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Wang Y, Barthez M, Chen D. Mitochondrial regulation in stem cells. Trends Cell Biol 2023:S0962-8924(23)00207-6. [PMID: 37919163 PMCID: PMC11193947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells persist throughout the lifespan to repair and regenerate tissues due to their unique ability to self-renew and differentiate. Here we reflect on the recent discoveries in stem cells that highlight a mitochondrial metabolic checkpoint at the restriction point of the stem cell cycle. Mitochondrial activation supports stem cell proliferation and differentiation by providing energy supply and metabolites as signaling molecules. Concomitant mitochondrial stress can lead to loss of stem cell self-renewal and requires the surveillance of various mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. During aging, a mitochondrial protective program mediated by several sirtuins becomes dysregulated and can be targeted to reverse stem cell aging and tissue degeneration, giving hope for targeting the mitochondrial metabolic checkpoint for treating tissue degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marine Barthez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Danica Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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de Morree A, Rando TA. Regulation of adult stem cell quiescence and its functions in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:334-354. [PMID: 36922629 PMCID: PMC10725182 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are important for mammalian tissues, where they act as a cell reserve that supports normal tissue turnover and can mount a regenerative response following acute injuries. Quiescent stem cells are well established in certain tissues, such as skeletal muscle, brain, and bone marrow. The quiescent state is actively controlled and is essential for long-term maintenance of stem cell pools. In this Review, we discuss the importance of maintaining a functional pool of quiescent adult stem cells, including haematopoietic stem cells, skeletal muscle stem cells, neural stem cells, hair follicle stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells such as fibro-adipogenic progenitors, to ensure tissue maintenance and repair. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate the entry into, maintenance of, and exit from the quiescent state in mice. Recent studies revealed that quiescent stem cells have a discordance between RNA and protein levels, indicating the importance of post-transcriptional mechanisms, such as alternative polyadenylation, alternative splicing, and translation repression, in the control of stem cell quiescence. Understanding how these mechanisms guide stem cell function during homeostasis and regeneration has important implications for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine de Morree
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Li C, Wu B, Li Y, Chen J, Ye Z, Tian X, Wang J, Xu X, Pan S, Zheng Y, Cai X, Jiang L, Zhao M. Amino acid catabolism regulates hematopoietic stem cell proteostasis via a GCN2-eIF2α axis. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1119-1134.e7. [PMID: 35803229 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) adapt their metabolism to maintenance and proliferation; however, the mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrated that homeostatic HSCs exhibited high amino acid (AA) catabolism to reduce cellular AA levels, which activated the GCN2-eIF2α axis, a protein synthesis inhibitory checkpoint to restrain protein synthesis for maintenance. Furthermore, upon proliferation conditions, HSCs enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for higher energy production but decreased AA catabolism to accumulate cellular AAs, which inactivated the GCN2-eIF2α axis to increase protein synthesis and coupled with proteotoxic stress. Importantly, GCN2 deletion impaired HSC function in repopulation and regeneration. Mechanistically, GCN2 maintained proteostasis and inhibited Src-mediated AKT activation to repress mitochondrial OXPHOS in HSCs. Moreover, the glycolytic metabolite, NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR), accelerated AA catabolism to activate GCN2 and sustain the long-term function of HSCs. Overall, our study uncovered direct links between metabolic alterations and translation control in HSCs during homeostasis and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Li
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Binghuo Wu
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yishan Li
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Zhitao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiaobin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xi Xu
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Shuai Pan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yucan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiongwei Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Linjia Jiang
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.
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4
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Emerging Evidence of the Significance of Thioredoxin-1 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071291. [PMID: 35883782 PMCID: PMC9312246 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States is undergoing a demographic shift towards an older population with profound economic, social, and healthcare implications. The number of Americans aged 65 and older will reach 80 million by 2040. The shift will be even more dramatic in the extremes of age, with a projected 400% increase in the population over 85 years old in the next two decades. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ageing is crucial to reduce ageing-associated disease and to improve the quality of life for the elderly. In this review, we summarized the changes associated with the ageing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and what is known about some of the key underlying cellular and molecular pathways. We focus here on the effects of reactive oxygen species and the thioredoxin redox homeostasis system on ageing biology in HSCs and the HSC microenvironment. We present additional data from our lab demonstrating the key role of thioredoxin-1 in regulating HSC ageing.
