this review, eight kinds of microbiota that are highly related to IBD, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, Bacteroides, Roseburia species, Eubacterium rectale, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium, and Candida albicans are demonstrated on the changes in amount and roles in the onset and progression of IBD. In addition, potential therapeutic targets for UC involved in the regulation of microbiota, including NLRPs, vitamin D receptor as well as secreted proteins, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Long Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Williams BA, Grant LJ, Gidley MJ, Mikkelsen D. Gut Fermentation of Dietary Fibres: Physico-Chemistry of Plant Cell Walls and Implications for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2203. [PMID: 29053599 PMCID: PMC5666883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of dietary fibre (DF) originates from plant cell walls. Chemically, DF mostly comprise carbohydrate polymers, which resist hydrolysis by digestive enzymes in the mammalian small intestine, but can be fermented by large intestinal bacteria. One of the main benefits of DF relate to its fermentability, which affects microbial diversity and function within the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), as well as the by-products of the fermentation process. Much work examining DF tends to focus on various purified ingredients, which have been extracted from plants. Increasingly, the validity of this is being questioned in terms of human nutrition, as there is evidence to suggest that it is the actual complexity of DF which affects the complexity of the GIT microbiota. Here, we review the literature comparing results of fermentation of purified DF substrates, with whole plant foods. There are strong indications that the more complex and varied the diet (and its ingredients), the more complex and varied the GIT microbiota is likely to be. Therefore, it is proposed that as the DF fermentability resulting from this complex microbial population has such profound effects on human health in relation to diet, it would be appropriate to include DF fermentability in its characterization-a functional approach of immediate relevance to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Lucas J Grant
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE During the last decade, experimental and observational studies have shown that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may have an altered intestinal microbial composition compared with healthy individuals. However, no uniform microbial signature has as yet been detected for either IBD or IBS. This review summarizes the current knowledge of microbial dysbiosis and its potential relationship to the pathophysiology in IBD and IBS. METHODS A selective review was conducted to summarize the current knowledge of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of IBD and IBS. RESULTS Experimental and observational studies provide good evidence for intestinal microbial dysbiosis in subgroups of IBD and IBS. Still, no uniform disease pattern has been detected. This is most likely due to the heterogeneous nature of IBD and IBS, in combination with the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Such intrinsic factors include genetics, the gastrointestinal environment, and the host immune system, whereas extrinsic factors include early life diet, breastfeeding, and method of infant delivery. CONCLUSIONS Recent and ongoing work to define microbial dysbiosis in IBD and IBS shows promise, but future well-designed studies with well-characterized study individuals are needed. It is likely that the microbial dysbiosis in IBD and IBS is dependent on the natural disease course of IBD and symptom pattern in IBS. Therefore, assessment of the entire microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract, in relationship to confounding factors, symptom fluctuations, and other pathophysiological factors, is needed for further understanding of the etiology of these common diseases.
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Hasannejad Bibalan M, Eshaghi M, Rohani M, Esghaei M, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Pourshafie MR, Talebi M. Isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. reuteri display greater antiproliferative and antipathogenic activity than other Lactobacillus isolates. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1416-1420. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Eshaghi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gao R, Kong C, Li H, Huang L, Qu X, Qin N, Qin H. Dysbiosis signature of mycobiota in colon polyp and colorectal cancer. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:2457-2468. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Cell-Surface and Nuclear Receptors in the Colon as Targets for Bacterial Metabolites and Its Relevance to Colon Health. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080856. [PMID: 28796169 PMCID: PMC5579649 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic co-habitation of bacteria in the host colon is mutually beneficial to both partners. While the host provides the place and food for the bacteria to colonize and live, the bacteria in turn help the host in energy and nutritional homeostasis, development and maturation of the mucosal immune system, and protection against inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this review, we highlight the molecular mediators of the effective communication between the bacteria and the host, focusing on selective metabolites from the bacteria that serve as messengers to the host by acting through selective receptors in the host colon. These bacterial metabolites include the short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the tryptophan degradation products indole-3-aldehyde, indole-3-acetic, acid and indole-3-propionic acid, and derivatives of endogenous bile acids. The targets for these bacterial products in the host include the cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A and the nuclear receptors aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The chemical communication between these bacterial metabolite messengers and the host targets collectively has the ability to impact metabolism, gene expression, and epigenetics in colonic epithelial cells as well as in mucosal immune cells. The end result, for the most part, is the maintenance of optimal colonic health.
