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Janjetovic Z, Qayyum S, Reddy SB, Podgorska E, Scott SG, Szpotan J, Mobley AA, Li W, Boda VK, Ravichandran S, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM, Slominski AT. Novel Vitamin D3 Hydroxymetabolites Require Involvement of the Vitamin D Receptor or Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptors for Their Antifibrogenic Activities in Human Fibroblasts. Cells 2024; 13:239. [PMID: 38334631 PMCID: PMC10854953 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated multiple signaling pathways activated by CYP11A1-derived vitamin D3 hydroxymetabolites in human skin fibroblasts by assessing the actions of these molecules on their cognate receptors and by investigating the role of CYP27B1 in their biological activities. The actions of 20(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3 and 1,20,23(OH)3D3 were compared to those of classical 1,25(OH)2D3. This was undertaken using wild type (WT) fibroblasts, as well as cells with VDR, RORs, or CYP27B1 genes knocked down with siRNA. Vitamin D3 hydroxymetabolites had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of WT cells, but this effect was abrogated in cells with silenced VDR or RORs. The collagen expression by WT cells was reduced upon secosteroid treatment. This effect was reversed in cells where VDR or RORs were knocked down where the inhibition of collagen production and the expression of anti-fibrotic genes in response to the hydroxymetabolites was abrogated, along with ablation of their anti-inflammatory action. The knockdown of CYP27B1 did not change the effect of either 20(OH)D3 or 20,23(OH)2D3, indicating that their actions are independent of 1α-hydroxylation. In conclusion, the expression of the VDR and/or RORα/γ receptors in fibroblasts is necessary for the inhibition of both the proliferation and fibrogenic activity of hydroxymetabolites of vitamin D3, while CYP27B1 is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
- Brigham’s Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sivani B. Reddy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - S. Gates Scott
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Justyna Szpotan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Alisa A. Mobley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (W.L.); (V.K.B.)
| | - Vijay K. Boda
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (W.L.); (V.K.B.)
| | - Senthilkumar Ravichandran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
- Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Pastwińska J, Karwaciak I, Karaś K, Bachorz RA, Ratajewski M. RORγT agonists as immune modulators in anticancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189021. [PMID: 37951483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
RORγT is a transcription factor that directs the development of Th17 lymphocytes and other IL-17-expressing cells (e.g., Tc17 and ILC3 cells). These cells are involved in the body's defense against pathogenic bacteria and fungi, but they also participate in maintaining the proinflammatory environment in some autoimmune diseases and play a role in the immune system's response to cancer. Similar to other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the activity of RORγT is regulated by low-molecular-weight ligands. Therefore, extensive efforts have been dedicated to identifying inverse agonists that diminish the activity of this receptor and subsequently inhibit the development of autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, in the pursuit of an ideal inverse agonist, the development of agonists has been overlooked. It is important to remember that these types of compounds, by stimulating lymphocytes expressing RORγT (Th17 and Tc17), can enhance the immune system's response to tumors. In this review, we present recent advancements in the biology of RORγT agonists and their potential application in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pastwińska
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Karwaciak
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kaja Karaś
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał A Bachorz
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Ratajewski
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
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3
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Zeng J, Li M, Zhao Q, Chen M, Zhao L, Wei S, Yang H, Zhao Y, Wang A, Shen J, Du F, Chen Y, Deng S, Wang F, Zhang Z, Li Z, Wang T, Wang S, Xiao Z, Wu X. Small molecule inhibitors of RORγt for Th17 regulation in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:545-562. [PMID: 37440911 PMCID: PMC10334362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a ligand-dependent transcription factor, retinoid-associated orphan receptor γt (RORγt) that controls T helper (Th) 17 cell differentiation and interleukin (IL)-17 expression plays a critical role in the progression of several inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. An emerging novel approach to the therapy of these diseases thus involves controlling the transcriptional capacity of RORγt to decrease Th17 cell development and IL-17 production. Several RORγt inhibitors including both antagonists and inverse agonists have been discovered to regulate the transcriptional activity of RORγt by binding to orthosteric- or allosteric-binding sites in the ligand-binding domain. Some of small-molecule inhibitors have entered clinical evaluations. Therefore, in current review, the role of RORγt in Th17 regulation and Th17-related inflammatory and autoimmune diseases was highlighted. Notably, the recently developed RORγt inhibitors were summarized, with an emphasis on their optimization from lead compounds, efficacy, toxicity, mechanisms of action, and clinical trials. The limitations of current development in this area were also discussed to facilitate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuping Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Qianyun Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Shulin Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Tiangang Wang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
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Pitsillou E, Liang JJ, Beh RC, Hung A, Karagiannis TC. Identification of dietary compounds that interact with the circadian clock machinery: Molecular docking and structural similarity analysis. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 123:108529. [PMID: 37263157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular clock is vital for regulating circadian rhythms in various physiological processes, and its dysregulation is associated with multiple diseases. As such, the use of small molecule modulators to regulate the molecular clock presents a promising therapeutic approach. In this study, we generated a homology model of the human circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) protein to evaluate its ligand binding sites. Using molecular docking, we obtained further insights into the binding mode of the control compound CLK8 and explored a selection of dietary compounds. Our investigation of dietary compounds was guided by their potential interactions with the retinoic acid-related orphan receptors RORα/γ, which are involved in circadian regulation. Through the molecular similarity and docking analyses, we identified oleanolic acid demethyl, 3-epi-lupeol, and taraxasterol as potential ROR-interacting compounds. These compounds may exert therapeutic effects through their modulation of RORα/γ activity and subsequently influence the molecular clock. Overall, our study highlights the potential of small molecule modulators in regulating the molecular clock and the importance of exploring dietary compounds as a source of such modulators. Our findings also provide insights into the binding mechanisms of CLK8 and shed light on potential compounds that can interact with RORs to regulate the molecular clock. Future investigations could focus on validating the efficacy of these compounds in modulating the molecular clock and their potential use as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pitsillou
- Epigenomic Medicine Laboratory at ProspED, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia; School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Julia J Liang
- Epigenomic Medicine Laboratory at ProspED, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia; School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Raymond C Beh