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5
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O'Connor SA, Feldman HM, Arora S, Hoellerbauer P, Toledo CM, Corrin P, Carter L, Kufeld M, Bolouri H, Basom R, Delrow J, McFaline-Figueroa JL, Trapnell C, Pollard SM, Patel A, Paddison PJ, Plaisier CL. Neural G0: a quiescent-like state found in neuroepithelial-derived cells and glioma. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9522. [PMID: 34101353 PMCID: PMC8186478 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single‐cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for resolving cellular states associated with normal and maligned developmental processes. Here, we used scRNA‐seq to examine the cell cycle states of expanding human neural stem cells (hNSCs). From these data, we constructed a cell cycle classifier that identifies traditional cell cycle phases and a putative quiescent‐like state in neuroepithelial‐derived cell types during mammalian neurogenesis and in gliomas. The Neural G0 markers are enriched with quiescent NSC genes and other neurodevelopmental markers found in non‐dividing neural progenitors. Putative glioblastoma stem‐like cells were significantly enriched in the Neural G0 cell population. Neural G0 cell populations and gene expression are significantly associated with less aggressive tumors and extended patient survival for gliomas. Genetic screens to identify modulators of Neural G0 revealed that knockout of genes associated with the Hippo/Yap and p53 pathways diminished Neural G0 in vitro, resulting in faster G1 transit, down‐regulation of quiescence‐associated markers, and loss of Neural G0 gene expression. Thus, Neural G0 represents a dynamic quiescent‐like state found in neuroepithelial‐derived cells and gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A O'Connor
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Heather M Feldman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pia Hoellerbauer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chad M Toledo
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip Corrin
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucas Carter
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan Kufeld
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hamid Bolouri
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anoop Patel
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher L Plaisier
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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6
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Weng H, Ma Y, Chen L, Cai G, Chen Z, Zhang S, Ye Q. A New Vision of Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response to the Sirtuin Family. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:613-623. [PMID: 31976838 PMCID: PMC7457425 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200123165002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is involved in many pathophysiological processes, such as tumor development, metabolism, and neurodegenerative diseases. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) is the first stress-protective response initiated by mitochondrial damage, and it repairs or clears misfolded proteins to alleviate this damage. Studies have confirmed that the sirtuin family is essential for the mitochondrial stress response; in particular, SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT7 participate in the mtUPR in different axes. This article summarizes the associations of sirtuins with the mtUPR as well as specific molecular targets related to the mtUPR in different disease models, which will provide new inspiration for studies on mitochondrial stress, mitochondrial function protection, and mitochondria-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Weng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan
Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China,Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China,The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yihong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan
Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China,Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Guoen Cai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan
Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Zhiting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan
Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Shaochuan Zhang
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan
Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China,Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
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7
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Mohrin M. Mito-managing ROS & redox to reboot the immune system: Tapping mitochondria & redox management to extend the reach of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:38-53. [PMID: 33486089 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for life-long production of blood and immune cells. HSC transplantation (HSCT) is the original cell therapy which can cure hematological disorders but also has the potential to treat other diseases if technical and safety barriers are overcome. To maintain homeostatic hematopoiesis or to restore hematopoiesis during transplantation HSCs must perform both self-renewal, replication of themselves, and differentiation, generation of mature blood and immune cells. These are just two of the cell fate choices HSCs have; the transitional phases where HSCs undergo these cell fate decisions are regulated by reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling, mitochondrial activity, and cellular metabolism. Recent studies revealed that mitochondria, a key source of redox signaling components, are central to HSC cell fate decisions. Here we highlight how mitochondria serve as hubs in HSCs to manage redox signaling and metabolism and thus guide HSC fate choices. We focus on how mitochondrial activity is modulated by their clearance, biogenesis, dynamics, distribution, and quality control in HSCs. We also note how modulating mitochondria in HSCs can help overcome technical barriers limiting further use of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mohrin
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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8
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The hematopoietic compartment is tasked with the establishment and maintenance of the entire blood program in steady-state and in response to stress. Key to this process are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which possess the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate to replenish blood cells throughout an organism's lifetime. Though tightly regulated, the hematopoietic system is vulnerable to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) fate. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of hematopoietic regulation under stress conditions such as inflammation, aging, mitochondrial defects, and damage to DNA or endoplasmic reticulum. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have illustrated the vast mechanisms involved in regulating stress-induced hematopoiesis, including cytokine-mediated lineage bias, gene signature changes in aged HSCs associated with chronic inflammation, the impact of clonal hematopoiesis and stress tolerance, characterization of the HSPC response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and of several epigenetic regulators that influence HSPC response to cell cycle stress. SUMMARY Several key recent findings have deepened our understanding of stress hematopoiesis. These studies will advance our abilities to reduce the impact of stress in disease and aging through clinical interventions to treat stress-related outcomes.
