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Zhang D, Yang Z, Jiang X, Liu Y, Chen X, Wu X. The comparison of morphology and transcriptome in the inner membrane reveals the potential mechanism of the heritable carapace color of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Gene 2024; 897:148058. [PMID: 38043835 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Carapace color plays an important role in the communication, reproduction, and self-defense of crustaceans, which is also related to their economic value. Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an important aquaculture species in China, and there are different strains with heritable carapace colors, i.e. Green, White, and Red. However, there is a lack of research on the formation mechanism of carapace color of this species. This study was conducted to compare the histology and transcriptome in the inner membrane of three carapace color strains of E. sinensis. Histological comparisons revealed that the inner membrane of green and red carapace crabs contained more melanin, appearing in clusters, and had a higher presence of yellow or orange pigments. In contrast, the inner membrane of white carapace crabs had smaller and fewer melanin particles, as well as a lower presence of yellow or orange pigments. Observation under an electron microscope showed that the inner membrane of E. sinensis contained a large number of collagen fibers and various types of cells, including fibroblasts, melanocytes, and other tissue cells, which exhibited different levels of activity. Transcriptome analysis showed that the Green, Red, and White strains of E. sinensis had approximately 80.3 K, 81.6 K and 80.3 K expressed unigenes in their inner membranes, respectively. When comparing Green and Red crabs, there were 2, 850 upregulated genes and 2, 240 downregulated genes. In the comparison between Red and White crabs, there were 2, 853 upregulated genes and 2, 583 downregulated genes. Furthermore, there were 2, 336 upregulated genes and 2, 738 downregulated genes in the inner membranes between White and Green crabs. Among these genes, some members of the solute carriers family, which are involved in carotenoid transportation, showed differential expression among the three carapace color strains. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the expression of genes related to melanin synthesis, including wingless/integrate, tyrosinase, guanine nucleotide-binding protein inhibitory subunit, cell adhesion molecule, adenylyl cyclase, and creb-binding protein. there were no differences in the gene expression levels of the crustacyanin family. In conclusion, this study identified several candidate genes associated with carapace color in the inner membrane of E. sinensis, suggesting a close relationship between the heritable carapace colors and the transport of the carotenoids as well as the synthesis of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zonglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xugan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Zheng L, Yang WJ, Niu CB, Zhao HL, Wong KS, Leung TWH, Chen XY. Correlation of Adventitial Vasa Vasorum with Intracranial Atherosclerosis: A Postmortem Study. J Stroke 2018; 20:342-349. [PMID: 30309229 PMCID: PMC6186920 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2018.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Vasa vasorum (VV) have been believed to be rare or non-existent in small-caliber intracranial arteries. In a series of human cerebral artery specimens, we identified and examined the distribution of VV in association with co-existing intracranial atherosclerosis.
Methods We obtained cerebral artery specimens from 32 consecutive autopsies of subjects aged 45 years or above. We scrutinized middle cerebral artery (MCA), vertebral artery (VA), and basilar artery (BA) for the presence of adventitial VV. We described the distribution of VV, and the characteristics of co-existing atherosclerotic lesions.
Results Among 157 intracranial arteries, adventitial VV were present in 74 of the 157 specimens (47%), involving MCA (n=13, 18%), BA (n=14, 19%), and VA (n=47, 64%). Although qualitatively these 74 adventitial VV distributed similarly in arteries with or without atherosclerotic lesions (disease-free arteries n=4/8; arteries of pre-atherosclerosis n=17/42; and arteries of progressive atherosclerosis n=53/107), the presence of adventitial VV in intracranial VA was associated with a heavier plaque load (1.72±1.66 mm2 vs. 0.40±0.32 mm2, P<0.001), severer luminal stenosis (25%±21% vs. 12%±9%, P=0.002), higher rate of concentric lesions (79% vs. 36%, P=0.002), and denser intraplaque calcification (44% vs. 0%, P=0.003). Histologically, intracranial VA with VV had a larger diameter (3.40±0.79 mm vs. 2.34±0.58 mm, P<0.001), thicker arterial wall (0.31±0.13 mm vs. 0.23±0.06 mm, P=0.002), and a larger intima-media (0.19±0.09 mm vs. 0.13± 0.04 mm, P=0.003) than VA without VV.
