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Terrett JA, Ly JQ, Katavolos P, Hasselgren C, Laing S, Zhong F, Villemure E, Déry M, Larouche-Gauthier R, Chen H, Shore DG, Lee WP, Suto E, Johnson K, Brooks M, Stablein A, Beaumier F, Constantineau-Forget L, Grand-Maître C, Lépissier L, Ciblat S, Sturino C, Chen Y, Hu B, Elstrott J, Gandham V, Joseph V, Booler H, Cain G, Chou C, Fullerton A, Lepherd M, Stainton S, Torres E, Urban K, Yu L, Zhong Y, Bao L, Chou KJ, Lin J, Zhang W, La H, Liu L, Mulder T, Chen J, Chernov-Rogan T, Johnson AR, Hackos DH, Leahey R, Shields SD, Balestrini A, Riol-Blanco L, Safina BS, Volgraf M, Magnuson S, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S. Discovery of TRPA1 Antagonist GDC-6599: Derisking Preclinical Toxicity and Aldehyde Oxidase Metabolism with a Potential First-in-Class Therapy for Respiratory Disease. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3287-3306. [PMID: 38431835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a nonselective calcium ion channel highly expressed in the primary sensory neurons, functioning as a polymodal sensor for exogenous and endogenous stimuli, and has been implicated in neuropathic pain and respiratory disease. Herein, we describe the optimization of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 small molecule antagonists with strong in vivo target engagement in rodent models. Several lead molecules in preclinical single- and short-term repeat-dose toxicity studies exhibited profound prolongation of coagulation parameters. Based on a thorough investigative toxicology and clinical pathology analysis, anticoagulation effects in vivo are hypothesized to be manifested by a metabolite─generated by aldehyde oxidase (AO)─possessing a similar pharmacophore to known anticoagulants (i.e., coumarins, indandiones). Further optimization to block AO-mediated metabolism yielded compounds that ameliorated coagulation effects in vivo, resulting in the discovery and advancement of clinical candidate GDC-6599, currently in Phase II clinical trials for respiratory indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Déry
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marjory Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alyssa Stablein
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis Beaumier
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Grand-Maître
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Luce Lépissier
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Ciblat
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Company Limited, 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Company Limited, 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
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2
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Wile BM, Griffith CL, Johnson AR. Crystal structure of bis(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzyl)(2-methoxyethyl)amine. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2023; 79:782-785. [PMID: 37693661 PMCID: PMC10483550 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023006564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The title compound, systematic name 4,4',6,6'-tetrachloro-2,2'-{[(2-methoxy-ethyl)azanediyl]bis(methylene)}diphenol (C17H17Cl4NO, 1), was prepared via a modified Mannich reaction between 2-meth-oxy-ethyl-amine, 2,4-di-chloro-phenol, and aqueous formaldehyde. The resulting amine bis-(phenol) provides an inter-esting comparison to related species as a result of the electron-withdrawing substituents on the phenol rings, in combination with similar steric parameters. One of the Cl atoms was modeled as a two-component disorder with partial occupancies of 0.49 (3) and 0.51 (3), while the pendant ether group was modeled as a two-component disorder with partial occupancies of 0.867 (3) and 0.133 (3). A comparison of metrical parameters for the title compound and closely related structures provides insight into the use of these species as ligands to support transition-metal complexes for applications as homogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M. Wile
- The Donald J. Bettinger Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Claire L. Griffith
- The Donald J. Bettinger Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The School of Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, USA
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Harvey Mudd College, Chemistry, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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3
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Crawford JJ, Feng J, Brightbill HD, Johnson AR, Wright M, Kolesnikov A, Lee W, Castanedo GM, Do S, Blaquiere N, Staben ST, Chiang PC, Fan PW, Baumgardner M, Wong S, Godemann R, Grabbe A, Wiegel C, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Hymowitz SG, Liau N, Hsu PL, McEwan PA, Ismaili MHA, Landry ML. Filling a nick in NIK: extending the half-life of a NIK inhibitor through structure-based drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 89:129277. [PMID: 37105490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) has been pursued as a promising therapeutic target for autoimmune disorders due to its highly regulated role in key steps of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Previously reported NIK inhibitors from our group were shown to be potent, selective, and efficacious, but had higher human dose projections than desirable for immunology indications. Herein we report the clearance-driven optimization of a NIK inhibitor guided by metabolite identification studies and structure-based drug design. This led to the identification of an azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanone motif that attenuated in vitro and in vivo clearance while maintaining NIK potency and increasing selectivity over other kinases, resulting in a greater than ten-fold reduction in predicted human dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianwen Feng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans D Brightbill
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Wright
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aleksandr Kolesnikov
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Steven Do
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter W Fan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matt Baumgardner
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Susan Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert Godemann
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | - Alice Grabbe
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | - Catharina Wiegel
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | | | - Sarah G Hymowitz
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicholas Liau
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter L Hsu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul A McEwan
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | | | - Matthew L Landry
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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4
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Gobir AA, Ariyibi SO, Ibraheem RM, Johnson AR, Abdulkadir MB, Katibi OS, Adeoye PO, Udoh EA, Ilesanmi ON, Folaranmi OO. Disseminated Tuberculosis in a Nigerian Adolescent with Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. West Afr J Med 2022; 39:646-650. [PMID: 35752975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is an auto-immune disease affecting young children and adults, characterized by the linear deposition of IgA at the basement membrane zone with resultant complement activation and a cascade of immune reactions. There is a loss of adhesion at the dermo-epidermal junction and subsequent blister formation. It is a rare disease that has a good prognosis with adequate therapy. However, the underlying depressed immunity associated with the disease may expose them to such infections as tuberculosis. We report the case of an 11-years-old Nigerian female adolescent with LABD, diagnosed at the age of four years but defaulted on follow-up, who developed disseminated tuberculosis (pulmonary, lymph nodes, abdominal and pericardial effusion) seven years after the appearance of the initial blistering skin lesions. She commenced anti-tuberculosis drugs, steroids, and a tube pericardiostomy for the pericardial effusion. Dapsone was initiated for the LABD during the continuation phase of anti-tuberculosis therapy, with subsequent disappearance of the skin rash within two weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Gobir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin/University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - S O Ariyibi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - R M Ibraheem
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin/University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - A R Johnson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin/University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - M B Abdulkadir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin/University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - O S Katibi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin/University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - P O Adeoye
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin, and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - E A Udoh