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Broxmeyer HE, Liu Y, Kapur R, Orschell CM, Aljoufi A, Ropa JP, Trinh T, Burns S, Capitano ML. Fate of Hematopoiesis During Aging. What Do We Really Know, and What are its Implications? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1020-1048. [PMID: 33145673 PMCID: PMC7609374 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing shift in demographics such that older persons will outnumber young persons in the coming years, and with it age-associated tissue attrition and increased diseases and disorders. There has been increased information on the association of the aging process with dysregulation of hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor (HPC) cells, and hematopoiesis. This review provides an extensive up-to date summary on the literature of aged hematopoiesis and HSCs placed in context of potential artifacts of the collection and processing procedure, that may not be totally representative of the status of HSCs in their in vivo bone marrow microenvironment, and what the implications of this are for understanding aged hematopoiesis. This review covers a number of interactive areas, many of which have not been adequately explored. There are still many unknowns and mechanistic insights to be elucidated to better understand effects of aging on the hematopoietic system, efforts that will take multidisciplinary approaches, and that could lead to means to ameliorate at least some of the dysregulation of HSCs and HPCs associated with the aging process. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christie M Orschell
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arafat Aljoufi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - James P Ropa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - Thao Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - Sarah Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maegan L Capitano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA.
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10
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Grenier‐Pleau I, Tyryshkin K, Le TD, Rudan J, Bonneil E, Thibault P, Zeng K, Lässer C, Mallinson D, Lamprou D, Hui J, Postovit L, Chan EYW, Abraham SA. Blood extracellular vesicles from healthy individuals regulate hematopoietic stem cells as humans age. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13245. [PMID: 33029858 PMCID: PMC7681054 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain balanced blood cell production in a process called hematopoiesis. As humans age, their HSCs acquire mutations that allow some HSCs to disproportionately contribute to normal blood production. This process, known as age‐related clonal hematopoiesis, predisposes certain individuals to cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary pathologies. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that factors outside cells, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), contribute to the disruption of stem cell homeostasis during aging. We have characterized blood EVs from humans and determined that they are remarkably consistent with respect to size, concentration, and total protein content, across healthy subjects aged 20–85 years. When analyzing EV protein composition from mass spectroscopy data, our machine‐learning‐based algorithms are able to distinguish EV proteins based on age and suggest that different cell types dominantly produce EVs released into the blood, which change over time. Importantly, our data show blood EVs from middle and older age groups (>40 years) significantly stimulate HSCs in contrast to untreated and EVs sourced from young subjects. Our study establishes for the first time that although EV particle size, concentration, and total protein content remain relatively consistent over an adult lifespan in humans, EV content evolves during aging and potentially influences HSC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Tyryshkin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - Tri Dung Le
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - John Rudan
- Department of Surgery Kingston Health Sciences Centre Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - Eric Bonneil
- Proteomics and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Research Unit Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer of the Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Proteomics and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Research Unit Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer of the Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Karen Zeng
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - David Mallinson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | | | - Jialui Hui
- Department of Oncology University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Lynne‐Marie Postovit
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
- Department of Oncology University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Edmond Y. W. Chan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - Sheela A. Abraham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Diet has profound impacts on health and longevity. Evidence is emerging to suggest that diet impinges upon the metabolic pathways in tissue-specific stem cells to influence health and disease. Here, we review the similarities and differences in the metabolism of stem cells from several tissues, and highlight the mitochondrial metabolic checkpoint in stem cell maintenance and aging. We discuss how diet engages the nutrient sensing metabolic pathways and impacts stem cell maintenance. Finally, we explore the therapeutic implications of dietary and metabolic regulation of stem cells. Recent findings Stem Cell transition from quiescence to proliferation is associated with a metabolic switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial OXPHOS and the mitochondrial metabolic checkpoint is critically controlled by the nutrient sensors SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT7 in hematopoietic stem cells. Intestine stem cell homeostasis during aging and in response to diet is critically dependent on fatty acid metabolism and ketone bodies and is influenced by the niche mediated by the nutrient sensor mTOR. Summary Nutrient sensing metabolic pathways critically regulate stem cell maintenance during aging and in response to diet. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying dietary and metabolic regulation of stem cells provides novel insights for stem cell biology and may be targeted therapeutically to reverse stem cell aging and tissue degeneration.