- Epigenomic Medicine Laboratory at ProspED, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia; School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Tom C Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine Laboratory at ProspED, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Mawson AR. Understanding health disparities affecting people of West Central African descent in the United States: An evolutionary perspective. Evol Appl 2023; 16:963-978. [PMID: 37216026 PMCID: PMC10197229 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human populations adapting to diverse aspects of their environment such as climate and pathogens leave signatures of genetic variation. This principle may apply to people of West Central African descent in the United States, who are at increased risk of certain chronic conditions and diseases compared to their European counterparts. Less well known is that they are also at reduced risk of other diseases. While discriminatory practices in the United States continue to affect access to and the quality of healthcare, the health disparities affecting African Americans may also be due in part to evolutionary adaptations to the original environment of sub-Saharan Africa, which involved continuous exposure to the vectors of potentially lethal endemic tropical diseases. Evidence is presented that these organisms selectively absorb vitamin A from the host, and its use in parasite reproduction contributes to the signs and symptoms of the respective diseases. These evolutionary adaptations included (1) sequestering vitamin A away from the liver to other organs, to reduce accessibility to the invaders; and (2) reducing the metabolism and catabolism of vitamin A (vA), causing it to accumulate to subtoxic concentrations and weaken the organisms, thereby reducing the risk of severe disease. However, in the environment of North America, lacking vA-absorbing parasites and with a mainly dairy-based diet that is high in vA, this combination of factors is hypothesized to lead to the accumulation of vA and to increased sensitivity to vA as a toxin, which contribute to the health disparities affecting African Americans. vA toxicity is linked to numerous acute and chronic conditions via mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Subject to testing, the hypothesis suggests that the adoption of traditional or modified West Central African-style diets that are low in vA and high in vA-absorbing fiber hold promise for disease prevention and treatment, and as a population-based strategy for health maintenance and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Mawson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health SciencesJackson State UniversityJacksonMississippiUSA
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Jamshed F, Dashti F, Ouyang X, Mehal WZ, Banini BA. New uses for an old remedy: Digoxin as a potential treatment for steatohepatitis and other disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:1824-1837. [PMID: 37032732 PMCID: PMC10080697 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i12.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing of the widely available and relatively cheap generic cardiac gly-coside digoxin for non-cardiac indications could have a wide-ranging impact on the global burden of several diseases. Over the past several years, there have been significant advances in the study of digoxin pharmacology and its potential non-cardiac clinical applications, including anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, metabolic, and antimicrobial use. Digoxin holds promise in the treatment of gastrointestinal disease, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcohol-associated steatohepatitis as well as in obesity, cancer, and treatment of viral infections, among other conditions. In this review, we provide a summary of the clinical uses of digoxin to date and discuss recent research on its emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Jamshed
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Griffin Hospital-Yale University, Derby, CT 06418, United States
| | - Farzaneh Dashti
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Xinshou Ouyang
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Wajahat Z Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- West Haven Veterans Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, United States
| | - Bubu A Banini
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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Yemanyi F, Bora K, Blomfield AK, Chen J. Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptors (RORs) in Eye Development and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:327-332. [PMID: 37440052 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) are ligand-mediated transcription factors with important biological roles in regulating circadian rhythms, metabolism, immunity, angiogenesis, inflammation, and development. They belong to the superfamily of nuclear receptors and include three family members: RORα, RORβ, and RORγ. Currently identified ROR ligands include cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives for RORα and RORγ, and stearic acid and all-trans retinoic acid for RORβ. Aberrant signaling of the RORs is involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases including autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and certain cancers. In the eye, RORs regulate normal development of the lens and the retina, and also contribute to potentially blinding eye diseases, especially retinal vascular diseases. Here, we review the role of RORs in eye development and disease to highlight their potential as druggable targets for therapeutic development in retinal vascular and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kiran Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra K Blomfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kley M, Inderbinen S, Zogg M, Sellner M, Fischer A, Kędzierski J, Boudon S, Jetten A, Smieško M, Odermatt A. P10-02 Parabens and UV-filters activating retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ(t). Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Identification of the Natural Steroid Sapogenin Diosgenin as a Direct Dual-Specific RORα/γ Inverse Agonist. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092076. [PMID: 36140177 PMCID: PMC9495423 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid sapogenin diosgenin is a well-known natural product with a plethora of described pharmacological activities including the amelioration of T helper 17 (Th17)-driven pathologies. However, the exact underlying mode of action of diosgenin leading to a dampened Th17 response is still largely unknown and specific molecular targets have yet to be identified. Here, we show that diosgenin acts as a direct ligand and inverse agonist of the nuclear receptor retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-related orphan receptor (ROR)α and RORγ, which are key transcription factors involved in Th17 cell differentiation and metabolism. IC50 values determined by luciferase reporter gene assays, employing constructs for either RORγ-Gal4 fusion proteins or full length receptors, were in the low micromolar range at around 2 µM. To highlight the functional consequences of this RORα/γ inverse agonism, we determined gene expression levels of important ROR target genes, i.e., IL-17A and glucose-6-phosphatase, in relevant cellular in vitro models of Jurkat T and HepG2 cells, respectively, by RT-qPCR (reverse transcription quantitative PCR). Thereby, it was shown that diosgenin leads to a dose-dependent decrease in target gene expressions consistent with its potent cellular ROR inverse agonistic activity. Additionally, in silico dockings of diosgenin to the ROR ligand-binding domain were performed to determine the underlying binding mode. Taken together, our results establish diosgenin as a novel, direct and dual-selective RORα/γ inverse agonist. This finding establishes a direct molecular target for diosgenin for the first time, which can further explain reported amendments in Th17-driven diseases by this compound.
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10
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Odnoshivkina UG, Kuznetsova EA, Petrov AM. 25-Hydroxycholesterol as a Signaling Molecule of the Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:524-537. [PMID: 35790411 PMCID: PMC9201265 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of plasma membrane and precursor of biological active compounds, including hydroxycholesterols (HCs). HCs regulate cellular homeostasis of cholesterol; they can pass across the membrane and vascular barriers and act distantly as para- and endocrine agents. A small amount of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum of most cells, where it serves as a potent regulator of the synthesis, intracellular transport, and storage of cholesterol. Production of 25-HC is strongly increased in the macrophages, dendrite cells, and microglia at the inflammatory response. The synthesis of 25-HC can be also upregulated in some neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spastic paraplegia type 5, and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. However, it is unclear whether 25-HC aggravates these pathologies or has the protective properties. The molecular targets for 25-HC are transcriptional factors (LX receptors, SREBP2, ROR), G protein-coupled receptor (GPR183), ion channels (NMDA receptors, SLO1), adhesive molecules (α5β1 and ανβ3 integrins), and oxysterol-binding proteins. The diversity of 25-HC-binding proteins points to the ability of HC to affect many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on the regulation of 25-HC production and its universal role in the control of cellular cholesterol homeostasis, as well as the effects of 25-HC as a signaling molecule mediating the influence of inflammation on the processes in the neuromuscular system and brain. Based on the evidence collected, it can be suggested that 25-HC prevents accumulation of cellular cholesterol and serves as a potent modulator of neuroinflammation, synaptic transmission, and myelinization. An increased production of 25-HC in response to a various type of damage can have a protective role and reduce neuronal loss. At the same time, an excess of 25-HC may exert the neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulia G Odnoshivkina
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Eva A Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia.