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - O N Ilesanmi
- Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - O O Folaranmi
- Department of Pathology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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5
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Hickstein DD, Reinheimer EW, Johnson AR, O'Leary DJ. Dimethyl 4,5-dichlorophthalate. IUCrData 2021; 6:x211043. [PMID: 36340982 PMCID: PMC9462297 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314621010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid-state structure of dimethyl 4,5-dichlorophthalate is presented. One of the carbonyl-containing ester groups is nearly co-planar with the aromatic ring while the second deviates considerably from the least-squares plane of its chlorine-derivatized aromatic ring. Solid-state integrity is maintained by both electrostatic interactions and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. While endeavoring to synthesize new chlorinated ligands for ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts, the title compound dimethyl 4,5-dichlorophthalate, C10H8Cl2O4, was prepared from commercially available 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid in ∼77% yield. The title molecule, which also finds utility as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, shows one carbonyl-containing methyl ester moiety lying nearly co-planar with the chlorine-derivatized aromatic ring while the second methyl ester shows a significant deviation of 101.05 (12)° from the least-squares plane of the aromatic ring. Within the crystal, structural integrity is maintained by the concerted effects of electrostatic interactions involving the electron-deficient carbonyl carbon atom and the electron-rich aromatic ring along the a-axis direction and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules parallel to b.![]()
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6
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Conrad-Marut LH, Reinheimer EW, Johnson AR. Synthesis and structure determination of racemic (Δ/Λ)-tris-(ethyl-enedi-amine)-cobalt(III) trichloride hemi(hexa-aqua-sodium chloride). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:1010-1013. [PMID: 34667628 PMCID: PMC8491534 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021009336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the racemic title compound, the [Co(en)3]3+ and [Na(H2O)6]+cations exist in distorted octahedral coordination environments and charge neutrality in the salt is furnished by Cl− anions. Structural cohesion is maintained by an array of C—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The synthesis and crystal structure of the title racemic compound, [Co(C2H8N2)3]Cl3.{[Na(H2O)6]Cl}0.5, are reported. The trivalent cobalt atom, which resides on a crystallographic threefold axis, is chelated by a single ethylene diamine (en) ligand and yields the tris-chelate [Co(en)3]3+ cation with distorted octahedral geometry after the application of crystal symmetry. The sodium cation (site symmetry ), has a single water molecule bound to it in the asymmetric unit and yields a distorted, octahedrally coordinated hydrated [Na(H2O)6]+ cation after the application of symmetry. One of the chloride ions lies on a general position and the other has site symmetry. An extensive array of C—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds exists between the ethylene diamine ligands, the water molecules of hydration, and the anions present, thereby furnishing solid-state stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden H Conrad-Marut
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711-5990, USA
| | - Eric W Reinheimer
- Rigaku Americas Corporation, 9009 New Trails Dr., The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711-5990, USA
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7
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Hendricks ME, Xu X, Boller TR, Samples EM, Johnson AR, Nataro C. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemistry of [Pd(PP)MeCl] compounds with 1,1′-bis(phosphino)ferrocene ligands. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Fok EY, Show VL, Johnson AR. Intramolecular hydroamination of trisubstituted aminoallenes catalyzed by titanium complexes of diaryl substituted tridentate imine-diols. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Show VL, Fok EY, Johnson AR. 2-({[(2 S)-1-Hydroxy-1,1,3-triphenylpropan-2-yl]imino}methyl)-4,6-bis(4-methylphenyl)phenol. IUCr Data 2020; 5:x201576. [PMID: 36337339 PMCID: PMC9462170 DOI: 10.1107/s241431462001576x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound was prepared and fully characterized. The salicylaldehyde alcohol is engaged in an intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond with the imine nitrogen. The title compound, C42H37NO2, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. An intramolecular hydrogen bond orients the phenol hydroxyl group toward the imine nitrogen. The aliphatic alcohol is engaged in a weak intramolecular hydrogen bond with the imine nitrogen.![]()
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10
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Sha F, Johnson AR. 4-Fluoro-2-({[(2 R)-1-hydroxy-1,1,3-triphenylpropan-2-yl]imino}methyl)phenol. IUCr Data 2020; 5:x201580. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314620015801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound, C28H24FNO2, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121. A hydrogen-bonding network between the tertiary alcohol group and the fluoro substituent results in [010] chains in the solid state.
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11
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Crawford JJ, Lee W, Johnson AR, Delatorre KJ, Chen J, Eigenbrot C, Heidmann J, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Katewa A, Kiefer JR, Liu L, Lubach JW, Misner D, Purkey H, Reif K, Vogt J, Wong H, Yu C, Young WB. Stereochemical Differences in Fluorocyclopropyl Amides Enable Tuning of Btk Inhibition and Off-Target Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1588-1597. [PMID: 32832028 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is thought to play a pathogenic role in chronic immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. While covalent, irreversible Btk inhibitors are approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies, they are not approved for autoimmune indications. In efforts to develop additional series of reversible Btk inhibitors for chronic immune diseases, we sought to differentiate from our clinical stage inhibitor fenebrutinib using cyclopropyl amide isosteres of the 2-aminopyridyl group to occupy the flat, lipophilic H2 pocket. While drug-like properties were retained-and in some cases improved-a safety liability in the form of hERG inhibition was observed. When a fluorocyclopropyl amide was incorporated, Btk and off-target activity was found to be stereodependent and a lead compound was identified in the form of the (R,R)- stereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly J. Delatorre
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Heidmann
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Arna Katewa
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph W. Lubach
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dinah Misner
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Purkey
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karin Reif
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jennifer Vogt
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy B. Young
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Sha F, Shimizu EA, Slocumb HS, Towell SE, Zhen Y, Porter HZ, Takase MK, Johnson AR. Catalytic intramolecular hydroamination of aminoallenes using titanium and tantalum complexes of sterically encumbered chiral sulfonamides. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12418-12431. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02557g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and tantalum catalysts supported by readily prepared chiral sulfonamide ligands catalyze hydroamination of aminoallenes that lack N-protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi Zhen
- Harvey Mudd College
- Claremont
- USA
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13