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12
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Balomenos P, Dragomir A, Tsakalidis AK, Bezerianos A. Identification of differentially expressed subpathways via a bilevel consensus scoring of network topology and gene expression. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:5316-5319. [PMID: 33019184 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Identifying differentially expressed subpathways connected to the emergence of a disease that can be considered as candidates for pharmacological intervention, with minimal off-target effects, is a daunting task. In this direction, we present a bilevel subpathway analysis method to identify differentially expressed subpathways that are connected with an experimental condition, while taking into account potential crosstalks between subpathways which arise due to their connectivity in a combined multi-pathway network. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated on a hematopoietic stem cell aging dataset, with findings corroborated using recent literature.
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13
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Varlamov O, Bucher M, Myatt L, Newman N, Grant KA. Daily Ethanol Drinking Followed by an Abstinence Period Impairs Bone Marrow Niche and Mitochondrial Function of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Rhesus Macaques. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1088-1098. [PMID: 32220015 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy consumption of alcohol is a major public health crisis with strong associations between immunological dysfunctions, high vulnerability to infectious disease, anemia, and an increase in the risk of hematological malignancies. However, there is a lack of studies addressing alcohol-induced changes in bone marrow (BM) and hematopoiesis as fundamental aspects of immune system function. METHODS To address the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and the BM niche, we used an established rhesus macaque model of voluntary alcohol drinking. A cohort of young adult male rhesus macaques underwent a standard ethanol self-administration protocol that allowed a choice of drinking alcohol or water 22 hours/day with periods of forced abstinence that elevated subsequent intakes when alcohol availability resumed. Following the last month of forced abstinence, the monkeys were euthanized. HSPCs and bone samples were collected and analyzed in functional assays and by confocal microscopy. RESULTS HSPCs from alcohol animals exhibited reduced ability to form granulocyte-monocyte and erythroid colonies in vitro. HSPCs also displayed a decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption linked to ATP production and basal respiratory capacity. Chronic alcohol use led to vascular remodeling of the BM niche, a reduction in the number of primitive HSPCs, and a shift in localization of HSPCs from an adipose to a perivascular niche. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that chronic voluntary alcohol drinking in rhesus macaque monkeys leads to the long-term impairment of HSPC function, a reduction in mitochondrial respiratory activity, and alterations in the BM microenvironment. Further studies are needed to determine whether these changes in hematopoiesis are persistent or adaptive during the abstinent period and whether an initial imprinting to alcohol primes BM to become more vulnerable to future exposure to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- From the, Division of Cardiometabolic Health, (OV), Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew Bucher
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, (MB, LM), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, (MB, LM), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, (NN, KAG), Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, (NN, KAG), Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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14
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Robino JJ, Pamir N, Rosario S, Crawford LB, Burwitz BJ, Roberts CT, Kurre P, Varlamov O. Spatial and biochemical interactions between bone marrow adipose tissue and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in rhesus macaques. Bone 2020; 133:115248. [PMID: 31972314 PMCID: PMC7085416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in in situ microscopy have enabled unparalleled resolution of the architecture of the bone marrow (BM) niche for murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the extent to which these observations can be extrapolated to human BM remains unknown. In humans, adipose tissue occupies a significant portion of the BM medullary cavity, making quantitative immunofluorescent analysis difficult due to lipid-mediated light scattering. In this study, we employed optical clearing, confocal microscopy and nearest neighbor analysis to determine the spatial distribution of CD34+ HSPCs in the BM in a translationally relevant rhesus macaque model. Immunofluorescent analysis revealed that femoral BM adipocytes are associated with the branches of vascular sinusoids, with half of HSPCs localizing in close proximity of the nearest BM adipocyte. Immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometric analysis demonstrate that BM adipose tissue exists as a multicellular niche consisted of adipocytes, endothelial cells, granulocytes, and macrophages. Analysis of BM adipose tissue conditioned media using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed the presence of multiple bioactive proteins involved in regulation of hematopoiesis, inflammation, and bone development, with many predicted to reside inside microvesicles. Pretreatment of purified HSPCs with BM adipose tissue conditioned media, comprising soluble and exosomal/microvesicle-derived factors, led to enhanced proliferation and an increase in granulocyte-monocyte differentiation potential ex vivo. Our work extends extensive studies in murine models, indicating that BM adipose tissue is a central paracrine regulator of hematopoiesis in nonhuman primates and possibly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Robino
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nathalie Pamir
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sara Rosario
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lindsey B Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Center, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Center, USA
| | - Peter Kurre
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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15