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Wu F, Guo X, Zhang J, Zhang M, Ou Z, Peng Y. Phascolarctobacterium faecium abundant colonization in human gastrointestinal tract. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3122-3126. [PMID: 28912861 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phascolarctobacterium can produce short-chain fatty acids, including acetate and propionate, and can be associated with the metabolic state and mood of the host. The present study investigated the colonization characteristics of Phascolarctobacterium faecium in healthy individuals <1-80 years old in Southern China. A total of 150 fresh fecal samples were collected, and bacterial DNA was isolated from these samples for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Phascolarctobacterium faecium demonstrated a high colonization rate and abundant colonization in the human gastrointestinal tract. The colonization rate varied between 43.33-93.33%, and the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium faecium ranged between 3.22-5.76 log cells g-1 (<1 years old) and 3.06-9.33 log cells g-1 (>1 year old). The permillage of Phascolarctobacterium faecium in total bacteria ranged between 0.004-1.479. There was presence of Phascolarctobacterium faecium-like bacteria in younger individuals with a gradual increase in the number of bacteria maintained at a high level with increasing ages (between 1 and 60 years old), but with a decrease in elderly individuals (>60 years old). The results of the present study demonstrated that Phascolarctobacterium faecium is abundantly colonized in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changsha Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Jiachun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen SheKou People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Zihao Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Yongzheng Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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Abstract
Genes, bacteria, and immunity contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Most genetic risk relates to defective sensing of microbes and their metabolites or defective regulation of the host response to the microbiota. Because the composition of the microbiota shapes the developing immune system and is determined in early life, the prospect of therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota in adulthood after the onset of disease is questionable. However, the microbiota may be a marker of risk and a modifier of disease activity and a contributor to extraintestinal manifestations and associations in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Sheehan
- Department of Medicine, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Ireland.
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Bhutia YD, Ogura J, Sivaprakasam S, Ganapathy V. Gut Microbiome and Colon Cancer: Role of Bacterial Metabolites and Their Molecular Targets in the Host. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2017; 13:111-118. [PMID: 30337849 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review The relationship between colonic bacteria and the host is symbiotic, but how communication between the two partners occurs is just beginning to be understood at the molecular level. Here, we highlight specific products of bacterial metabolism that are present in the colonic lumen and their molecular targets in the host that facilitate this communication. Recent findings Colonic epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells express several cell-surface receptors and nuclear receptors that are activated by specific bacterial metabolites, which impact multiple signaling pathways and expression of many genes. In addition, some bacterial metabolites also possess the ability to cause epigenetic changes in these cells via inhibition of selective enzymes involved in the maintenance of histone acetylation and DNA methylation patterns. Summary Colonic bacteria communicate with their host with selective metabolites that interact with host molecular targets. This chemical communication underlies a broad range of the biology and function of colonic epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells, which protect against inflammation and carcinogenesis in the colon under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-1282
| | - Jiro Ogura
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-4101
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-4117
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Schmitner N, Kohno K, Meyer D. ptf1a+ , ela3l- cells are developmentally maintained progenitors for exocrine regeneration following extreme loss of acinar cells in zebrafish larvae. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:307-321. [PMID: 28138096 PMCID: PMC5374315 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocrine pancreas displays a significant capacity for regeneration and renewal. In humans and mammalian model systems, the partial loss of exocrine tissue, such as after acute pancreatitis or partial pancreatectomy induces rapid recovery via expansion of surviving acinar cells. In mouse it was further found that an almost complete removal of acinar cells initiates regeneration from a currently not well-defined progenitor pool. Here, we used the zebrafish as an alternative model to study cellular mechanisms of exocrine regeneration following an almost complete removal of acinar cells. We introduced and validated two novel transgenic approaches for genetically encoded conditional cell ablation in the zebrafish, either by caspase-8-induced apoptosis or by rendering cells sensitive to diphtheria toxin. By using the ela3l promoter for exocrine-specific expression, we show that both approaches allowed cell-type-specific removal of >95% of acinar tissue in larval and adult zebrafish without causing any signs of unspecific side effects. We find that zebrafish larvae are able to recover from a virtually complete acinar tissue ablation within 2 weeks. Using short-term lineage-tracing experiments and EdU incorporation assays, we exclude duct-associated Notch-responsive cells as the source of regeneration. Rather, a rare population of slowly dividing ela3l-negative cells expressing ptf1a and CPA was identified as the origin of the newly forming exocrine cells. Cells are actively maintained, as revealed by a constant number of these cells at different larval stages and after repeated cell ablation. These cells establish ela3l expression about 4-6 days after ablation without signs of increased proliferation in between. With onset of ela3l expression, cells initiate rapid proliferation, leading to fast expansion of the ela3l-positive population. Finally, we show that this proliferation is blocked by overexpression of the Wnt-signaling antagonist dkk1b In conclusion, we show a conserved requirement for Wnt signaling in exocrine tissue expansion and reveal a potential novel progenitor or stem cell population as a source for exocrine neogenesis after complete loss of acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schmitner
- Institute for Molecular Biology, CMBI, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Kenji Kohno
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Dirk Meyer
- Institute for Molecular Biology, CMBI, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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Kawada-Matsuo M, Komatsuzawa H. Role of Streptococcus mutans two-component systems in antimicrobial peptide resistance in the oral cavity. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 53:86-94. [PMID: 28725299 PMCID: PMC5501732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 100 trillion microorganisms exist in the oral cavity. For the commensal bacteria of the oral cavity, it is important to adapt to environmental stimuli, including human- or bacteria-derived antimicrobial agents. Recently, bacterial-specific signal transduction regulatory systems, called two-component systems (TCSs), which appear to be focused on sensing and adapting to the environment, were discovered. Streptococcus mutans is an oral commensal bacteria and is also known as a cariogenic bacteria. Although the virulence factors of S. mutans have been well demonstrated, the mechanism underlying the adaptation of the species to the oral cavity is poorly understood. S. mutans UA159 has 15 sets of TCSs. Among them, several have been demonstrated to be involved in acid tolerance, competence and biofilm formation. Recently, together with our findings, it was demonstrated that 5 TCSs were involved in resistance to antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, another TCS was associated with the production of bacteriocin. Six of 15 TCSs are associated with antimicrobial agents, implying that S. mutans can survive in the oral cavity by resisting various antimicrobial peptides. In this review, we highlight the role of antimicrobial peptides in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Kostic AD, Chun E, Meyerson M, Garrett WS. Microbes and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 1:150-7. [PMID: 24777677 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a renaissance in research on physiologic interactions between humans and their resident microbiota, the vast numbers of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live within and on the body. The burgeoning interest in what constitutes the human microbiome has also focused on the contribution of microbes to carcinogenesis. Given the microbiomes of malignancies arising at mucosal sites, the microbiota may prove as influential as stromal cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we focus on the interconnections of microbes and inflammation in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar D Kostic
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015; 6:e91. [PMID: 26087059 PMCID: PMC4816244 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a fine balance in the mutual relationship between the intestinal microbiota and its mammalian host. It is thought that disruptions in this fine balance contribute/account for the pathogenesis of many diseases. Recently, the significance of the relationship between gut microbiota and its mammalian host in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome has been demonstrated. Emerging data has linked intestinal dysbiosis to several gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and gastrointestinal malignancy. This article is intended to review the role of gut microbiota maintenance/alterations of gut microbiota as a significant factor as a significant factor discriminating between health and common diseases. Based on current available data, the role of microbial manipulation in disease management remains to be further defined and a focus for further clinical investigation.