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Lo YC, Liu T, Morrissey KM, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Johnson AR, Broccatelli F, Zhong Y, Joshi A, Altman RB. Computational analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity using structural knowledge. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:235-242. [PMID: 29985971 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Kinases play a significant role in diverse disease signaling pathways and understanding kinase inhibitor selectivity, the tendency of drugs to bind to off-targets, remains a top priority for kinase inhibitor design and clinical safety assessment. Traditional approaches for kinase selectivity analysis using biochemical activity and binding assays are useful but can be costly and are often limited by the kinases that are available. On the other hand, current computational kinase selectivity prediction methods are computational intensive and can rarely achieve sufficient accuracy for large-scale kinome wide inhibitor selectivity profiling. Results Here, we present a KinomeFEATURE database for kinase binding site similarity search by comparing protein microenvironments characterized using diverse physiochemical descriptors. Initial selectivity prediction of 15 known kinase inhibitors achieved an >90% accuracy and demonstrated improved performance in comparison to commonly used kinase inhibitor selectivity prediction methods. Additional kinase ATP binding site similarity assessment (120 binding sites) identified 55 kinases with significant promiscuity and revealed unexpected inhibitor cross-activities between PKR and FGFR2 kinases. Kinome-wide selectivity profiling of 11 kinase drug candidates predicted novel as well as experimentally validated off-targets and suggested structural mechanisms of kinase cross-activities. Our study demonstrated potential utilities of our approach for large-scale kinase inhibitor selectivity profiling that could contribute to kinase drug development and safety assessment. Availability and implementation The KinomeFEATURE database and the associated scripts for performing kinase pocket similarity search can be downloaded from the Stanford SimTK website (https://simtk.org/projects/kdb). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tianyun Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kari M Morrissey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam R Johnson
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fabio Broccatelli
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amita Joshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Russ B Altman
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Stefaniak AB, Johnson AR, du Preez S, Hammond DR, Wells JR, Ham JE, LeBouf RF, Menchaca KW, Martin SB, Duling MG, Bowers LN, Knepp AK, Su FC, de Beer DJ, du Plessis JL. Evaluation of emissions and exposures at workplaces using desktop 3-dimensional printer. J Chem Health Saf 2019; 26:19-30. [PMID: 31798757 PMCID: PMC6889885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on additive manufacturing process emissions and personal exposures in real-world workplaces. Hence, we evaluated atmospheres in four workplaces utilizing desktop "3-dimensional" (3-d) printers [fused filament fabrication (FFF) and sheer] for production, prototyping, or research. Airborne particle diameter and number concentration and total volatile organic compound concentrations were measured using real-time instruments. Airborne particles and volatile organic compounds were collected using time-integrated sampling techniques for off-line analysis. Personal exposures for metals and volatile organic compounds were measured in the breathing zone of operators. All 3-d printers that were monitored released ultrafine and fine particles and organic vapors into workplace air. Particle number-based emission rates (#/min) ranged from 9.4 × 109 to 4.4 × 1011 (n = 9samples) for FFF3-d printers and from 1.9 to 3.8 × 109 (n = 2 samples) for a sheer 3-d printer. The large variability in emission rate values reflected variability from the printers as well as differences in printer design, operating conditions, and feedstock materials among printers. A custom-built ventilated enclosure evaluated at one facility was capable of reducing particle number and total organic chemical concentrations by 99.7% and 53.2%, respectively. Carbonyl compounds were detected in room air; however, none were specifically attributed to the 3-d printing process. Personal exposure to metals (aluminum, iron) and 12 different organic chemicals were all below applicable NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit values, but results are not reflective of all possible exposure scenarios. More research is needed to understand 3-d printer emissions, exposures, and efficacy of engineering controls in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A R Johnson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S du Preez
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefst-room, 2520, South Africa
| | - D R Hammond
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J R Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - J E Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R F LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - K W Menchaca
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S B Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M G Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - L N Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - F C Su
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D J de Beer
- North-West University, Technology Transfer and Innovation Support Office, Private BagX6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - J L du Plessis
- NorthWest University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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15
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Waldburger D, Mayer AS, Alfieri CGE, Nürnberg J, Johnson AR, Ji X, Klenner A, Okawachi Y, Lipson M, Gaeta AL, Keller U. Tightly locked optical frequency comb from a semiconductor disk laser. Opt Express 2019; 27:1786-1797. [PMID: 30732226 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast semiconductor disk lasers (SDLs) passively modelocked using semiconductor saturable absorbers mirrors (SESAMs) generate optical frequency combs (OFCs) with gigahertz line spacings - a regime where solid-state and fiber lasers struggle with geometrical and Q-switching limitations. We stabilized both the frequency comb spacing and the offset without any additional external optical amplification or pulse compression. The overall noise performance is competitive with other gigahertz OFCs. A SESAM-modelocked vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) at a center wavelength around 1 µm generates 122-fs pulses with 160 mW average output power and we only needed 17-pJ pulse energy coupled into a silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguide for supercontinuum generation (SCG) and OFC offset stabilization.
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16
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Sha F, Mitchell BS, Ye CZ, Abelson CS, Reinheimer EW, LeMagueres P, Ferrara JD, Takase MK, Johnson AR. Catalytic intramolecular hydroamination of aminoallenes using titanium complexes of chiral, tridentate, dianionic imine-diol ligands. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9603-9616. [PMID: 30778494 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkylation of d- or l-phenylalanine or valine alkyl esters was carried out using methyl or phenyl Grignard reagents. Subsequent condensation with salicylaldehyde, 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde, or 5-fluorosalicylaldehyde formed tridentate, X2L type, Schiff base ligands. Chiral shift NMR confirmed retention of stereochemistry during synthesis. X-ray crystal structures of four of the ligands show either inter- or intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. The ligands coordinate to the titanium reagents Ti(NMe2)4 or TiCl(NMe2)3 by protonolysis and displacement of two equivalents of HNMe2. The crystal structure of one example of Ti(X2L)Cl(NMe2) was determined and the complex has a distorted square pyramidal geometry with an axial NMe2 ligand. The bis-dimethylamide complexes are active catalysts for the ring closing hydroamination of di- and trisubstituted aminoallenes. The reaction of hepta-4,5-dienylamine at 135 °C with 5 mol% catalyst gives a mixture of 6-ethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (40-72%) and both Z- and E-2-propenyl-pyrrolidine (25-52%). The ring closing reaction of 6-methyl-hepta-4,5-dienylamine at 135 °C with 5 mol% catalyst gives exclusively 2-(2-methyl-propenyl)-pyrrolidine. The pyrrolidine products are obtained with enantiomeric excesses up to 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrui Sha
- Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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17
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Stewart JL, Bentley AK, Johnson AR, Nataro C, Reisner BA, Watson LA. Teaching from the primary inorganic literature: lessons from Richard Andersen. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13755-13760. [PMID: 30234873 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02669f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For many who passed through his classroom, Richard Andersen demonstrated how inorganic chemistry can be taught by incorporating the research literature. The Interactive Online Network of Inorganic Chemists (IONiC) through its website and summer workshops for faculty has supported the development and sharing of more than a hundred exercises or "learning objects" derived from articles highlighting research across the inorganic field. Faculty can adapt and implement these learning objects in their own classrooms to achieve goals such as demonstrating historical context, teaching course material via current research, and elaborating on the scientific process. Literature discussion learning objects highlight current and past research in inorganic chemistry and teach students both chemistry content and how the body of inorganic knowledge is constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 E 12th St, Holland, MI 49423, USA.