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Luo H, Mu WC, Karki R, Chiang HH, Mohrin M, Shin JJ, Ohkubo R, Ito K, Kanneganti TD, Chen D. Mitochondrial Stress-Initiated Aberrant Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Regulates the Functional Deterioration of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging. Cell Rep 2020; 26:945-954.e4. [PMID: 30673616 PMCID: PMC6371804 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated defects in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can manifest in their progeny, leading to aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages and affecting distant tissues and organismal health span. Whether the NLRP3 inflammasome is aberrantly activated in HSCs during physiological aging is unknown. We show here that SIRT2, a cytosolic NAD+-dependent deacetylase, is required for HSC maintenance and regenerative capacity at an old age by repressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HSCs cell autonomously. With age, reduced SIRT2 expression and increased mitochondrial stress lead to aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HSCs. SIRT2 overexpression, NLRP3 inactivation, or caspase 1 inactivation improves the maintenance and regenerative capacity of aged HSCs. These results suggest that mitochondrial stress-initiated aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a reversible driver of the functional decline of HSC aging and highlight the importance of inflammatory signaling in regulating HSC aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Luo
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei-Chieh Mu
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hou-Hsien Chiang
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mary Mohrin
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiyung J Shin
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rika Ohkubo
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Danica Chen
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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16
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He M, Chiang HH, Luo H, Zheng Z, Qiao Q, Wang L, Tan M, Ohkubo R, Mu WC, Zhao S, Wu H, Chen D. An Acetylation Switch of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Regulates Aging-Associated Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Cell Metab 2020; 31:580-591.e5. [PMID: 32032542 PMCID: PMC7104778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that the rate of aging can be slowed, but it remains unclear to which extent aging-associated conditions can be reversed. How the interface of immunity and metabolism impinges upon the diabetes pandemic is largely unknown. Here, we show that NLRP3, a pattern recognition receptor, is modified by acetylation in macrophages and is deacetylated by SIRT2, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase and a metabolic sensor. We have developed a cell-based system that models aging-associated inflammation, a defined co-culture system that simulates the effects of inflammatory milieu on insulin resistance in metabolic tissues during aging, and aging mouse models; and demonstrate that SIRT2 and NLRP3 deacetylation prevent, and can be targeted to reverse, aging-associated inflammation and insulin resistance. These results establish the dysregulation of the acetylation switch of the NLRP3 inflammasome as an origin of aging-associated chronic inflammation and highlight the reversibility of aging-associated chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hou-Hsien Chiang
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hanzhi Luo
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zhifang Zheng
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qi Qiao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mingdian Tan
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rika Ohkubo
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei-Chieh Mu
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shimin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danica Chen
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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17
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Poplineau M, Vernerey J, Platet N, N'guyen L, Hérault L, Esposito M, Saurin AJ, Guilouf C, Iwama A, Duprez E. PLZF limits enhancer activity during hematopoietic progenitor aging. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4509-4520. [PMID: 30892634 PMCID: PMC6511862 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PLZF (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger) is a transcription factor acting as a global regulator of hematopoietic commitment. PLZF displays an epigenetic specificity by recruiting chromatin-modifying factors but little is known about its role in remodeling chromatin of cells committed toward a given specific hematopoietic lineage. In murine myeloid progenitors, we decipher a new role for PLZF in restraining active genes and enhancers by targeting acetylated lysine 27 of Histone H3 (H3K27ac). Functional analyses reveal that active enhancers bound by PLZF are involved in biological processes related to metabolism and associated with hematopoietic aging. Comparing the epigenome of young and old myeloid progenitors, we reveal that H3K27ac variation at active enhancers is a hallmark of hematopoietic aging. Taken together, these data suggest that PLZF, associated with active enhancers, appears to restrain their activity as an epigenetic gatekeeper of hematopoietic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poplineau
- Epigenetic Factors in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Julien Vernerey
- Epigenetic Factors in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Platet
- Epigenetic Factors in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Lia N'guyen
- Epigenetic Factors in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Léonard Hérault
- Epigenetic Factors in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Michela Esposito
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1170, CNRS Villejuif, France
| | | | - Christel Guilouf
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1170, CNRS Villejuif, France
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Estelle Duprez
- Epigenetic Factors in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
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18
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Zhang H, Zhu X, Li H, Liu G, Wang J, Wang A, Kong L, Zhu W, Zhou H. A RNA-Targeted Two-Photon Bioprobe with High Selective Permeability into Nuclear Pore Complexes for Dynamically Tracking the Autophagy Process among Multi-Organelles. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14911-14919. [PMID: 31692338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic tracking of the spatiotemporal coordination among various organelles to in-depth understanding of the mechanism of autophagy have attracted considerable attention. However, the monitor of nucleoli participation in autophagy was somehow neglected. Herein, we report a RNA-targeted bioprobe (ADAP) with high selective permeability into nuclear pore complexes, which induced a two-photon (TP) fluorescence "off-on" response by groove combination with RNA, dynamically monitoring the autophagy process among multiorganelles (nucleoli, mitochondria, and mitochondria-containing lysosomes). This work provides a simple and convenient way to observe the dynamic behavior of multiorganelles during the autophagy process, which benefits the understanding of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education , 230601 , Hefei , P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education , 230601 , Hefei , P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education , 230601 , Hefei , P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education , 230601 , Hefei , P.R. China