Conclusions Our study demonstrated the distribution of adventitial VV within brain vasculature and association between vertebral VV and progressive atherosclerotic lesions with a heavier plaque load and denser intraplaque calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wen Jie Yang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chun Bo Niu
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hai Lu Zhao
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ka Sing Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Wai Hong Leung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang Yan Chen
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Daugherty A, Tall AR, Daemen MJ, Falk E, Fisher EA, García-Cardeña G, Lusis AJ, Owens AP, Rosenfeld ME, Virmani R. Recommendation on Design, Execution, and Reporting of Animal Atherosclerosis Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2017; 121:e53-e79. [DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are a foundation for defining mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential targets of drugs to prevent lesion development or reverse the disease. In the current literature, it is common to see contradictions of outcomes in animal studies from different research groups, leading to the paucity of extrapolations of experimental findings into understanding the human disease. The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines for development and execution of experimental design and interpretation in animal studies. Recommendations include the following: (1) animal model selection, with commentary on the fidelity of mimicking facets of the human disease; (2) experimental design and its impact on the interpretation of data; and (3) standard methods to enhance accuracy of measurements and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Daugherty A, Tall AR, Daemen MJAP, Falk E, Fisher EA, García-Cardeña G, Lusis AJ, Owens AP, Rosenfeld ME, Virmani R. Recommendation on Design, Execution, and Reporting of Animal Atherosclerosis Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e131-e157. [PMID: 28729366 DOI: 10.1161/atv.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are a foundation for defining mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential targets of drugs to prevent lesion development or reverse the disease. In the current literature, it is common to see contradictions of outcomes in animal studies from different research groups, leading to the paucity of extrapolations of experimental findings into understanding the human disease. The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines for development and execution of experimental design and interpretation in animal studies. Recommendations include the following: (1) animal model selection, with commentary on the fidelity of mimicking facets of the human disease; (2) experimental design and its impact on the interpretation of data; and (3) standard methods to enhance accuracy of measurements and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Lu H, Howatt DA, Balakrishnan A, Graham MJ, Mullick AE, Daugherty A. Hypercholesterolemia Induced by a PCSK9 Gain-of-Function Mutation Augments Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in C57BL/6 Mice-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1753-7. [PMID: 27470509 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gain-of-function mutations of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) lead to hypercholesterolemia. This study was to determine whether infection of normocholesterolemic mice with an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing a gain-of-function mutation of mouse PCSK9 increased angiotensin II (AngII)-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms. APPROACH AND RESULTS In an initial study, male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with either an empty vector or PCSK9 gain-of-function mutation (D377Y). AAV at 3 doses and fed a saturated fat-enriched diet for 6 weeks. Two weeks after AAV injection, mice were infused with AngII for 4 weeks. Plasma PCSK9 concentrations were increased dose dependently in mice injected with AAV containing PCSK9D377Y mutation and positively associated with elevations of plasma cholesterol concentrations. Infection with intermediate and high doses of PCSK9D377Y.AAV led to equivalent increases of maximal width of abdominal aortas in C57BL/6 mice infused with AngII. Therefore, the intermediate dose was used in subsequent experiments. We then determined effects of PCSK9D377Y.AAV infection on 5 normolipidemic mouse strains, demonstrating that C57BL/6 mice were the most susceptible to this AAV infection. PCSK9D377Y.AAV infected male C57BL/6 mice were also compared with age-matched male low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice. Although plasma cholesterol concentrations were lower in mice infected with PCSK9D377Y.AAV, these mice had equivalent abdominal aortic aneurysmal formation, compared to low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice. In a separate study, reduced plasma PCSK9 concentrations by PCSK9 antisense oligonucleotides in male low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice did not influence AngII-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms. CONCLUSION AAV-mediated infection with a mouse PCSK9 gain-of-function mutation is a rapid, easy, and efficient approach for inducing hypercholesterolemia and promoting abdominal aortic aneurysms in C57BL/6 mice infused with AngII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- From the Department of Physiology (H.L., A.D.), Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (H.L., D.A.H., A.B., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., A.E.M.).