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Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to the inhibitory effect of morphine on colonic motility in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9499. [PMID: 25962524 PMCID: PMC5386182 DOI: 10.1038/srep09499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids rank among the most potent analgesic drugs but gastrointestinal side effects, especially constipation, limit their therapeutic utility. The adverse effects of opioids have been attributed to stimulation of opioid receptors, but emerging evidence suggests that opioids interact with the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its signalling pathway. As TLR4 signalling affects gastrointestinal motility, we examined the involvement of TLR4 in morphine-induced depression of peristaltic motility in the guinea-pig intestine in vitro and male C57BL/6N mice in vivo. While the TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 (0.1 μM and 1 μM) did not alter the morphine-induced inhibition of peristalsis in the isolated guinea-pig small intestine, the morphine-induced decrease in pellet propulsion velocity in colonic segments was attenuated by TAK-242 (0.1 μM). The ability of TAK-242 (4 mg/kg) to mitigate the morphine-induced suppression of colonic motility was replicated in mice in vivo by measuring the expulsion time of beads inserted in the distal colon. The inhibition of upper gastrointestinal transit of mice by morphine was not affected by pre-treatment with TAK-242 (4 mg/kg) in vivo. This is the first report that morphine-induced inhibition of colonic peristalsis is alleviated by TLR4 antagonism. We therefore conclude that TLR4 may contribute to opioid-induced constipation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the recent landmark findings that have increased our understanding not only of the role of the epithelial cell cycle in the homeostasis of the small intestine, but also its relevance to inflammation and cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data have unveiled novel information on protein interactions directly involved in the cell cycle as well as in the pathways that transduce external environmental signals to the cell cycle. A growing body of the recent evidence confirms the importance of food as well as hormonal regulation in the gut on cell cycle. Information on the contribution of the epithelial microenvironment, including the microbiota, has grown substantially in the recent years as well as on the gene-environment interactions and the multiple epigenetic mechanisms involved in regulating cell-cycle proteins and signalling. Finally, further studies investigating the dysregulation of the cell cycle during inflammation and proliferation have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. SUMMARY This review highlights some of the most recent advances that further emphasize the importance of the cell cycle in the small intestine during homeostasis as well as in inflammation and cancer.
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Bacterial uracil modulates Drosophila DUOX-dependent gut immunity via Hedgehog-induced signaling endosomes. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:191-204. [PMID: 25639794 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies in Drosophila have demonstrated that generation of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the NADPH dual oxidase (DUOX) is a first line of defense in the gut epithelia. Bacterial uracil acts as DUOX-activating ligand through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we show that the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway modulates uracil-induced DUOX activation. Uracil-induced Hh signaling is required for intestinal expression of the calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule Cadherin 99C (Cad99C) and subsequent Cad99C-dependent formation of endosomes. These endosomes play essential roles in uracil-induced ROS production by acting as signaling platforms for PLCβ/PKC/Ca2+-dependent DUOX activation. Animals with impaired Hh signaling exhibit abolished Cad99C-dependent endosome formation and reduced DUOX activity, resulting in high mortality during enteric infection. Importantly, endosome formation, DUOX activation, and normal host survival are restored by genetic reintroduction of Cad99C into enterocytes, demonstrating the important role for Hh signaling in host resistance to enteric infection.