| | - Junjun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education , 230601 , Hefei , P.R. China
| | - Aidong Wang
- Huangshan University , 245041 , Huangshan , China
| | - Lin Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education , 230601 , Hefei , P.R. China
| | - Weiju Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education , 230601 , Hefei , P.R. China
| | - Hongping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education , 230601 , Hefei , P.R. China
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19
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Liao GY, Lee MT, Fan JJ, Hsiao PW, Lee CS, Su SY, Hwang JJ, Ke FC. Blockage of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis affects mTORC1/2 activity and ultimately leads to cellular senescence-like response. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.038257. [PMID: 31097446 PMCID: PMC6550068 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of study was to explore the role of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis in cell fate determination (proliferation and senescence) and the potential associated mechanism by employing a pharmacological inhibitor of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis, amino-oxyacetate (AOA). Using the WI38 normal human embryonic fibroblast cell line, we found that exposure to AOA induced mTORC1 inactivation−mTORC2 activation (within day 1), cell cycle arrest (day 2–6) and cellular senescence (day 4–6). These AOA effects were blocked by concomitantly providing anaplerotic factors [α-ketoglutarate (αKG), pyruvate or oxaloacetate], and not affected by ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Moreover, AOA-induced cellular senescence in WI38 cells is associated with elevated protein levels of p53, p21CIP1 and p16INK4A and decreased Rb protein level, which was blocked by αKG supplementation. In p16INK4A-deficient U2OS human osteosarcoma cells and p16INK4A-knockdown WI38 cells, AOA exposure also induced similar effects on cell proliferation, and protein level of P-Rb-S807/811 and Rb. Interestingly, no AOA induction of cellular senescence was observed in U2OS cells, yet was still seen in p16INK4A-knockdown WI38 cells accompanied by the presence of p16 antibody-reactive p12. In summary, we disclose that glutamine-dependent anaplerosis is essential to cell growth and closely associated with mTORC1 activation and mTORC2 inactivation, and impedes cellular senescence particularly associated with p16INK4A. Summary: Glutamine-dependent anaplerosis is essential to cell growth and closely associated with mTORC1 activation and mTORC2 inactivation, and impedes cellular senescence particularly associated with p16INK4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-You Liao
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ting Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Jia Fan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yi Su
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jiuan-Jiuan Hwang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ferng-Chun Ke
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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20
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Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Xiao F. Comparison of several commonly used detection indicators of cell senescence. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:213-218. [PMID: 30588854 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1551407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell senescence is the state of irreversible growth arrest that can be triggered by a variety of different cellular stresses. Currently, the commonly used detection indicators involved in the study of cell senescence include senescence-associated β-galactosidase, Clusterin, Telomeres/Telomerase, senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, senescence marker protein-30, tumor suppressor genes p53 and p16, and other indicators such as Ki67 and decoy receptor 2. These indicators are widely used in the study of cell senescence, each with its own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. This review summarizes several commonly used cell senescence indicators and compares their accuracy, credibility, specificity, and the scope of their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
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21
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Kolber MJ, Purita J, Paulus C, Carreno JA, Hanney WJ. Platelet-Rich Plasma: Basic Science and Biological Effects. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Prieto-Bermejo R, Romo-González M, Pérez-Fernández A, Ijurko C, Hernández-Hernández Á. Reactive oxygen species in haematopoiesis: leukaemic cells take a walk on the wild side. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:125. [PMID: 29940987 PMCID: PMC6019308 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is related to ageing and degenerative diseases, including cancer. However, a moderate amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is required for the regulation of cellular signalling and gene expression. A low level of ROS is important for maintaining quiescence and the differentiation potential of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), whereas the level of ROS increases during haematopoietic differentiation; thus, suggesting the importance of redox signalling in haematopoiesis. Here, we will analyse the importance of ROS for haematopoiesis and include evidence showing that cells from leukaemia patients live under oxidative stress. The potential sources of ROS will be described. Finally, the level of oxidative stress in leukaemic cells can also be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. In this regard, the reliance of front-line anti-leukaemia chemotherapeutics on increased levels of ROS for their mechanism of action, as well as the active search for novel compounds that modulate the redox state of leukaemic cells, will be analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prieto-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Romo-González
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carla Ijurko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Lab. 122, Edificio Departamental, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,IBSAL (Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.