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour cycles of variation in physiological processes, gene expression, and behavior. They result from the interplay of internal biological clocks with daily environmental rhythms, including light/dark and feeding/fasting. Note that 24-hour rhythms of liver metabolic processes have been known for almost 100 years. Modern studies reveal that, like metabolism, hepatic gene expression is highly rhythmic. Genetic or environmental changes can disrupt the circadian rhythms of the liver, leading to metabolic disorders and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of mechanisms regulating rhythmic gene expression in the liver, highlighting the roles of transcription factors that comprise the core clock molecular as well as noncanonical regulators. We emphasize the plasticity of circadian rhythms in the liver as it responds to multiple inputs from the external and internal environments as well as the potential of circadian medicine to impact liver-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Guan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,Correspondence: Dongyin Guan, PhD (); Mitchell A. Lazar, MD, PhD ()
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Correspondence: Dongyin Guan, PhD (); Mitchell A. Lazar, MD, PhD ()
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12
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Inderbinen SG, Kley M, Zogg M, Sellner M, Fischer A, Kędzierski J, Boudon S, Jetten AM, Smieško M, Odermatt A. Activation of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ(t) by parabens and benzophenone UV-filters. Toxicology 2022; 471:153159. [PMID: 35337918 PMCID: PMC11046913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) regulates immune responses and its impaired function contributes to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and may promote skin cancer. Synthetic inverse RORγt agonists block the production of Th17-associated cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-22 and are under investigation for treatment of such pathologies. Unintentional RORγt activation in skin, following exposure to environmental chemicals, may promote inflammatory skin disease. Parabens and UV-filters, frequently used as additives in cosmetics and body care products, are intensively inspected for endocrine disrupting properties. This study assessed whether such compounds can interfere with RORγ activity using a previously established tetracycline-inducible reporter gene assay in CHO cells. These transactivation experiments revealed hexylparaben, benzylparaben and benzophenone-10 as RORγ agonists (EC50 values: 144 ± 97 nM, 3.39 ± 1.74 µM and 1.67 ± 1.04 µM, respectively), and they could restore RORγ activity after suppression by an inverse agonist. Furthermore, they enhanced RORγt-dependent transcription of the pro-inflammatory IL-17A and/or IL-22 genes in the murine T-cell model EL4. Virtual screening of a cosmetics database for structurally similar chemicals and in vitro testing of the most promising hits revealed benzylbenzoate, benzylsalicylate and 4-methylphenylbenzoate as RORγ agonists (low micromolar EC50 values). Moreover, an analysis of mixtures of the newly identified RORγ agonists suggested additive effects. This study presents novel RORγ(t) agonistic structural scaffolds. By activating RORγ(t) the identified parabens and UV-filters may potentially aggravate pathophysiological conditions, especially skin diseases where highest exposure of such chemicals can be expected. Follow-up studies should assess whether such compounds, either alone or as mixtures, can reach relevant concentrations in tissues and target cells to activate RORγ(t) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Inderbinen
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kley
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zogg
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Sellner
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Fischer
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Kędzierski
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boudon
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111. T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Martin Smieško
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Ma H, Kang J, Fan W, He H, Huang F. ROR: Nuclear Receptor for Melatonin or Not? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092693. [PMID: 34064466 PMCID: PMC8124216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR) is a nuclear receptor of melatonin remains controversial. ROR is inextricably linked to melatonin in terms of its expression, function, and mechanism of action. Additionally, studies have illustrated that melatonin functions analogous to ROR ligands, thereby modulating the transcriptional activity of ROR. However, studies supporting these interactions have since been withdrawn. Furthermore, recent crystallographic evidence does not support the view that ROR is a nuclear receptor of melatonin. Some other studies have proposed that melatonin indirectly regulates ROR activity rather than directly binding to ROR. This review aims to delve into the complex relationship of the ROR receptor with melatonin in terms of its structure, expression, function, and mechanism. Thus, we provide the latest evidence and views on direct binding as well as indirect regulation of ROR by melatonin, dissecting both viewpoints in-depth to provide a more comprehensive perspective on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Ma
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (H.M.); (J.K.); (W.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Kang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (H.M.); (J.K.); (W.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (H.M.); (J.K.); (W.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (F.H.); Tel.: +86-20-8733-0570 (H.H. & F.H.)
| | - Fang Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (H.M.); (J.K.); (W.F.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (F.H.); Tel.: +86-20-8733-0570 (H.H. & F.H.)
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14
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Ladurner A, Schwarz PF, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs). Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:757-781. [PMID: 33118578 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1994 to 2020 Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) belong to a subfamily of the nuclear receptor superfamily and possess prominent roles in circadian rhythm, metabolism, inflammation, and cancer. They have been subject of research for over two decades and represent attractive but challenging drug targets. Natural products were among the first identified ligands of RORs and continue to be of interest to this day. This review focuses on ligands and indirect modulators of RORs from natural sources and explores their roles in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrik F Schwarz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Janjetovic Z, Postlethwaite A, Kang HS, Kim TK, Tuckey RC, Crossman DK, Qayyum S, Jetten AM, Slominski AT. Antifibrogenic Activities of CYP11A1-derived Vitamin D3-hydroxyderivatives Are Dependent on RORγ. Endocrinology 2021; 162:5940802. [PMID: 33107570 PMCID: PMC7717072 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that noncalcemic 20(OH)D3, a product of CYP11A1 action on vitamin D3, has antifibrotic activity in human dermal fibroblasts and in a bleomycin mouse model of scleroderma. In this study, we tested the role of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ), which is expressed in skin, in the action of CYP11A1-derived secosteroids using murine fibroblasts isolated from the skin of wild-type (RORγ +/+), knockout (RORγ -/-), and heterozygote (RORγ +/-) mice. CYP11A1-derived 20(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, and 1,20,23(OH)3D3 inhibited proliferation of RORγ +/+ fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner with a similar potency to 1,25(OH)2D3. Surprisingly, this effect was reversed in RORγ +/- and RORγ -/- fibroblasts, with the most pronounced stimulatory effect seen in RORγ -/- fibroblasts. All analogs tested inhibited TGF-β1-induced collagen synthesis in RORγ +/+ fibroblasts and the expression of other fibrosis-related genes. This effect was curtailed or reversed in RORγ -/- fibroblasts. These results show that the antiproliferative and antifibrotic activities of the vitamin D hydroxy derivatives are dependent on a functional RORγ. The dramatic changes in the transcriptomes of fibroblasts of RORγ -/- versus wild-type mice following treatment with 20(OH)D3 or 1,20(OH)2D3 provide a molecular basis to explain, at least in part, the observed phenotypic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Arnold Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Veteran Administration Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
- Correspondence: Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, Box 109, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. E-mail:
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16