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18
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Huang CS, Oberbeck N, Hsiao YC, Liu P, Johnson AR, Dixit VM, Hymowitz SG. Crystal Structure of Ripk4 Reveals Dimerization-Dependent Kinase Activity. Structure 2018; 26:767-777.e5. [PMID: 29706531 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4) is a highly conserved regulator of epidermal differentiation. Members of the RIPK family possess a common kinase domain as well as unique accessory domains that likely dictate subcellular localization and substrate preferences. Mutations in human RIPK4 manifest as Bartsocas-Papas syndrome (BPS), a genetic disorder characterized by severe craniofacial and limb abnormalities. We describe the structure of the murine Ripk4 (MmRipk4) kinase domain, in ATP- and inhibitor-bound forms. The crystallographic dimer of MmRipk4 is similar to those of RIPK2 and BRAF, and we show that the intact dimeric entity is required for MmRipk4 catalytic activity through a series of engineered mutations and cell-based assays. We also assess the impact of BPS mutations on protein structure and activity to elucidate the molecular origins of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Huang
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nina Oberbeck
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sarah G Hymowitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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19
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Crawford JJ, Johnson AR, Misner DL, Belmont LD, Castanedo G, Choy R, Coraggio M, Dong L, Eigenbrot C, Erickson R, Ghilardi N, Hau J, Katewa A, Kohli PB, Lee W, Lubach JW, McKenzie BS, Ortwine DF, Schutt L, Tay S, Wei B, Reif K, Liu L, Wong H, Young WB. Discovery of GDC-0853: A Potent, Selective, and Noncovalent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Early Clinical Development. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2227-2245. [PMID: 29457982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in B-cell and myeloid cell activation, downstream of B-cell and Fcγ receptors, respectively. Preclinical studies have indicated that inhibition of Btk activity might offer a potential therapy in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we disclose the discovery and preclinical characterization of a potent, selective, and noncovalent Btk inhibitor currently in clinical development. GDC-0853 (29) suppresses B cell- and myeloid cell-mediated components of disease and demonstrates dose-dependent activity in an in vivo rat model of inflammatory arthritis. It demonstrates highly favorable safety, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles in preclinical and Phase 2 studies ongoing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and chronic spontaneous urticaria. On the basis of its potency, selectivity, long target residence time, and noncovalent mode of inhibition, 29 has the potential to be a best-in-class Btk inhibitor for a wide range of immunological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Crawford
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Dinah L Misner
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Lisa D Belmont
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Georgette Castanedo
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Regina Choy
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Melis Coraggio
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Liming Dong
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Rebecca Erickson
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jonathan Hau
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Arna Katewa
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Pawan Bir Kohli
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Joseph W Lubach
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Daniel F Ortwine
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Leah Schutt
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Suzanne Tay
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Karin Reif
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Wendy B Young
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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20
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Brightbill HD, Suto E, Blaquiere N, Ramamoorthi N, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Gogol EB, Castanedo GM, Jackson BT, Kwon YC, Haller S, Lesch J, Bents K, Everett C, Kohli PB, Linge S, Christian L, Barrett K, Jaochico A, Berezhkovskiy LM, Fan PW, Modrusan Z, Veliz K, Townsend MJ, DeVoss J, Johnson AR, Godemann R, Lee WP, Austin CD, McKenzie BS, Hackney JA, Crawford JJ, Staben ST, Alaoui Ismaili MH, Wu LC, Ghilardi N. NF-κB inducing kinase is a therapeutic target for systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:179. [PMID: 29330524 PMCID: PMC5766581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) mediates non-canonical NF-κB signaling downstream of multiple TNF family members, including BAFF, TWEAK, CD40, and OX40, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we show that experimental lupus in NZB/W F1 mice can be treated with a highly selective and potent NIK small molecule inhibitor. Both in vitro as well as in vivo, NIK inhibition recapitulates the pharmacological effects of BAFF blockade, which is clinically efficacious in SLE. Furthermore, NIK inhibition also affects T cell parameters in the spleen and proinflammatory gene expression in the kidney, which may be attributable to inhibition of OX40 and TWEAK signaling, respectively. As a consequence, NIK inhibition results in improved survival, reduced renal pathology, and lower proteinuria scores. Collectively, our data suggest that NIK inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Nandhini Ramamoorthi
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Swathi Sujatha-Bhaskar
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Emily B Gogol
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Georgette M Castanedo
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Benjamin T Jackson
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Youngsu C Kwon
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Susan Haller
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Justin Lesch
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Karin Bents
- Evotec, Inc., Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg, 22419, Germany
| | - Christine Everett
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Pawan Bir Kohli
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Sandra Linge
- Evotec, Inc., Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg, 22419, Germany
| | - Laura Christian
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Kathy Barrett
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Allan Jaochico
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Leonid M Berezhkovskiy
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Peter W Fan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Kelli Veliz
- Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Michael J Townsend
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | | | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - James J Crawford
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Steven T Staben
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Moulay H Alaoui Ismaili
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA-94080, USA.
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21
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Dendrou CA, Cortes A, Shipman L, Evans HG, Attfield KE, Jostins L, Barber T, Kaur G, Kuttikkatte SB, Leach OA, Desel C, Faergeman SL, Cheeseman J, Neville MJ, Sawcer S, Compston A, Johnson AR, Everett C, Bell JI, Karpe F, Ultsch M, Eigenbrot C, McVean G, Fugger L. Resolving TYK2 locus genotype-to-phenotype differences in autoimmunity. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:363ra149. [PMID: 27807284 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of genetic variants have been identified, which contribute to the development of complex diseases, but determining how to elucidate their biological consequences for translation into clinical benefit is challenging. Conflicting evidence regarding the functional impact of genetic variants in the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) gene, which is differentially associated with common autoimmune diseases, currently obscures the potential of TYK2 as a therapeutic target. We aimed to resolve this conflict by performing genetic meta-analysis across disorders; subsequent molecular, cellular, in vivo, and structural functional follow-up; and epidemiological studies. Our data revealed a protective homozygous effect that defined a signaling optimum between autoimmunity and immunodeficiency and identified TYK2 as a potential drug target for certain common autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calliope A Dendrou
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Adrian Cortes
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lydia Shipman
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Hayley G Evans
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Luke Jostins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Thomas Barber
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Gurman Kaur
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Subita Balaram Kuttikkatte
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Oliver A Leach
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christiane Desel
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Soren L Faergeman
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jane Cheeseman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alastair Compston
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Structural Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine Everett
- Structural Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John I Bell
- University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DG, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Mark Ultsch
- Structural Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Structural Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Gil McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. .,Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Duncan
- Department
of Chemistry, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon 97301, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Chip Nataro
- Department
of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
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23