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23
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Sigurdsson V, Miharada K. Regulation of unfolded protein response in hematopoietic stem cells. Int J Hematol 2018; 107:627-633. [PMID: 29725845 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-018-2458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) play a central role in hematopoietic regeneration, which has been demonstrated by thorough studies. In contrast, the cell cycle status and metabolic condition of HSCs define these cells as dormant. Recent studies have also revealed that protein metabolism is quite unique, as dormant HSCs have a lower protein synthesis rate and folding capacity. Under proliferative conditions, upon hematopoietic stress, HSCs need to deal with higher requirements of protein production to achieve fast and effective blood replenishment. In such cases, increased protein synthesis could exceed the capacity of precise protein quality control, leading to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins. In turn, this triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a part of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Since ER stress is a multi-layered, bidirectional cellular response that contains both positive (survival) and negative (death) reactions, proper management of UPR and ER stress signals is crucial for HSCs and also for maintaining the healthy hematopoietic system. In this review, we introduce the latest findings in this emerging field within hematopoiesis and HSC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valgardur Sigurdsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenichi Miharada
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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24
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Functional decline of hematopoiesis that occurs in the elderly, or in patients who receive therapies that trigger cellular senescence effects, results in a progressive reduction in the immune response and an increased incidence of myeloid malignancy. Intracellular signals in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors (HSC/P) mediate systemic, microenvironment, and cell-intrinsic effector aging signals that induce their decline. This review intends to summarize and critically review our advances in the understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for HSC decline during aging and opportunities for intervention. Recent Findings For a long time, aging of HSC has been thought to be an irreversible process imprinted in stem cells due to the cell intrinsic nature of aging. However, recent murine models and human correlative studies provide evidence that aging is associated with molecular signaling pathways, including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, loss of polarity and an altered epigenome. These signaling pathways provide potential targets for prevention or reversal of age-related changes. Summary Here we review our current understanding of the signalling pathways that are differentially activated or repressed during HSC/P aging, focusing on the oxidative, metabolic, biochemical and structural consequences downstream, and cell-intrinsic, systemic, and environmental influences.
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García-Prat L, Sousa-Victor P, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Proteostatic and Metabolic Control of Stemness. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 20:593-608. [PMID: 28475885 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells, particularly those resident in tissues with little turnover, are largely quiescent and only activate in response to regenerative demands, while embryonic stem cells continuously replicate, suggesting profoundly different regulatory mechanisms within distinct stem cell types. In recent years, evidence linking metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and protein homeostasis (proteostasis) as fundamental regulators of stem cell function has emerged. Here, we discuss new insights into how these networks control potency, self-renewal, differentiation, and aging of highly proliferative embryonic stem cells and quiescent adult stem cells, with a focus on hematopoietic and muscle stem cells and implications for anti-aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Prat
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Pedro Sousa-Victor
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain; ICREA, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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O'Donnell MA. Danica Chen: From early learning to aging research. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:7-8. [PMID: 29242211 PMCID: PMC5749000 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201712043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chen studies the cellular and genetic mechanisms that control organismal aging. Chen studies the cellular and genetic mechanisms that control organismal aging.