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Littleton ES, Childress ML, Gosting ML, Jackson AN, Kojima S. Genome-wide correlation analysis to identify amplitude regulators of circadian transcriptome output. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21839. [PMID: 33318596 PMCID: PMC7736363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous circadian system, consisting of core clock genes, generates near 24-h rhythms and regulates the downstream rhythmic gene expression. While it has become clear that the percentage of rhythmic genes varies among mouse tissues, it remains unclear how this variation can be generated, particularly when the clock machinery is nearly identical in all tissues. In this study, we sought to characterize circadian transcriptome datasets that are publicly available and identify the critical component(s) involved in creating this variation. We found that the relative amplitude of 13 genes and the average level of 197 genes correlated with the percentage of cycling genes. Of those, the correlation of Rorc in both relative amplitude and the average level was one of the strongest. In addition, the level of Per2AS, a novel non-coding transcript that is expressed at the Period 2 locus, was also linearly correlated, although with a much lesser degree compared to Rorc. Overall, our study provides insight into how the variation in the percentage of clock-controlled genes can be generated in mouse tissues and suggests that Rorc and potentially Per2AS are involved in regulating the amplitude of circadian transcriptome output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan S Littleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Madison L Childress
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Michaela L Gosting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ayana N Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shihoko Kojima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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17
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RORα is crucial for attenuated inflammatory response to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21140-21149. [PMID: 31570593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907595116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) functions as a transcription factor for various biological processes, including circadian rhythm, cancer, and metabolism. Here, we generate intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific RORα-deficient (RORαΔIEC) mice and find that RORα is crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis by attenuating nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity. RORαΔIEC mice exhibit excessive intestinal inflammation and highly activated inflammatory responses in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse colitis model. Transcriptome analysis reveals that deletion of RORα leads to up-regulation of NF-κB target genes in IECs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals corecruitment of RORα and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) on NF-κB target promoters and subsequent dismissal of CREB binding protein (CBP) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) for transcriptional repression. Together, we demonstrate that RORα/HDAC3-mediated attenuation of NF-κB signaling controls the balance of inflammatory responses, and therapeutic strategies targeting this epigenetic regulation could be beneficial to the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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18
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Shiota M, Fujimoto N, Kashiwagi E, Eto M. The Role of Nuclear Receptors in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060602. [PMID: 31212954 PMCID: PMC6627805 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily consists of 48 members that are divided into seven subfamilies. NRs are transcription factors that play an important role in a number of biological processes. The NR superfamily includes androgen receptor, which is a key player in prostate cancer pathogenesis, suggesting the functional roles of other NRs in prostate cancer. The findings on the roles of NRs in prostate cancer thus far have shown that several NRs such as vitamin D receptor, estrogen receptor β, and mineralocorticoid receptor play antioncogenic roles, while other NRs such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and estrogen receptor α as well as androgen receptor play oncogenic roles. However, the roles of other NRs in prostate cancer remain controversial or uninvestigated. Further research on the role of NRs in prostate cancer is required and may lead to the development of novel preventions and therapeutics for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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19
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Damm-Ganamet KL, Arora N, Becart S, Edwards JP, Lebsack AD, McAllister HM, Nelen MI, Rao NL, Westover L, Wiener JJM, Mirzadegan T. Accelerating Lead Identification by High Throughput Virtual Screening: Prospective Case Studies from the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:2046-2062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina I. Nelen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Lori Westover
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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20
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Karaś K, Sałkowska A, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Strapagiel D, Dastych J, Bachorz RA, Ratajewski M. Digoxin, an Overlooked Agonist of RORγ/RORγT. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1460. [PMID: 30666196 PMCID: PMC6330298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Digoxin was one of the first identified RORγT receptor inverse agonists inhibiting the differentiation of Th17 cells. However, this compound exhibits inhibitory activity at relatively high concentrations that mediate cytotoxic effects. We previously identified several cardenolides that are structurally similar to digoxin that were able to induce RORγ/RORγT-dependent transcription. These observations encouraged us to reanalyze the effects of digoxin on RORγ/RORγT-dependent transcription at low, noncytotoxic concentrations. Digoxin induced RORγ/RORγT-dependent transcription in HepG2 and Th17 cells. Furthermore, analysis of the transcriptomes of Th17 cells cultured in the presence of digoxin revealed the induction of the expression of numerous Th17-specific genes, including IL17A/F, IL21, IL22, IL23R, CCR4, and CCR6. Thus, our study, which includes data obtained from intact cells, indicates that digoxin, similar to other cardenolides, is a potent RORγ/RORγT receptor activator and that its structure may serve as a starting point for the design of dedicated molecules that can be used in the development of adoptive cell therapy (ACT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Karaś
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Sałkowska
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Sobalska-Kwapis
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aurelia Walczak-Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dastych
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał A Bachorz
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Ratajewski
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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21
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Karaś K, Sałkowska A, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Ryba K, Dastych J, Bachorz RA, Ratajewski M. The cardenolides strophanthidin, digoxigenin and dihydroouabain act as activators of the human RORγ/RORγT receptors. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:314-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Zuo Q, Wang J, Chen C, Zhang Y, Feng DX, Zhao R, Chen T. ASCL2 expression contributes to gastric tumor migration and invasion by downregulating miR223 and inducing EMT. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3751-3759. [PMID: 30106147 PMCID: PMC6131580 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Achaete-scute homolog 2 (ASCL2), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, serves an essential role in the maintenance of adult intestinal stem cells and the growth of gastric cancer (GC). However, the function of ASCL2 in the metastasis of GC is poorly understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ASCL2 expression on gastric tumor metastasis. ASCL2 protein expression was detected in 32 cases of gastric metastasis and its relevant primary tumors using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The data suggested that the expression of ASCL2 was highest in metastatic tumors, among adjacent normal tissues, primary gastric tumors and gastric metastatic tumors. Furthermore, ASCL2-overexpressing GC cell lines MKN1-ASCL2 and SNU16-ASCL2 were established. An in vitro assay suggested that microRNA 223 (miR223) expression was downregulated following ASCL2 overexpression, and that the expression of the epithelium-associated protein E-cadherin was significantly decreased, while a series of mesenchyme-associated proteins, including zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (Zeb-1), twist-related protein 1, integrin, vimentin, 72 kDa type IV collagenase and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were upregulated in ASCL2-overexpressing cells. Overexpression of miR223 attenuated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-promoting effect induced by ASCL2 expression. In addition, the results of the chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene assays indicated that ASCL2 was able to interact with the promoter of pre-miR223, and to inhibit the maturation of miR223, which may interact with the 3′ untranslated region of Zeb-1 and inhibit EMT in tumor cells. The results of the present study demonstrated that ASCL2 was able to downregulate the expression level of miR223, contribute to EMT and promote gastric tumor metastasis, which indicated that ASCL2 may serve as a therapeutic target in the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Dian-Xu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Ronghua Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Teng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