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Wang X, Barbosa J, Blomgren P, Bremer MC, Chen J, Crawford JJ, Deng W, Dong L, Eigenbrot C, Gallion S, Hau J, Hu H, Johnson AR, Katewa A, Kropf JE, Lee SH, Liu L, Lubach JW, Macaluso J, Maciejewski P, Mitchell SA, Ortwine DF, DiPaolo J, Reif K, Scheerens H, Schmitt A, Wong H, Xiong JM, Xu J, Zhao Z, Zhou F, Currie KS, Young WB. Discovery of Potent and Selective Tricyclic Inhibitors of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase with Improved Druglike Properties. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017. [PMID: 28626519 PMCID: PMC5467183 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
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In our continued effort to discover
and develop best-in-class Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitors
for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic
lupus erythematosus, we devised a series of novel tricyclic compounds
that improved upon the druglike properties of our previous chemical
matter. Compounds exemplified by G-744 are highly potent,
selective for Btk, metabolically stable, well tolerated, and efficacious
in an animal model of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James Barbosa
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Peter Blomgren
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Meire C. Bremer
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob Chen
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wei Deng
- ChemPartner, No. 1 Building,
998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Liming Dong
- ChemPartner, No. 1 Building,
998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steve Gallion
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Jonathon Hau
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Huiyong Hu
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Arna Katewa
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Kropf
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Seung H. Lee
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph W. Lubach
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jen Macaluso
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Pat Maciejewski
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Scott A. Mitchell
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Daniel F. Ortwine
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julie DiPaolo
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Karin Reif
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Heleen Scheerens
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron Schmitt
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jin-Ming Xiong
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Zhongdong Zhao
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- ChemPartner, No. 1 Building,
998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Kevin S. Currie
- Gilead
Sciences (formerly CGI Pharmaceuticals), 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Wendy B. Young
- Genentech, Inc., Research and
Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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24
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Erickson RI, Schutt LK, Tarrant JM, McDowell M, Liu L, Johnson AR, Lewin-Koh SC, Hedehus M, Ross J, Carano RAD, Staflin K, Zhong F, Crawford JJ, Zhong S, Reif K, Katewa A, Wong H, Young WB, Dambach DM, Misner DL. Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Small Molecule Inhibitors Induce a Distinct Pancreatic Toxicity in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:226-238. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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25
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Johnson AR, Kohli PB, Katewa A, Gogol E, Belmont LD, Choy R, Penuel E, Burton L, Eigenbrot C, Yu C, Ortwine DF, Bowman K, Franke Y, Tam C, Estevez A, Mortara K, Wu J, Li H, Lin M, Bergeron P, Crawford JJ, Young WB. Battling Btk Mutants With Noncovalent Inhibitors That Overcome Cys481 and Thr474 Mutations. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2897-2907. [PMID: 27571029 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor ibrutinib has shown impressive clinical efficacy in a range of B-cell malignancies. However, acquired resistance has emerged, and second generation therapies are now being sought. Ibrutinib is a covalent, irreversible inhibitor that modifies Cys481 in the ATP binding site of Btk and renders the enzyme inactive, thereby blocking B-cell receptor signal transduction. Not surprisingly, Cys481 is the most commonly mutated Btk residue in cases of acquired resistance to ibrutinib. Mutations at other sites, including Thr474, a gatekeeper residue, have also been detected. Herein, we describe noncovalent Btk inhibitors that differ from covalent inhibitors like ibrutinib in that they do not interact with Cys481, they potently inhibit the ibrutinib-resistant Btk C481S mutant in vitro and in cells, and they are exquisitely selective for Btk. Noncovalent inhibitors such as GNE-431 also show excellent potency against the C481R, T474I, and T474M mutants. X-ray crystallographic analysis of Btk provides insight into the unique mode of binding of these inhibitors that explains their high selectivity for Btk and their retained activity against mutant forms of Btk. This class of noncovalent Btk inhibitors may provide a treatment option to patients, especially those who have acquired resistance to ibrutinib by mutation of Cys481 or Thr474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Johnson
- Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pawan Bir Kohli
- Biochemical
and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Arna Katewa
- Discovery
Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emily Gogol
- Discovery
Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lisa D. Belmont
- Discovery
Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Regina Choy
- Discovery
Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elicia Penuel
- Biomarker
Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luciana Burton
- Biomarker
Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Yu
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel F. Ortwine
- Computational
Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Krista Bowman
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yvonne Franke
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Tam
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kyle Mortara
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - May Lin
- Protein
Chemistry and Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philippe Bergeron
- Discovery
Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Discovery
Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy B. Young
- Discovery
Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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26
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Young WB, Barbosa J, Blomgren P, Bremer MC, Crawford JJ, Dambach D, Eigenbrot C, Gallion S, Johnson AR, Kropf JE, Lee SH, Liu L, Lubach JW, Macaluso J, Maciejewski P, Mitchell SA, Ortwine DF, Di Paolo J, Reif K, Scheerens H, Schmitt A, Wang X, Wong H, Xiong JM, Xu J, Yu C, Zhao Z, Currie KS. Discovery of highly potent and selective Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Pyridazinone analogs with improved metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:575-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Fauber BP, Gobbi A, Savy P, Burton B, Deng Y, Everett C, La H, Johnson AR, Lockey P, Norman M, Wong H. Identification of N-sulfonyl-tetrahydroquinolines as RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4109-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Fauber BP, René O, Deng Y, DeVoss J, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Ganguli A, Gobbi A, Hawkins J, Johnson AR, La H, Lesch J, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Summerhill S, Wong H. Discovery of 1-{4-[3-fluoro-4-((3s,6r)-3-methyl-1,1-dioxo-6-phenyl-[1,2]thiazinan-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-ethanone (GNE-3500): a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C (RORc or RORγ) inverse agonist. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5308-22. [PMID: 26061388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C (RORc, RORγ, or NR1F3) is a nuclear receptor that plays a major role in the production of interleukin (IL)-17. Considerable efforts have been directed toward the discovery of selective RORc inverse agonists as potential treatments of inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Using the previously reported tertiary sulfonamide 1 as a starting point, we engineered structural modifications that significantly improved human and rat metabolic stabilities while maintaining a potent and highly selective RORc inverse agonist profile. The most advanced δ-sultam compound, GNE-3500 (27, 1-{4-[3-fluoro-4-((3S,6R)-3-methyl-1,1-dioxo-6-phenyl-[1,2]thiazinan-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-ethanone), possessed favorable RORc cellular potency with 75-fold selectivity for RORc over other ROR family members and >200-fold selectivity over 25 additional nuclear receptors in a cell assay panel. The favorable potency, selectivity, in vitro ADME properties, in vivo PK, and dose-dependent inhibition of IL-17 in a PK/PD model support the evaluation of 27 in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arunima Ganguli
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
| | | | - Julie Hawkins
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Peter Lockey
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
| | - Maxine Norman
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
| | | | - Susan Summerhill
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
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29
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Mayer AS, Klenner A, Johnson AR, Luke K, Lamont MRE, Okawachi Y, Lipson M, Gaeta AL, Keller U. Frequency comb offset detection using supercontinuum generation in silicon nitride waveguides. Opt Express 2015; 23:15440-15451. [PMID: 26193524 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.015440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the first direct carrier-envelope-offset (CEO) frequency detection of a modelocked laser based on supercontinuum generation (SCG) in a CMOS-compatible silicon nitride (Si(3)N(4)) waveguide. With a coherent supercontinuum spanning more than 1.5 octaves from visible to beyond telecommunication wavelengths, we achieve self-referencing of SESAM modelocked diode-pumped Yb:CALGO lasers using standard f-to-2f interferometry. We directly obtain without amplification strong CEO beat signals for both a 100-MHz and 1-GHz pulse repetition rate laser. High signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of > 25 dB and even > 30 dB have been generated with only 30 pJ and 36 pJ of coupled pulse energy from the megahertz and gigahertz laser respectively. We compare these results to self-referencing using a commercial photonic crystal fiber and find that the required peak power for CEO beat detection with a comparable SNR is lowered by more than an order of magnitude when using a Si(3)N(4) waveguide.
