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Ma Y, Guo T, Ding J, Dong Z, Ren Y, Lu C, Zhao Y, Guo X, Cao G, Li B, Gao P. RNA-seq analysis of small intestine transcriptional changes induced by starvation stress in piglets. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2295931. [PMID: 38147885 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2295931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Piglets may experience a variety of stress injuries, but the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying these injuries are not well understood. In this study, we analysed the ileum of Large White (LW) and Mashen (MS) piglets at different times of starvation using chemical staining and transcriptome analysis. The intestinal barrier of piglets was damaged after starvation stress, but the intestinal antistress ability of MS piglets was stronger than LW piglets. A total of 8021 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in two breeds. Interestingly, the immune capacity (CHUK, TLR3) of MS piglets increased significantly after short-term starvation stress, while energy metabolism (NAGS, PLA2G12B, AGCG8) was predominant in LW piglets. After long-term starvation stress, the level of energy metabolism (PLIN5, PLA2G12B) was significantly increased in MS piglets. The expression of immune (HLA-DQB1, IGHG4, COL3A1, CD28, LAT) and disease (HSPA1B, MINPPI, ADH1C, GAL3ST1) related genes were significantly increased in two breeds of piglets. These results suggest that short-term stress mainly enhances immunity and energy metabolism in piglets, while long-term starvation produces greater stress on piglets, making it difficult for them to compensate for the damage to their bodies through self-regulation. This information can help improve the stress resistance of piglets through molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Ma
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Tong Guo
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianqin Ding
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiling Dong
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yifei Ren
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Chang Lu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Bugao Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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Gu R, Wang H, Wang CL, Lu M, Miao M, Huang MN, Chen Y, Dai YL, Zhu MQ, Zhou Q, Zou CC. Gene variants and clinical characteristics of children with sitosterolemia. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:83. [PMID: 38509578 PMCID: PMC10953262 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enhance the detection, management and monitoring of Chinese children afflicted with sitosterolemia by examining the physical characteristics and genetic makeup of pediatric patients. METHODS In this group, 26 children were diagnosed with sitosterolemia, 24 of whom underwent genetic analysis. Patient family medical history, physical symptoms, tests for liver function, lipid levels, standard blood tests, phytosterol levels, cardiac/carotid artery ultrasounds, fundus examinations, and treatment were collected. RESULTS The majority (19, 73.1%) of the 26 patients exhibited xanthomas as the most prevalent manifestation. The second most common symptoms were joint pain (7, 26.9%) and stunted growth (4, 15.4%). Among the 24 (92.3%) patients whose genetics were analyzed, 16 (66.7%) harbored ABCG5 variants (type 2 sitosterolemia), and nearly one-third (8, 33.3%) harbored ABCG8 variants (type 1 sitosterolemia). Additionally, the most common pathogenic ABCG5 variant was c.1166G > A (p.Arg389His), which was found in 10 patients (66.7%). Further analysis did not indicate any significant differences in pathological traits among those carrying ABCG5 and ABCG8 variations (P > 0.05). Interestingly, there was a greater abundance of nonsense variations in ABCG5 than in ABCG8 (P = 0.09), and a greater frequency of splicing variations in ABCG8 than ABCG5 (P = 0.01). Following a change in diet or a combination of ezetimibe, the levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were markedly decreased compared to the levels reported before treatment. CONCLUSION Sitosterolemia should be considered for individuals presenting with xanthomas and increased cholesterol levels. Phytosterol testing and genetic analysis are important for early detection. Managing one's diet and taking ezetimibe can well control blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, China
- Department of NICU, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun-Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Miao Miao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Na Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Li Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Chao-Chun Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang, China.
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Pan E, Tao F, Smorodina E, Zhang S. Structural bioinformatics studies of six human ABC transporters and their AlphaFold2-predicted water-soluble QTY variants. QRB DISCOVERY 2024; 5:e1. [PMID: 38577032 PMCID: PMC10988169 DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2024.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are one of the largest families of membrane proteins and perform diverse functions. Many of them are associated with multidrug resistance that often results in cancer treatment with poor outcomes. Here, we present the structural bioinformatics study of six human ABC membrane transporters with experimentally determined cryo-electron microscopy (CryoEM) structures including ABCB7, ABCC8, ABCD1, ABCD4, ABCG1, ABCG5, and their AlphaFold2-predicted water-soluble QTY variants. In the native structures, there are hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V), and phenylalanine (F) in the transmembrane alpha helices. These hydrophobic amino acids are systematically replaced by hydrophilic amino acids glutamine (Q), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y). Therefore, these QTY variants become water soluble. We also present the superposed structures of native ABC transporters and their water-soluble QTY variants. The superposed structures show remarkable similarity with root mean square deviations between 1.064 and 3.413 Å despite significant (41.90-54.33%) changes to the protein sequence of the transmembrane domains. We also show the differences in hydrophobicity patches between the native ABC transporters and their QTY variants. We explain the rationale behind why the QTY membrane protein variants become water soluble. Our structural bioinformatics studies provide insight into the differences between the hydrophobic helices and hydrophilic helices and will likely further stimulate designs of water-soluble multispan transmembrane proteins and other aggregated proteins. The water-soluble ABC transporters may be useful as soluble antigens to generate therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for combating multidrug resistance in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Pan
- The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Fei Tao
- Laboratory of Food Microbial Technology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eva Smorodina
- Laboratory for Computational and Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Rogozik J, Główczyńska R, Grabowski M. Genetic backgrounds and diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Genet 2024; 105:3-12. [PMID: 37849044 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid disorders play a critical role in the intricate development of atherosclerosis and its clinical consequences, such as coronary heart disease and stroke. These disorders are responsible for a significant number of deaths in many adult populations worldwide. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder that causes extremely high levels of LDL cholesterol. The most common mutations occur in genes responsible for low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (APOB), or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). While genetic testing is a dependable method for diagnosing the disease, it may not detect primary mutations in 20%-40% of FH cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rogozik