| | - Deborah A Howatt
- From the Department of Physiology (H.L., A.D.), Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (H.L., D.A.H., A.B., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., A.E.M.)
| | - Anju Balakrishnan
- From the Department of Physiology (H.L., A.D.), Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (H.L., D.A.H., A.B., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., A.E.M.)
| | - Mark J Graham
- From the Department of Physiology (H.L., A.D.), Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (H.L., D.A.H., A.B., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., A.E.M.)
| | - Adam E Mullick
- From the Department of Physiology (H.L., A.D.), Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (H.L., D.A.H., A.B., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., A.E.M.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Physiology (H.L., A.D.), Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (H.L., D.A.H., A.B., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., A.E.M.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Liu J, Lu H, Howatt DA, Balakrishnan A, Moorleghen JJ, Sorci-Thomas M, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Associations of ApoAI and ApoB-containing lipoproteins with AngII-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1826-34. [PMID: 26044581 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dyslipidemia is implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in humans and angiotensin (Ang) II-infused mice. This study determined effects of major lipoprotein classes on AngII-induced AAAs using multiple mouse strains with dietary and pharmacological manipulations. APPROACH AND RESULTS Western diet had minor effects on plasma cholesterol concentrations and the low incidence of AngII-induced AAAs in C57BL/6J mice. Low incidence of AAAs in this strain was not attributed to protection from high-density lipoprotein, because apolipoprotein (apo) AI deficiency did not increase AngII-induced AAAs. ApoAI deletion also failed to alter AAA occurrence in hypercholesterolemic mice. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-/- mice fed normal diet had low incidence of AngII-induced AAAs. Western diet feeding of this strain provoked pronounced hypercholesterolemia because of increased apoB-containing lipoproteins with attendant increases of atherosclerosis in both sexes, but AAAs only in male mice. ApoE-deficient mice fed normal diet were modestly hypercholesterolemic, whereas this strain fed Western diet was severely hypercholesterolemic because of increased apoB-containing lipoprotein concentrations. The latter augmented atherosclerosis, but did not change the high incidence of AAAs in this strain. To determine whether reductions in apoB-containing lipoproteins influenced AngII-induced AAAs, ezetimibe was administered at a dose that partially reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations to ApoE-deficient mice fed Western diet. This decreased atherosclerosis, but not AAAs. This ezetimibe dose in ApoE-deficient mice fed normal diet significantly decreased plasma apoB-containing lipoprotein concentrations and reduced AngII-induced AAAs. CONCLUSIONS ApoB-containing lipoproteins contribute to augmentation of AngII-induced AAA in male mice. However, unlike atherosclerosis, AAA occurrence was not correlated with increases in plasma apoB-containing lipoprotein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (J.L., H.L., D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., A.D.) and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (J.L., L.A.C., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.S.-T.)
| | - Hong Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (J.L., H.L., D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., A.D.) and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (J.L., L.A.C., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.S.-T.)
| | - Deborah A Howatt
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (J.L., H.L., D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., A.D.) and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (J.L., L.A.C., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.S.-T.)
| | - Anju Balakrishnan
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (J.L., H.L., D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., A.D.) and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (J.L., L.A.C., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.S.-T.)
| | - Jessica J Moorleghen
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (J.L., H.L., D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., A.D.) and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (J.L., L.A.C., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.S.-T.)
| | - Mary Sorci-Thomas
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (J.L., H.L., D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., A.D.) and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (J.L., L.A.C., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.S.-T.)
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (J.L., H.L., D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., A.D.) and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (J.L., L.A.C., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.S.-T.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (J.L., H.L., D.A.H., A.B., J.J.M., A.D.) and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (J.L., L.A.C., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.S.-T.).
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