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30
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Fauber BP, Gobbi A, Robarge K, Zhou A, Barnard A, Cao J, Deng Y, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Ganguli A, Hawkins J, Johnson AR, La H, Norman M, Salmon G, Summerhill S, Ouyang W, Tang W, Wong H. Discovery of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines and -pyrimidines as potent and selective RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2907-12. [PMID: 26048793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ, RORc, or NR1F3) is a promising target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. RORc is a critical regulator in the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17. We discovered a series of potent and selective imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine and -pyrimidine RORc inverse agonists. The most potent compounds displayed >300-fold selectivity for RORc over the other ROR family members, PPARγ, and NRs in our cellular selectivity panel. The favorable potency, selectivity, and physiochemical properties of GNE-0946 (9) and GNE-6468 (28), in addition to their potent suppression of IL-17 production in human primary cells, support their use as chemical biology tools to further explore the role of RORc in human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kirk Robarge
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Aihe Zhou
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Adrian Barnard
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Jianhua Cao
- ChemPartner, No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuzhong Deng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Arunima Ganguli
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Julie Hawkins
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hank La
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Maxine Norman
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Gary Salmon
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Susan Summerhill
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- ChemPartner, No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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31
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René O, Fauber B, Boenig GL, Burton B, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Gobbi A, Hymowitz SG, Johnson AR, Kiefer JR, Liimatta M, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Wallweber HA, Wong H. Minor Structural Change to Tertiary Sulfonamide RORc Ligands Led to Opposite Mechanisms of Action. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:276-81. [PMID: 25815138 PMCID: PMC4360161 DOI: 10.1021/ml500420y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A minor structural change to tertiary sulfonamide RORc ligands led to distinct mechanisms of action. Co-crystal structures of two compounds revealed mechanistically consistent protein conformational changes. Optimized phenylsulfonamides were identified as RORc agonists while benzylsulfonamides exhibited potent inverse agonist activity. Compounds behaving as agonists in our biochemical assay also gave rise to an increased production of IL-17 in human PBMCs whereas inverse agonists led to significant suppression of IL-17 under the same assay conditions. The most potent inverse agonist compound showed >180-fold selectivity over the ROR isoforms as well as all other nuclear receptors that were profiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier René
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Benjamin
P. Fauber
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Brenda Burton
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Céline Eidenschenk
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Everett
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sarah G. Hymowitz
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marya Liimatta
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Lockey
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Maxine Norman
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Heidi A. Wallweber
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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32
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Olivas SJ, Arianpour A, Stamenov I, Morrison R, Stack RA, Johnson AR, Agurok IP, Ford JE. Image processing for cameras with fiber bundle image relay. Appl Opt 2015; 54:1124-1137. [PMID: 25968031 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some high-performance imaging systems generate a curved focal surface and so are incompatible with focal plane arrays fabricated by conventional silicon processing. One example is a monocentric lens, which forms a wide field-of-view high-resolution spherical image with a radius equal to the focal length. Optical fiber bundles have been used to couple between this focal surface and planar image sensors. However, such fiber-coupled imaging systems suffer from artifacts due to image sampling and incoherent light transfer by the fiber bundle as well as resampling by the focal plane, resulting in a fixed obscuration pattern. Here, we describe digital image processing techniques to improve image quality in a compact 126° field-of-view, 30 megapixel panoramic imager, where a 12 mm focal length F/1.35 lens made of concentric glass surfaces forms a spherical image surface, which is fiber-coupled to six discrete CMOS focal planes. We characterize the locally space-variant system impulse response at various stages: monocentric lens image formation onto the 2.5 μm pitch fiber bundle, image transfer by the fiber bundle, and sensing by a 1.75 μm pitch backside illuminated color focal plane. We demonstrate methods to mitigate moiré artifacts and local obscuration, correct for sphere to plane mapping distortion and vignetting, and stitch together the image data from discrete sensors into a single panorama. We compare processed images from the prototype to those taken with a 10× larger commercial camera with comparable field-of-view and light collection.
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33
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Stamenov I, Arianpour A, Olivas SJ, Agurok IP, Johnson AR, Stack RA, Morrison RL, Ford JE. Panoramic monocentric imaging using fiber-coupled focal planes. Opt Express 2014; 22:31708-31721. [PMID: 25607140 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Monocentric lenses provide high-resolution wide field of view imaging onto a hemispherical image surface, which can be coupled to conventional focal planes using fiber-bundle image transfer. We show the design and characterization of a 2-glass concentric F/1.0 lens, and describe integration of 5 Mpixel 1.75µm pitch back-side illuminated color CMOS sensors with 2.5µm pitch fiber bundles, then show the fiber-coupled lens compares favorably in both resolution and light collection to a 10x larger conventional F/4 wide angle photographic lens. We describe assembly of the monocentric lens and 6 adjacent sensors with focus optomechanics into an extremely compact 30Mpixel panoramic imager with a 126° "letterbox" format field of view.
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34
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van Niel MB, Fauber BP, Cartwright M, Gaines S, Killen JC, René O, Ward SI, de Leon Boenig G, Deng Y, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Gancia E, Ganguli A, Gobbi A, Hawkins J, Johnson AR, Kiefer JR, La H, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Qin A, Wakes N, Waszkowycz B, Wong H. A reversed sulfonamide series of selective RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5769-5776. [PMID: 25453817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a new series of RORc inverse agonists is described. Comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies of this reversed sulfonamide series identified potent RORc inverse agonists in biochemical and cellular assays which were also selective against a panel of nuclear receptors. Our work has contributed a compound that may serve as a useful in vitro tool to delineate the complex biological pathways involved in signalling through RORc. An X-ray co-crystal structure of an analogue with RORc has also provided useful insights into the binding interactions of the new series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique B van Niel
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Matthew Cartwright
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gaines
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C Killen
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier René
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stuart I Ward
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yuzhong Deng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Emanuela Gancia
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Arunima Ganguli
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Julie Hawkins
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James R Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hank La
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Peter Lockey
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Maxine Norman
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ann Qin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nicole Wakes