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Abstract
Normally aging cells are characterized by an unbalanced mitochondrial dynamic skewed toward punctate mitochondria. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion cycles can contribute to both accelerated and decelerated cellular or organismal aging. In this work, we connect these experimental data with the symbiotic theory of mitochondrial origin to generate new insight into the evolutionary origin of aging. Mitochondria originated from autotrophic α-proteobacteria during an ancient endosymbiotic event early in eukaryote evolution. To expand beyond individual host cells, dividing α-proteobacteria initiated host cell lysis; apoptosis is a product of this original symbiont cell lytic exit program. Over the course of evolution, the host eukaryotic cell attenuated the harmful effect of symbiotic proto-mitochondria, and modern mitochondria are now functionally interdependent with eukaryotic cells; they retain their own circular genomes and independent replication timing. In nondividing differentiated or multipotent eukaryotic cells, intracellular mitochondria undergo repeated fission/fusion cycles, favoring fission as organisms age. The discordance between cellular quiescence and mitochondrial proliferation generates intracellular stress, eventually leading to a gradual decline in host cell performance and age-related pathology. Hence, aging evolved from a conflict between maintenance of a quiescent, nonproliferative state and the evolutionarily conserved propagation program driving the life cycle of former symbiotic organisms: mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Greenberg
- 1 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Center , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Hematology/Oncology Fellowship, Taussig Cancer Center , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sergei Vatolin
- 1 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Center , Cleveland, Ohio
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28
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Mitochondrial form, function and signalling in aging. Biochem J 2017; 473:3421-3449. [PMID: 27729586 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is often accompanied by a decline in mitochondrial mass and function in different tissues. Additionally, cell resistance to stress is frequently found to be prevented by higher mitochondrial respiratory capacity. These correlations strongly suggest mitochondria are key players in aging and senescence, acting by regulating energy homeostasis, redox balance and signalling pathways central in these processes. However, mitochondria display a wide array of functions and signalling properties, and the roles of these different characteristics are still widely unexplored. Furthermore, differences in mitochondrial properties and responses between tissues and cell types, and how these affect whole body metabolism are also still poorly understood. This review uncovers aspects of mitochondrial biology that have an impact upon aging in model organisms and selected mammalian cells and tissues.
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Luo H, Chiang HH, Louw M, Susanto A, Chen D. Nutrient Sensing and the Oxidative Stress Response. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:449-460. [PMID: 28314502 PMCID: PMC5438757 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The simplicity and effectiveness of calorie restriction (CR) in lifespan and healthspan extension have fascinated generations searching for the Fountain of Youth. CR reduces levels of oxidative stress and damage, which have been postulated in the free radical theory of aging as a major cause of aging and diseases of aging. This reduction has long been viewed as a result of passive slowing of metabolism. Recent advances in nutrient sensing have provided molecular insights into the oxidative stress response and suggest that CR triggers an active defense program involving a cascade of molecular regulators to reduce oxidative stress. Physiological studies have provided strong support for oxidative stress in the development of aging-associated conditions and diseases but have also revealed the surprising requirement for oxidative stress to support normal physiological functions and, in some contexts, even slow aging and prevent the progression of cancer. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms and physiological implications of the oxidative stress response during CR will increase our understanding of the basic biology of aging and pave the way for the design of CR mimetics to improve healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Luo
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hou-Hsien Chiang
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Makensie Louw
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Albert Susanto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Danica Chen
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Yang Y, Cheung HH, Tu J, Miu KK, Chan WY. New insights into the unfolded protein response in stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54010-54027. [PMID: 27304053 PMCID: PMC5288239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism to increase cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. The UPR is critical for maintaining cell homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. The vital functions of the UPR in development, metabolism and immunity have been demonstrated in several cell types. UPR dysfunction activates a variety of pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease and immune disease. Stem cells with the special ability to self-renew and differentiate into various somatic cells have been demonstrated to be present in multiple tissues. These cells are involved in development, tissue renewal and certain disease processes. Although the role and regulation of the UPR in somatic cells has been widely reported, the function of the UPR in stem cells is not fully known, and the roles and functions of the UPR are dependent on the stem cell type. Therefore, in this article, the potential significances of the UPR in stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells, cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells, are comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide novel insights regarding the mechanisms associated with stem cell differentiation and cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Hoi Hung Cheung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - JiaJie Tu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Kai Kei Miu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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