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23
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Fan J, Lv Z, Yang G, Liao TT, Xu J, Wu F, Huang Q, Guo M, Hu G, Zhou M, Duan L, Liu S, Jin Y. Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptors: Critical Roles in Tumorigenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1187. [PMID: 29904382 PMCID: PMC5990620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) include RORα (NR1F1), RORβ (NR1F2), and RORγ (NR1F3). These receptors are reported to activate transcription through ligand-dependent interactions with co-regulators and are involved in the development of secondary lymphoid tissues, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, the circadian rhythm, and metabolism homeostasis. Researches on RORs contributing to cancer-related processes have been growing, and they provide evidence that RORs are likely to be considered as potential therapeutic targets in many cancers. RORα has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer and has been investigated in melanoma, colorectal colon cancer, and gastric cancer. RORβ is mainly expressed in the central nervous system, but it has also been studied in pharyngeal cancer, uterine leiomyosarcoma, and colorectal cancer, in addition to neuroblastoma, and recent studies suggest that RORγ is involved in various cancers, including lymphoma, melanoma, and lung cancer. Some studies found RORγ to be upregulated in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues, while others indicated the opposite results. With respect to the mechanisms of RORs in cancer, previous studies on the regulatory mechanisms of RORs in cancer were mostly focused on immune cells and cytokines, but lately there have been investigations concentrating on RORs themselves. Thus, this review summarizes reports on the regulation of RORs in cancer and highlights potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshuo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghai Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Ting Liao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guorong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Limin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Dhanak D, Edwards JP, Nguyen A, Tummino PJ. Small-Molecule Targets in Immuno-Oncology. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1148-1160. [PMID: 28938090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding the role and molecular mechanisms underlying immune surveillance and control of (pre)malignancies is revolutionizing clinical practice in the treatment of cancer. Presently, multiple biologic drugs targeting the immune checkpoint proteins PD(L)1 or CTLA4 have been approved and/or are in advanced stages of clinical development for many cancers. In addition, combination therapy with these agents and other immunomodulators is being intensively explored with the aim of improving primary response rates or prolonging overall survival. The effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy with biologics is spurring research in alternate approaches including small-molecule-mediated targeting of intracellular pathways modulating the innate and adaptive immune response. This focus of this review is on some of the key intracellular pathways where the development of a small-molecule therapeutic is attractive, tractable, and potentially synergistic with extracellular biologic-mediated immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashyant Dhanak
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - James P Edwards
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Ancho Nguyen
- Immuno Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Peter J Tummino
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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25
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Barbay JK, Cummings MD, Abad M, Castro G, Kreutter KD, Kummer DA, Maharoof U, Milligan C, Nishimura R, Pierce J, Schalk-Hihi C, Spurlino J, Tanis VM, Urbanski M, Venkatesan H, Wang A, Woods C, Wolin R, Xue X, Edwards JP, Fourie AM, Leonard K. 6-Substituted quinolines as RORγt inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5277-5283. [PMID: 29079472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We identified 6-substituted quinolines as modulators of the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt). The synthesis of this class of RORγt modulators is reported, and optimization of the substituents at the quinoline 6-position that produced compounds with high affinity for the receptor is detailed. This effort identified molecules that act as potent, full inverse agonists in a RORγt-driven cell-based reporter assay. The X-ray crystal structures of two full inverse agonists from this chemical series bound to the RORγt ligand binding domain are disclosed, and we highlight the interaction of a hydrogen-bond acceptor on the 6-position substituent of the inverse agonist with Glu379:NH as a conserved binding contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kent Barbay
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States.
| | - Maxwell D Cummings
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States.
| | - Marta Abad
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Glenda Castro
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Kevin D Kreutter
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - David A Kummer
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Umar Maharoof
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Cynthia Milligan
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Rachel Nishimura
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Joan Pierce
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Celine Schalk-Hihi
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - John Spurlino
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Virginia M Tanis
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Maud Urbanski
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Hariharan Venkatesan
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Aihua Wang
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Craig Woods
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Ronald Wolin
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Xiaohua Xue
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - James P Edwards
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Anne M Fourie
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Kristi Leonard
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
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26
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Zhao HX, Huang YX, Tao JG. ST1926 Attenuates Steroid-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats by Inhibiting Inflammation Response. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2072-2086. [PMID: 27918081 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-xing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Weihui City Henan 453100 China
| | - Yuan-xia Huang
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Weihui City Henan 453100 China
| | - Jin-gang Tao
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Weihui City Henan 453100 China
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27
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Discovery and structural optimization of 4-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones as RORc inverse agonists. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1516-1524. [PMID: 27374490 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptors (RORs) are orphan nuclear receptors that show constitutive activity in the absence of ligands. Among 3 subtypes of RORs, RORc is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases. Here, we report novel RORc inverse agonists discovered through structure-based drug design. METHODS Based on the structure of compound 8, a previously described agonist of RORa, a series of 4-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized. The interaction between the compounds and RORc was detected at molecular level using AlphaScreen assay. The compounds were further examined in 293T cells transfected with RORc and luciferase reporter gene. Thermal stability shift assay was used to evaluate the effects of the compounds on protein stability. RESULTS A total of 27 derivatives were designed and synthesized. Among them, the compound 22b was identified as the most potent RORc inverse agonist. Its IC50 values were 2.39 μmol/L in AlphaScreen assay, and 0.82 μmol/L in inhibition of the cell-based luciferase reporter activity. Furthermore, the compound 22b displayed a 120-fold selectivity for RORc over other nuclear receptors. Moreover, a molecular docking study showed that the structure-activity relationship was consistent with the binding mode of compound 22b in RORc. CONCLUSION 4-(4-(Benzyloxy)phenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives are promising candidates for the treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis.