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Bohdan Waszkowycz
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Fauber BP, René O, de Leon Boenig G, Burton B, Deng Y, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Gobbi A, Hymowitz SG, Johnson AR, La H, Liimatta M, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Wang W, Wong H. Reduction in lipophilicity improved the solubility, plasma–protein binding, and permeability of tertiary sulfonamide RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3891-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fauber BP, Johnson AR, Bowerman S, Burton B, Colebrook A, Flynn A, Harrold G, Huhn S, Jones G, Lockey P, Norman M, René O, Wong H. Syntheses of [3H2]T0901317 and a labeled structural isomer, and characterization of the dispersed labeled compounds via19F NMR. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Bowerman
- Quotient Bioresearch; The Old Glassworks; Nettlefold Road Cardiff Wales CF24 5JQ UK
| | - Brenda Burton
- Argenta; Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow Harlow Essex CM19 5TR UK
| | - Adam Colebrook
- Quotient Bioresearch; The Old Glassworks; Nettlefold Road Cardiff Wales CF24 5JQ UK
| | - Annerley Flynn
- Quotient Bioresearch; The Old Glassworks; Nettlefold Road Cardiff Wales CF24 5JQ UK
| | - Gareth Harrold
- Quotient Bioresearch; The Old Glassworks; Nettlefold Road Cardiff Wales CF24 5JQ UK
| | - Steve Huhn
- Genentech, Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Gary Jones
- Quotient Bioresearch; The Old Glassworks; Nettlefold Road Cardiff Wales CF24 5JQ UK
| | - Peter Lockey
- Argenta; Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow Harlow Essex CM19 5TR UK
| | - Maxine Norman
- Argenta; Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow Harlow Essex CM19 5TR UK
| | - Olivier René
- Genentech, Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
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Sohn SJ, Barrett K, Van Abbema A, Chang C, Kohli PB, Kanda H, Smith J, Lai Y, Zhou A, Zhang B, Yang W, Williams K, Macleod C, Hurley CA, Kulagowski JJ, Lewin-Koh N, Dengler HS, Johnson AR, Ghilardi N, Zak M, Liang J, Blair WS, Magnuson S, Wu LC. A restricted role for TYK2 catalytic activity in human cytokine responses revealed by novel TYK2-selective inhibitors. J Immunol 2013; 191:2205-16. [PMID: 23894201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
TYK2 is a JAK family protein tyrosine kinase activated in response to multiple cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23. Extensive studies of mice that lack TYK2 expression indicate that the IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, but not the IL-6 or IL-10 pathways, are compromised. In contrast, there have been few studies of the role of TYK2 in primary human cells. A genetic mutation at the tyk2 locus that results in a lack of TYK2 protein in a single human patient has been linked to defects in the IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, suggesting a broad role for TYK2 protein in human cytokine responses. In this article, we have used a panel of novel potent TYK2 small-molecule inhibitors with varying degrees of selectivity against other JAK kinases to address the requirement for TYK2 catalytic activity in cytokine pathways in primary human cells. Our results indicate that the biological processes that require TYK2 catalytic function in humans are restricted to the IL-12 and IL-23 pathways, and suggest that inhibition of TYK2 catalytic activity may be an efficacious approach for the treatment of select autoimmune diseases without broad immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue J Sohn
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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de Leon-Boenig G, Bowman KK, Feng JA, Crawford T, Everett C, Franke Y, Oh A, Stanley M, Staben ST, Starovasnik MA, Wallweber HJA, Wu J, Wu LC, Johnson AR, Hymowitz SG. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the NF-κB inducing kinase reveals a narrow but flexible active site. Structure 2012; 20:1704-14. [PMID: 22921830 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) regulates the non-canonical NF-κB pathway downstream of important clinical targets including BAFF, RANKL, and LTβ. Despite numerous genetic studies associating dysregulation of this pathway with autoimmune diseases and hematological cancers, detailed molecular characterization of this central signaling node has been lacking. We undertook a systematic cloning and expression effort to generate soluble, well-behaved proteins encompassing the kinase domains of human and murine NIK. Structures of the apo NIK kinase domain from both species reveal an active-like conformation in the absence of phosphorylation. ATP consumption and peptide phosphorylation assays confirm that phosphorylation of NIK does not increase enzymatic activity. Structures of murine NIK bound to inhibitors possessing two different chemotypes reveal conformational flexibility in the gatekeeper residue controlling access to a hydrophobic pocket. Finally, a single amino acid difference affects the ability of some inhibitors to bind murine and human NIK with the same affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys de Leon-Boenig
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Johnson AR, Murray KE, Fogerty AC, Kennett BH, Pearson JA, Shenstone FS. The reaction of methyl sterculate and malvalate with silver nitrate-silica gel and its use as a basis for the estimation of cyclopropene fatty acids. Lipids 2012; 2:316-22. [PMID: 17805758 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1966] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When in contact with silver nitratesilica gel, methyl esters of cyclopropene fatty acids undergo ring opening to yield pairs of isomers with methylene, hydroxymethyl, or nitratomethyl side-chains at the original ring positions. Thus the main products from methyl sterculate were the methyl 9 (or 10)-methylene octadec-10 (or 8)-enoates, and, in lesser quantities, the methyl 9 (or 10)-(nitratomethyl)-octadec-9-enoates and the methyl 9 (or 10)-(hydroxymethyl)-octadec-9-enoates. Hydrogenation quantitatively converted this mixture of isomeric pairs to a mixture of methyl 9- and methyl 10-methyloctadecanoates.Chromatography on silver nitrate-silica gel, followed by gas chromatography of the hydrogenated products, has been used as the basis of a new method for estimating individual cyclopropene and cyclopropane acids in lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Johnson
- Division of Food Preservation, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ryde, N.S.W., Australia
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Allen E, Johnson AR, Fogerty AC, Pearson JA, Shenstone FS. Inhibition by cyclopropene fatty acids of the desaturation of stearic acid in hen liver. Lipids 2012; 2:419-23. [PMID: 17805703 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/1967] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the hardening of body fats of animals by dietary lipids which contain cyclopropene fatty acids has been studied. Dietary methyl sterculate increased the stearic acid content of egg yolk lipid and decreased the activity of the stearic acid desaturase system of hen liver. The cyclopropene fatty acids were specific inhibitors of the stearic acid desaturase system of hen livers since other fatty acids, including two possible metabolites of sterculic acid, failed to inhibit the system at equivalent concentrations. Sterculic acid was a more effective inhibitor of the system than malvalic acid. Kinetic studies have shown that the inhibition is irreversible. Apparent kinetic constants were determined for the system.The results support the hypotheses that cyclopropene fatty acids inactivate an essential component of the desaturase system, probably by combination with-SH groups, and that this inhibition causes many of the effects of dietary cyclopropene fatty acids, including permeability disorders of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Allen
- CSIRO Division of Food Preservation, Ryde, N.S.W., Australia
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Greenhagen RM, Johnson AR, Bevilacqua NJ. Gastrocnemius recession or tendo-achilles lengthening for equinus deformity in the diabetic foot? Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2012; 29:413-24. [PMID: 22727381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Contracture of the Achilles-gastrocnemius-soleus complex leading to ankle equinus has been linked to the development of various foot disorders. Decrease in ankle dorsiflexion results in an increase in plantar pressures and in diabetes and neuropathy, increased pressures can lead to ulceration and possibly the formation of Charcot foot. Surgical management of the equinus deformity corrects this abnormality and has the potential to avert the development of Charcot foot or ankle. Gastrocnemius recession, tendo-Achilles lengthening, and Achilles tenotomy have all been offered as surgical solutions to this condition. This article reviews ankle equinus and compares the treatment options available. A video of Hoke's triple hemisection has been included with this article and can be viewed at www.podiatric.theclinics.com.