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Główczyńska
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Butnariu LI, Gorduza EV, Țarcă E, Pânzaru MC, Popa S, Stoleriu S, Lupu VV, Lupu A, Cojocaru E, Trandafir LM, Moisă ȘM, Florea A, Stătescu L, Bădescu MC. Current Data and New Insights into the Genetic Factors of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Associated with Metabolic Syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2348. [PMID: 37510094 PMCID: PMC10378477 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenic dyslipidemia plays a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), being one of its major components, along with central obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In recent years, the development of molecular genetics techniques and extended analysis at the genome or exome level has led to important progress in the identification of genetic factors (heritability) involved in lipid metabolism disorders associated with MetS. In this review, we have proposed to present the current knowledge related to the genetic etiology of atherogenic dyslipidemia, but also possible challenges for future studies. Data from the literature provided by candidate gene-based association studies or extended studies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and whole exome sequencing (WES,) have revealed that atherogenic dyslipidemia presents a marked genetic heterogeneity (monogenic or complex, multifactorial). Despite sustained efforts, many of the genetic factors still remain unidentified (missing heritability). In the future, the identification of new genes and the molecular mechanisms by which they intervene in lipid disorders will allow the development of innovative therapies that act on specific targets. In addition, the use of polygenic risk scores (PRS) or specific biomarkers to identify individuals at increased risk of atherogenic dyslipidemia and/or other components of MetS will allow effective preventive measures and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lăcramioara Ionela Butnariu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Țarcă
- Department of Surgery II-Pediatric Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Monica-Cristina Pânzaru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Setalia Popa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Simona Stoleriu
- Odontology-Periodontology, Fixed Prosthesis Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Cojocaru
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Mihaela Trandafir
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ștefana Maria Moisă
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Florea
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Stătescu
- Medical III Department, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Minerva Codruța Bădescu
- III Internal Medicine Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 1 Independence Boulevard, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Loh WJ, Watts GF. Xenosterolemia in clinical practice: what is in a name? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2023; 30:123-127. [PMID: 36597814 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to assess the potential value of the measurement of plasma xenosterols (or phytosterols) concentrations in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Recent genetic studies suggest that individuals with elevated plasma phytosterol concentrations due to monogenic and polygenic variants are at an increased risk of coronary artery disease. This supports early observations that elevated plasma phytosterol concentrations are per se atherogenic. SUMMARY Measurement of plasma phytosterols can identify individuals with xenosterolemia (or phytosterolemia). This may be clinically useful in four ways: Establishing a diagnosis and informing management of patients with homozygous phytosterolemia; Providing a comprehensive differential diagnosis for familial hypercholesterolemia; Providing an index of cholesterol absorption that may inform personalized pharmacotherapy; and Informing more precise assessment of risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wann Jia Loh
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Changi
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Could Lowering Phytosterol Absorption as Part of Lipid-Lowering Therapy Have a Beneficial Effect on Residual Risk? Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020145. [PMID: 36837764 PMCID: PMC9964413 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols are molecules that are structurally similar to cholesterol and provided only as dietary sources (e.g., vegetables, fruits, nuts, cereals) since they cannot be synthesized by humans. Sterol-enriched diets (≥2 g/day) may decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations by 5-10%, either alone or when added to statins, since they antagonize dietary cholesterol absorption in the intestine. On the other hand, increased serum phytosterol concentrations, (including when associated with sitosterolemia, a rare genetic defect) may contribute to atherosclerotic risk, although a threshold for such a role has not been established. Medications such as ezetimibe may effectively reduce cholesterol and phytosterol absorption. Whether the therapeutic approach associated with the reduction of phytosterol absorption is also translated into a reduction in a patient's residual cardiovascular risk needs to be established.
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Successful Genetic Screening and Creating Awareness of Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Other Heritable Dyslipidemias in the Netherlands. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081168. [PMID: 34440342 PMCID: PMC8392502 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic screening program for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in the Netherlands, which was embraced by the Dutch Ministry of Health from 1994 to 2014, has led to twenty years of identification of at least 1500 FH cases per year. Although funding by the government was terminated in 2014, the approach had proven its effectiveness and had built the foundation for the development of more sophisticated diagnostic tools, clinical collaborations, and new molecular-based treatments for FH patients. As such, the community was driven to continue the program, insurance companies were convinced to collaborate, and multiple approaches were launched to find new index cases with FH. Additionally, the screening was extended, now also including other heritable dyslipidemias. For this purpose, a diagnostic next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel was developed, which not only comprised the culprit LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes, but also 24 other genes that are causally associated with genetic dyslipidemias. Moreover, the NGS technique enabled further optimization by including pharmacogenomic genes in the panel. Using such a panel, more patients that are prone to cardiovascular diseases are being identified nowadays and receive more personalized treatment. Moreover, the NGS output teaches us more and more about the dyslipidemic landscape that is less straightforward than we originally thought. Still, continuous progress is being made that underlines the strength of genetics in dyslipidemia, such as discovery of alternative genomic pathogenic mechanisms of disease development and polygenic contribution.
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