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28
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Niculae AŞ, Pavăl D. From molecules to behavior: An integrative theory of autism spectrum disorder. Med Hypotheses 2016; 97:74-84. [PMID: 27876135 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders for which various theories have been proposed. Each theory brings valuable insights and has experimental evidence backing it, yet none provides an overarching explanation for each of the pathological aspects involved in ASD. Here we present an integrative theory of ASD, centered on a sequence of events spanning from the molecular to the behavioral level. We propose that an abnormality in the interplay between retinoic acid and sex hormones predisposes an individual to specific molecular malfunctions. In turn, this molecular syndrome generates an altered brain connectivity between the cerebellum, the midbrain dopaminergic areas, and the prefrontal cortex. Lastly, this disconnection would generate specific behavioral traits traditionally involved in ASD. Therefore, this paper represents a step forward in unifying different levels of pathological features into novel integrated testable hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Ştefan Niculae
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Denis Pavăl
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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29
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Su Z. Genetic Variants of Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor Alpha Determine Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Han Chinese. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7080054. [PMID: 27556492 PMCID: PMC4999842 DOI: 10.3390/genes7080054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) plays a key role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism and insulin expression that are implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the effects of genetic variants in the RORA gene on the susceptibility to T2DM remain unknown. Nine tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened by using the SNaPshot method in 427 patients with T2DM and 408 normal controls. Association between genotypes and haplotypes derived from these SNPs with T2DM was analyzed using different genetic models. Allele and genotype frequencies at rs10851685 were significantly different between T2DM patients and control subjects (allele: p = 0.009, Odds ratios (OR) = 1.36 [95% Confidence intervals (CI) = 1.08-1.72]; genotype: p = 0.029). The minor allele T, at rs10851685, was potentially associated with an increased risk of T2DM in the dominant model, displaying OR of 1.38 (95% CI: 1.04-1.82, p = 0.025) in subjects with genotypes TA+TT vs. AA. In haplotype analysis, we observed that haplotypes GGTGTAACT, GGTGTAACC, and GATATAACT were significantly associated with increased risk of T2DM, while haplotypes GATGAAGTT, AGTGAAGTT, and AATGAAATT were protective against T2DM. These data suggest that the genetic variation in RORA might determine a Chinese Han individual's susceptibility to T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yulan Liu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yin Liu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhiguang Su
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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30
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Post-translational regulation of RORγt—A therapeutic target for the modulation of interleukin-17-mediated responses in autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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31
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Mörk LM, Strom SC, Mode A, Ellis EC. Addition of Dexamethasone Alters the Bile Acid Composition by Inducing CYP8B1 in Primary Cultures of Human Hepatocytes. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2016; 6:87-93. [PMID: 27493455 PMCID: PMC4963319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary human hepatocytes offer the best human in vitro model for studies on human liver cell metabolism. Investigators use a variety of different media supplements and matrix biocoatings and the type of culture system used may influence the outcome. OBJECTIVES To optimize in vitro conditions for primary human hepatocytes with regard to bile acid synthesis. METHODS Human hepatocytes were isolated and cultured on collagen type I or EHS matrigel in cell media with or without dexamethasone. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486 was used to elucidate the involvement of GR. RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured on EHS matrigel produced more bile acids and expressed higher levels of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) than cells cultured on rat tail collagen. Supplementation with dexamethasone increased the formation of cholic acid (CA) and decreased chenodeoxycholic acid formation. In line with these results, the mRNA expression of sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) increased following dexamethasone treatment. Surprisingly, the mRNA expression of CYP7A1 and CYP27A1 was not increased to the same extent. By using the GR antagonist RU486, we concluded that CYP8B1 induction is mediated via a GR-independent pathway. An altered expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR) α and ROR α target gene Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) suggests that ROR α signaling may regulate CYP8B1 expression. CONCLUSION Primary human hepatocytes have an increased bile acid synthesis rate when cultured on matrigel as compared to collagen. Exposure to glucocorticoid hormones stimulates the expression of CYP8B1, leading to an increased formation of CA and alteration of the bile acid composition. The effect is most likely mediated through a GR-independent pathway, possibly through ROR α.
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Key Words
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- CA, cholic acid
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CYP27A1, sterol 27α-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- NTCP, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- ROR, retinoid-related orphan receptor
- chenodeoxycholic acid
- cholic acid
- dexamethasone
- matrigel
- primary hepatocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Address for correspondence: Lisa-Mari Mörk, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, F82, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46 8 585 83062; fax: +46 8 585 82912.
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Agneta Mode
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa C.S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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He B, Nohara K, Park N, Park YS, Guillory B, Zhao Z, Garcia JM, Koike N, Lee CC, Takahashi JS, Yoo SH, Chen Z. The Small Molecule Nobiletin Targets the Molecular Oscillator to Enhance Circadian Rhythms and Protect against Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Metab 2016; 23:610-21. [PMID: 27076076 PMCID: PMC4832569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of circadian rhythms is associated with metabolic dysfunction, yet it is unclear whether enhancing clock function can ameliorate metabolic disorders. In an unbiased chemical screen using fibroblasts expressing PER2::Luc, we identified Nobiletin (NOB), a natural polymethoxylated flavone, as a clock amplitude-enhancing small molecule. When administered to diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, NOB strongly counteracted metabolic syndrome and augmented energy expenditure and locomotor activity in a Clock gene-dependent manner. In db/db mutant mice, the clock is also required for the mitigating effects of NOB on metabolic disorders. In DIO mouse liver, NOB enhanced clock protein levels and elicited pronounced gene expression remodeling. We identified retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptors as direct targets of NOB, revealing a pharmacological intervention that enhances circadian rhythms to combat metabolic disease via the circadian gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kazunari Nohara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Noheon Park
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yong-Sung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bobby Guillory
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, MCL, Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, and Molecular and Cell Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jose M Garcia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, MCL, Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, and Molecular and Cell Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nobuya Koike
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Cheng Chi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Feng S, Xu S, Wen Z, Zhu Y. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor RORβ, circadian rhythm abnormalities and tumorigenesis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1493-500. [PMID: 25816151 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of transcription factors including the steroid hormone receptors, non-steroid hormone receptors and the orphan nuclear receptor family. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)β, as a member of the orphan nuclear receptor family, plays an important regulatory role in the maintenance of a variety of physiological and pathological processes. RORβ has been determined to act as an osteogenic repressor in regulating bone formation, and is involved in regulating circadian rhythm. The findings of recent studies concerning the association between tumorigenesis and circadian rhythm have shown that an aberrant circadian rhythm may promote tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The mechanisms discussed in this review demonstrate how aberrant RORβ-induced circadian rhythm may become a new direction for future studies on tumorigenesis and strategy design for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiong Feng