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Jones CM, Li H, Hickman AJ, Hughs LD, Sobelman SJ, Johnson AR. Sterically encumbered chiral amino alcohols for the titanium catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of benzaldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Johnson AR, Jensen HL, Peltier G, DelaCruz E. Efficacy of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in frostbite patients and presentation of a treatment protocol for frostbite patients. Foot Ankle Spec 2011; 4:344-8. [PMID: 21965579 DOI: 10.1177/1938640011422596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Frostbite can be a devastating and even debilitating injury. Early identification and proper treatment of frostbite is critical in saving digits and limbs. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been shown to be effective in reducing the number of digits amputated after severe frostbite injury. Nothing has been presented in the podiatric literature regarding the use of tPA in treating frostbite patients for preserving toes and feet. Intravenous tPA and IV heparin were used to treat severe frostbite injuries that did not show improvement after rapid rewarming, had absent Doppler pulses in the distal limb or digits, showed limited or no perfusion by Tc-99 3-phase bone scan, and had no contraindications to use of tPA. All 11 patients included in this study were treated at Hennepin County Medical Center between 2008 and 2010. A total of 73 digits (upper and lower extremity) were considered at risk for amputation after evaluation with Tc-99 bone scan. Of those digits that were affected, 43 were amputated. Intravenous tPA is a safe and effective treatment to reduce the number of digital amputations after severe frostbite injury. The authors' protocol for treating severe frostbite includes the use of tPA. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Johnson
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Hansen MC, Heusser CA, Narayan TC, Fong KE, Hara N, Kohn AW, Venning AR, Rheingold AL, Johnson AR. Asymmetric Catalytic Intramolecular Hydroamination of Aminoallenes by Tantalum Amidoalkoxide Complexes. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200446v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Heusser
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Tarun C. Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kristine E. Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Nagiko Hara
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Alexander W. Kohn
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Alexander R. Venning
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
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Wertz IE, Kusam S, Lam C, Okamoto T, Sandoval W, Anderson DJ, Helgason E, Ernst JA, Eby M, Liu J, Belmont LD, Kaminker JS, O’Rourke KM, Pujara K, Kohli PB, Johnson AR, Chiu ML, Lill JR, Jackson PK, Fairbrother WJ, Seshagiri S, Ludlam MJC, Leong KG, Dueber EC, Maecker H, Huang DCS, Dixit VM. Erratum: Sensitivity to antitubulin chemotherapeutics is regulated by MCL1 and FBW7. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jamieson ER, Eppley HJ, Geselbracht MJ, Johnson AR, Reisner BA, Smith SR, Stewart JL, Watson LA, Williams BS. Inorganic Chemistry and IONiC: An Online Community Bringing Cutting-Edge Research into the Classroom. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:5849-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - Hilary J. Eppley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana 46135, United States
| | | | - Adam R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Barbara A. Reisner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - Sheila R. Smith
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Michigan—Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Joanne L. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49422, United States
| | - Lori A. Watson
- Department of Chemistry, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, United States
| | - B. Scott Williams
- Joint Science Department of the Claremont Colleges, Claremont, California 91711, United States
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DelaCruz EL, Johnson AR, Clair BL. First metatarsophalangeal joint interpositional arthroplasty using a meniscus allograft for the treatment of advanced hallux rigidus: surgical technique and short-term results. Foot Ankle Spec 2011; 4:157-64. [PMID: 21490178 DOI: 10.1177/1938640011402821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hallux rigidus is a progressive disorder of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The disorder is characterized by a loss of range of motion, degenerative changes, and pain within the joint. In later stages of the disease, the surgical procedure of choice is arthrodesis of the joint. Recently, salvage procedures of the first MTP joint using soft tissue interposition has gained popularity. In this retrospective review of 12 patients (13 total procedures) who had late-stage hallux rigidus, we evaluated the effectiveness of a newly proposed salvage procedure using a cadaver meniscus allograft for interposition. First MTP joint dorsiflexion improved from 15.77° (range, 5° -30°) preoperatively to 47.77° (range, 40° -57°; P < .0001). AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) scores improved from 52.54 points (range, 35-69 points) preoperatively to 90.01 points (range, 82-95 points; P < .0001), with all patients showing improvement. The mean length of follow-up for this study was 16.46 months (range, 5-26 months) with no complications being recorded. The results show that cadaver meniscus allograft interposition is a viable procedure for end-stage hallux rigidus. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE therapeutic, level III: retrospective review.
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Abstract
The treatment of ankle fractures in the presence of diabetes mellitus can be difficult because of a higher complication rate with this subset of the population. When peripheral neuropathy is present at the time of trauma, there is an increased risk of developing Charcot arthropathy, a limb-threatening complication that often creates breakdown, instability, and chronic ulceration of the limb. The authors present a case report of a diabetic patient who sustained an unstable ankle fracture with subsequent neuroarthropathic event that required multiple surgical procedures for salvage of the limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Johnson
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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49
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Chapin BM, Hughs LD, Golen JA, Rheingold AL, Johnson AR. Chlorido(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)bis(dimethylamido)titanium, [TiCl(eta5-C5H5)(NMe2)2]. Acta Crystallogr C 2010; 66:m191-3. [PMID: 20603554 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270110023176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title complex, [Ti(C(5)H(5))(C(2)H(6)N)(2)Cl], exhibits two nearly planar dimethylamide groups oriented approximately perpendicular to each other. The Ti-->cyclopentadienyl centroid vector lies nearly in the plane of one of the dimethylamide groups. Long-range contacts between Ti-Cl and cyclopentadienyl H-C groups give rise to geometric ordering in the extended solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brette M Chapin
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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Hannaford-Turner K, Elder D, Sim MR, Abramson MJ, Johnson AR, Yates DH. Surveillance of Australian workplace Based Respiratory Events (SABRE) in New South Wales. Occup Med (Lond) 2010; 60:376-82. [PMID: 20308261 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqq011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Surveillance of Australian workplace Based Respiratory Events (SABRE) New South Wales (NSW) scheme is a voluntary notification scheme established to determine the incidence of occupational lung diseases in NSW Australia. AIMS Data presented in this paper summarize the last 7 years of reporting to SABRE (June 2001 to December 2008). METHODS Every 2 months, participating occupational physicians, respiratory physicians and general practitioners (accredited by the NSW WorkCover Authority) reported new cases of occupational lung disease seen in their practices. Data collected include gender, age, causal agent and the occupations and industries believed responsible. Estimated incidence was calculated for each disease. RESULTS Three thousand six hundred and fifty-four cases were notified to the scheme, consisting of 3856 diagnoses. Most of the cases were males (76%). Pleural plaques [1218 (28%)] were the most frequently reported condition, followed by mesothelioma [919 (24%)]. Silicosis [90 (2%)] and occupational asthma [OA; 89 (2%)] were the most frequently reported non-asbestos-related diseases. Estimated rates for mesothelioma, diffuse pleural thickening (DPT) and OA were 83, 83 and 5 cases per million employed males per year, respectively. Trades such as carpenters and electricians associated with the building industry, electricity supply and asbestos product manufacture were the most common occupations and industries reported. CONCLUSIONS Asbestos-related diseases are the most frequently reported conditions to SABRE NSW. The very low incidence of OA for NSW most likely reflects under-diagnosis as well as under-reporting. Occupational lung disease is still occurring in NSW despite current preventative strategies. The SABRE scheme currently provides the only available information in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hannaford-Turner
- Workers' Compensation (Dust Diseases) Board Education & Research Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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