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Chatzidaki-Livanis M, Coyne MJ, Comstock LE. An antimicrobial protein of the gut symbiont Bacteroides fragilis with a MACPF domain of host immune proteins. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:1361-74. [PMID: 25339613 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroidales are the most abundant Gram-negative bacteria of the human intestinal microbiota comprising more than half of the bacteria in many individuals. Some of the factors that these bacteria use to establish and maintain themselves in this ecosystem are beginning to be identified. However, ecological competition, especially interference competition where one organism directly harms another, is largely unexplored. To begin to understand the relevance of this ecological principle as it applies to these abundant gut bacteria and factors that may promote such competition, we screened Bacteroides fragilis for the production of antimicrobial molecules. We found that the production of extracellularly secreted antimicrobial molecules is widespread in this species. The first identified molecule, described in this manuscript, contains a membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain present in host immune molecules that kill bacteria and virally infected cells by pore formation, and mutations affecting key residues of this domain abrogated its activity. This antimicrobial molecule, termed BSAP-1, is secreted from the cell in outer membrane vesicles and no additional proteins are required for its secretion, processing or immunity of the producing cell. This study provides the first insight into secreted molecules that promote competitive interference among Bacteroidales strains of the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzidaki-Livanis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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You H, Lee WJ, Lee WJ. Homeostasis between gut-associated microorganisms and the immune system in Drosophila. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 30:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an explosion of knowledge regarding the vast microbial community that resides within our intestine-the gut microbiota. The topic has generated great expectations in terms of gaining a better understanding of disorders ranging from IBD to metabolic disorders and obesity. IBS is a condition for which investigators have long been in search of plausible underlying pathogeneses and it is inevitable that altered composition or function of the gut microbiota will be considered as a potential aetiological factor in at least a subset of patients with IBS. This Review describes the evidence implicating the gut microbiota in not only the expression of the intestinal manifestations of IBS, but also the psychiatric morbidity that coexists in up to 80% of patients with IBS. The evidence described herein ranges from proof-of-concept studies in animals to observational studies and clinical trials in humans. The gut microbiota is subject to influences from a diverse range of factors including diet, antibiotic usage, infection and stress. These factors have previously been implicated in the pathophysiology of IBS and further prompt consideration of a role for the gut microbiota in IBS.
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Rogers GB, Kozlowska J, Keeble J, Metcalfe K, Fao M, Dowd SE, Mason AJ, McGuckin MA, Bruce KD. Functional divergence in gastrointestinal microbiota in physically-separated genetically identical mice. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5437. [PMID: 24961643 PMCID: PMC4069701 DOI: 10.1038/srep05437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fundamental contribution of the gut microbiota to host physiology, the extent of its variation in genetically-identical animals used in research is not known. We report significant divergence in both the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota in genetically-identical adult C57BL/6 mice housed in separate controlled units within a single commercial production facility. The reported divergence in gut microbiota has the potential to confound experimental studies using mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Rogers
- Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- SAHMRI Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J. Kozlowska
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - J. Keeble
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - K. Metcalfe
- Charles River UK, Manston Rd. Margate, Kent CT9 4LT UK
| | - M. Fao
- Charles River UK, Manston Rd. Margate, Kent CT9 4LT UK
| | - S. E. Dowd
- Molecular Research MR DNA, Shallowater, TX 79363, USA
| | - A. J. Mason
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - M. A. McGuckin
- Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - K. D. Bruce
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Shanahan F, Quigley EMM. Manipulation of the microbiota for treatment of IBS and IBD-challenges and controversies. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1554-63. [PMID: 24486051 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling rationale for manipulating the microbiota to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Although studies of animal models of intestinal inflammation produced promising results, trials in humans have been disappointing. In contrast to IBD, the role of the microbiota in the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) only recently has been considered, but early stage results have been encouraging. As pharmaceutical companies develop fewer truly novel agents for treatment of these disorders, consumers seek safer, long-term strategies to deal with chronic symptoms. We assess the rationale for modulating the microbiota for treatment of IBD and IBS, and discuss whether current concepts are simplistic and overstated or simply under-researched. Are claims exaggerated and expectations unrealistic? Difficulties with microbiota terminology and technologies, as well as differences among patients and the heterogeneity of these diseases, pose additional challenges in developing microbiota-based therapies for IBD and IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Shanahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; Department of Medicine, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Eamonn M M Quigley
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas
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