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Song Xu
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Wen
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yongliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Lai YC, Kao CF, Lu ML, Chen HC, Chen PY, Chen CH, Shen WW, Wu JY, Lu RB, Kuo PH. Investigation of associations between NR1D1, RORA and RORB genes and bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121245. [PMID: 25789810 PMCID: PMC4366256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genes that are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms are implicated in the susceptibility to bipolar disorder (BD). The current study aimed to investigate the relationships between genetic variants in NR1D1 RORA, and RORB genes and BD in the Han Chinese population. We conducted a case-control genetic association study with two samples of BD patients and healthy controls. Sample I consisted of 280 BD patients and 200 controls. Sample II consisted of 448 BD patients and 1770 healthy controls. 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NR1D1, RORA, and RORB genes were genotyped using GoldenGate VeraCode assays in sample I, and 492 markers in the three genes were genotyped using Affymetrix Genome-Wide CHB Array in sample II. Single marker and gene-based association analyses were performed using PLINK. A combined p-value for the joining effects of all markers within a gene was calculated using the rank truncated product method. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method was also applied to test gene-gene interactions in sample I. All markers were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.001). In sample I, the associations with BD were observed for rs4774388 in RORA (OR = 1.53, empirical p-value, P = 0.024), and rs1327836 in RORB (OR = 1.75, P = 0.003). In Sample II, there were 45 SNPs showed associations with BD, and the most significant marker in RORA was rs11639084 (OR = 0.69, P = 0.002), and in RORB was rs17611535 (OR = 3.15, P = 0.027). A combined p-value of 1.6×10−6, 0.7, and 1.0 was obtained for RORA, RORB and NR1D1, respectively, indicting a strong association for RORA with the risk of developing BD. A four way interaction was found among markers in NR1D1, RORA, and RORB with the testing accuracy 53.25% and a cross-validation consistency of 8 out of 10. In sample II, 45 markers had empirical p-values less than 0.05. The most significant markers in RORA and RORB genes were rs11639084 (OR = 0.69, P = 0.002), and rs17611535 (OR = 3.15, P = 0.027), respectively. Gene-based association was significant for RORA gene (P = 0.0007). Our results support for the involvement of RORs genes in the risk of developing BD. Investigation of the functional properties of genes in the circadian pathway may further enhance our understanding about the pathogenesis of bipolar illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chieh Lai
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Kao
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston W Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Genes, Environment and Human Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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René O, Fauber B, Boenig GL, Burton B, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Gobbi A, Hymowitz SG, Johnson AR, Kiefer JR, Liimatta M, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Wallweber HA, Wong H. Minor Structural Change to Tertiary Sulfonamide RORc Ligands Led to Opposite Mechanisms of Action. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:276-81. [PMID: 25815138 PMCID: PMC4360161 DOI: 10.1021/ml500420y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A minor structural change to tertiary sulfonamide RORc ligands led to distinct mechanisms of action. Co-crystal structures of two compounds revealed mechanistically consistent protein conformational changes. Optimized phenylsulfonamides were identified as RORc agonists while benzylsulfonamides exhibited potent inverse agonist activity. Compounds behaving as agonists in our biochemical assay also gave rise to an increased production of IL-17 in human PBMCs whereas inverse agonists led to significant suppression of IL-17 under the same assay conditions. The most potent inverse agonist compound showed >180-fold selectivity over the ROR isoforms as well as all other nuclear receptors that were profiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier René
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Benjamin
P. Fauber
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Brenda Burton
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Céline Eidenschenk
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Everett
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sarah G. Hymowitz
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marya Liimatta
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Lockey
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Maxine Norman
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Heidi A. Wallweber
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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36
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Identification of tertiary sulfonamides as RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Fauber BP, Magnuson S. Modulators of the Nuclear Receptor Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor-γ (RORγ or RORc). J Med Chem 2014; 57:5871-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401901d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Fauber
- Discovery
Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Discovery
Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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38
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Marciano DP, Chang MR, Corzo CA, Goswami D, Lam VQ, Pascal BD, Griffin PR. The therapeutic potential of nuclear receptor modulators for treatment of metabolic disorders: PPARγ, RORs, and Rev-erbs. Cell Metab 2014; 19:193-208. [PMID: 24440037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) play central roles in metabolic syndrome, making them attractive drug targets despite the challenge of achieving functional selectivity. For instance, members of the thiazolidinedione class of insulin sensitizers offer robust efficacy but have been limited due to adverse effects linked to activation of genes not involved in insulin sensitization. Studies reviewed here provide strategies for targeting subsets of PPARγ target genes, enabling development of next-generation modulators with improved therapeutic index. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that targeting the NRs ROR and Rev-erb holds promise for treating metabolic syndrome based on their involvement in circadian rhythm and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Marciano
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mi Ra Chang
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Cesar A Corzo
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Devrishi Goswami
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Vinh Q Lam
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Bruce D Pascal
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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39
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The retinoid-related orphan receptor RORα promotes keratinocyte differentiation via FOXN1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70392. [PMID: 23922987 PMCID: PMC3726659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RORα is a retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor that regulates inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cellular differentiation of several non-epithelial tissues. In spite of its high expression in skin epithelium, its functions in this tissue remain unclear. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches to alter RORα gene expression in human keratinocytes (HKCs), we have found that this transcription factor functions as a regulator of epidermal differentiation. Among the 4 RORα isoforms, RORα4 is prominently expressed by keratinocytes in a manner that increases with differentiation. In contrast, RORα levels are significantly lower in skin squamous cell carcinoma tumors (SCCs) and cell lines. Increasing the levels of RORα4 in HKCs enhanced the expression of structural proteins associated with early and late differentiation, as well as genes involved in lipid barrier formation. Gene silencing of RORα impaired the ability of keratinocytes to differentiate in an in vivo epidermal cyst model. The pro-differentiation function of RORα is mediated at least in part by FOXN1, a well-known pro-differentiation transcription factor that we establish as a novel direct target of RORα in keratinocytes. Our results point to RORα as a novel node in the keratinocyte differentiation network and further suggest that the identification of RORα ligands may prove useful for treating skin disorders that are associated with abnormal keratinocyte differentiation, including cancer.
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40
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Jetten AM, Kang HS, Takeda Y. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors α and γ: key regulators of lipid/glucose metabolism, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23355833 PMCID: PMC3555121 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors RORα and RORγ play a regulatory role in lipid/glucose homeostasis and various immune functions, and have been implicated in metabolic syndrome and several inflammatory diseases. RORα-deficient mice are protected against age- and diet-induced obesity, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance. The resistance to hepatosteatosis in RORα-deficient mice is related to the reduced expression of several genes regulating lipid synthesis, transport, and storage. Adipose tissue-associated inflammation, which plays a critical role in the development of insulin resistance, is considerably diminished in RORα-deficient mice as indicated by the reduced infiltration of M1 macrophages and decreased expression of many proinflammatory genes. Deficiency in RORγ also protects against diet-induced insulin resistance by a mechanism that appears different from that in RORα deficiency. Recent studies indicated that RORs provide an important link between the circadian clock machinery and its regulation of metabolic genes and metabolic syndrome. As ligand-dependent transcription factors, RORs may provide novel therapeutic targets in the management of obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including hepatosteatosis, adipose tissue-associated inflammation, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M. Jetten
- *Correspondence: Anton M. Jetten, Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. e-mail:
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41
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Elloso MM, Gomez-Angelats M, Fourie AM. Targeting the Th17 pathway in psoriasis. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:1187-97. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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42
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Khan PM, El-Gendy BEDM, Kumar N, Garcia-Ordonez R, Lin L, Ruiz CH, Cameron MD, Griffin PR, Kamenecka TM. Small molecule amides as potent ROR-γ selective modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:532-6. [PMID: 23232056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship study of a diphenylpropanamide series of ROR-γ selective modulators is reported. Compounds were screened using chimeric receptor Gal4 DNA-binding domain (DBD)-NR ligand binding domain cotransfection assay in a two-step format. Three different regions of the scaffold were modified to assess the effects on repression of ROR-γ transcriptional activity and potency. The lead compound 1 exhibits modest mouse pharmacokinetics and an acceptable in vitro profile which makes it a suitable in vivo probe to interrogate the functions of ROR-γ in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasha M Khan
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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43
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Mjösberg J, Bernink J, Peters C, Spits H. Transcriptional control of innate lymphoid cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1916-23. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Clock gene variants in mood and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1133-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Kojima H, Muromoto R, Takahashi M, Takeuchi S, Takeda Y, Jetten AM, Matsuda T. Inhibitory effects of azole-type fungicides on interleukin-17 gene expression via retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors α and γ. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 259:338-45. [PMID: 22289359 PMCID: PMC3799977 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors α and γ (RORα and RORγ), are key regulators of helper T (Th)17 cell differentiation, which is involved in the innate immune system and autoimmune disorders. However, it remains unclear whether environmental chemicals, including pesticides, have agonistic and/or antagonistic activity against RORα/γ. In this study, we investigated the RORα/γ activity of several azole-type fungicides, and the effects of these fungicides on the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-17, which mediates the function of Th17 cells. In the ROR-reporter gene assays, five azole-type fungicides (imibenconazole, triflumizole, hexaconazole, tetraconazole and imazalil) suppressed RORα- and/or RORγ-mediated transcriptional activity as did benzenesulphonamide T0901317, a ROR inverse agonist and a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist. In particular, imibenconazole, triflumizole and hexaconazole showed RORγ inverse agonistic activity at concentrations of 10(-6)M. However, unlike T0901317, these fungicides failed to show any LXRα/β agonistic activity. Next, five azole-type fungicides, showing ROR inverse agonist activity, were tested on IL-17 mRNA expression in mouse T lymphoma EL4 cells treated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. The quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that these fungicides suppressed the expression of IL-17 mRNA without effecting RORα and RORγ mRNA levels. In addition, the inhibitory effect of imibenconazole as well as that of T0901317 was absorbed in RORα/γ-knocked down EL4 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that some azole-type fungicides inhibit IL-17 production via RORα/γ. This also provides the first evidence that environmental chemicals can act as modulators of IL-17 expression in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kojima
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
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46
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Retinoid chemistry: synthesis and application for metabolic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:3-9. [PMID: 21554983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review a discussion of the usual procedures used to synthesize retinoids is followed by an overview of the structure-activity relationships of these molecules. The discussion is then focused on the role and impact of retinoids on metabolic disorders with a particular emphasis on obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. In these areas, both natural and synthetic retinoids that are being studied are reviewed and areas where likely future research will occur are suggested. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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47
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Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. This PPAR-RXR transcriptional complex plays a critical role in energy balance, including triglyceride metabolism, fatty acid handling and storage, and glucose homeostasis: processes whose dysregulation characterize obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. PPARs and RXRs are also involved directly in inflammatory and vascular responses in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. New insights into fundamental aspects of PPAR and RXR biology, and their actions in the vasculature, continue to appear. Although RXRs are obligate heterodimeric partners for PPAR action, the part that RXRs, and their endogenous retinoid mediators, exert in the vessel wall is less well understood. Biological insights into PPAR-RXRs may help inform interpretation of clinical trials with synthetic PPAR agonists and prospects for future PPAR therapeutics. Importantly, the extensive data establishing a key role for PPARs and RXRs in energy balance, inflammation, and vascular biology stands separately from the clinical experience with any given synthetic PPAR agonist. Both the basic science data and the clinical experience with PPAR agonists identify the need to better understand these important transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Plutzky
- From Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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48
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Kumar N, Kojetin DJ, Solt LA, Kumar KG, Nuhant P, Duckett DR, Cameron MD, Butler AA, Roush WR, Griffin PR, Burris TP. Identification of SR3335 (ML-176): a synthetic RORα selective inverse agonist. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:218-22. [PMID: 21090593 DOI: 10.1021/cb1002762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several nuclear receptors (NRs) are still character-ized as orphan receptors because ligands have not yet been identified for these proteins. The retinoic acid receptor-related receptors (RORs) have no well-defined physiological ligands. Here, we describe the identification of a selective RORα synthetic ligand, SR3335 (ML-176). SR3335 directly binds to RORα, but not other RORs, and functions as a selective partial inverse agonist of RORα in cell-based assays. Furthermore, SR3335 suppresses the expression of endogenous RORα target genes in HepG2 involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis including glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that SR3335 displays reasonable exposure following an ip injection into mice. We assess the ability of SR3335 to suppress gluconeogenesis in vivo using a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model where the mice where treated with 15 mg/kg b.i.d., ip for 6 days followed by a pyruvate tolerance test. SR3335-treated mice displayed lower plasma glucose levels following the pyruvate challenge consistent with suppression of gluconeogenesis. Thus, we have identified the first selective synthetic RORα inverse agonist, and this compound can be utilized as a chemical tool to probe the function of this receptor both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, our data suggests that RORα inverse agonists may hold utility for suppression of elevated hepatic glucose production in type 2 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | - Laura A. Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - K. Ganesh Kumar
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Philippe Nuhant
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Derek R. Duckett
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | - Andrew A. Butler
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - William R. Roush
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | - Thomas P. Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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49
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Heller JJ, Qiu J, Zhou L. Nuclear receptors take center stage in Th17 cell-mediated autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:519-21. [PMID: 21266768 DOI: 10.1172/jci45939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Notably, they are also expressed by T cells and are involved in regulating T cell proliferation and differentiation. In this issue of the JCI, Cui et al. have elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of LXR activation on a subset of T cells known as Th17 cells in mice and humans. Specifically, they showed that LXR-induced Srebp-1 inhibits Il17 transcription by binding to the Il17 promoter through interaction with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a transcription factor known to enhance Th17 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Heller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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50
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Wang Y, Kumar N, Nuhant P, Cameron MD, Istrate MA, Roush WR, Griffin PR, Burris TP. Identification of SR1078, a synthetic agonist for the orphan nuclear receptors RORα and RORγ. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:1029-34. [PMID: 20735016 DOI: 10.1021/cb100223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid receptor-related receptors (RORs) are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors. Several NRs are still characterized as orphan receptors because ligands have not yet been identified for these proteins. Here, we describe the identification of a synthetic RORα/RORγ ligand, SR1078. SR1078 modulates the conformation of RORγ in a biochemical assay and activates RORα and RORγ driven transcription. Furthermore, SR1078 stimulates expression of endogenous ROR target genes in HepG2 cells that express both RORα and RORγ. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that SR1078 displays reasonable exposure following injection into mice, and consistent with SR1078 functioning as a RORα/RORγ agonist, expression of two ROR target genes, glucose-6-phosphatase and fibroblast growth factor 21, were stimulated in the liver. Thus, we have identified the first synthetic RORα/γ agonist, and this compound can be utilized as a chemical tool to probe the function of these receptors both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Naresh Kumar
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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