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Julian C, Pal N, Gershon A, Evangelista M, Purkey H, Lambert P, Shi Z, Zhang Q. Overall survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with KRAS G12C mutation with or without STK11 and/or KEAP1 mutations in a real-world setting. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:352. [PMID: 37069542 PMCID: PMC10108521 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS mutations occur frequently in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC); the G12C mutation is the most prevalent. Alterations in STK11 or KEAP1 commonly co-occur with KRAS mutations in aNSCLC. Using real-world data, we assessed the effect of KRAS G12C mutation with or without STK11 and/or KEAP1 mutations on overall survival (OS) in patients with aNSCLC receiving cancer immunotherapy (CIT), chemotherapy, or both in first line (1L) and second line (2L). METHODS Patients diagnosed with aNSCLC between January 2011 and March 2020 in a clinico-genomic database were included. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for left truncation, baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were used to analyze the effect of STK11 and/or KEAP1 co-mutational status on OS in patients with KRAS wild-type (WT) or G12C mutation. RESULTS Of 2715 patients with aNSCLC without other actionable driver mutations, 1344 (49.5%) had KRAS WT cancer, and 454 (16.7%) had KRAS G12C-positive cancer. At 1L treatment start, significantly more patients with KRAS G12C-positive cancer were female, smokers, and had non-squamous histology, a higher prevalence of metastasis and programmed death-ligand 1 positivity than those with KRAS WT cancer. Median OS was comparable between patients with KRAS G12C-positive and KRAS WT cancer when receiving chemotherapy or combination CIT and chemotherapy in the 1L or 2L. Median OS was numerically longer in patients with KRAS G12C vs KRAS WT cancer treated with 1L CIT (30.2 vs 10.6 months, respectively) or 2L CIT (11.3 vs 7.6 months, respectively). Co-mutation of STK11 and KEAP1 was associated with significantly shorter OS in patients receiving any type of 1L therapy, regardless of KRAS G12C mutational status. CONCLUSIONS This real-world study showed that patients with KRAS G12C-positive or KRAS WT cancer have similar OS in the 1L or 2L when treated with chemotherapy or combination CIT and chemotherapy. In contrast to aNSCLC patients with EGFR or ALK driver mutations, patients with KRAS G12C-positive cancer may benefit from CIT monotherapy. Co-mutation of STK11 and KEAP1 was associated with significantly shorter survival, independent of KRAS G12C mutational status, reflecting the poor prognosis and high unmet need in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Julian
- 1 DNA Way, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Navdeep Pal
- 1 DNA Way, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Anda Gershon
- 1 DNA Way, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Hans Purkey
- 1 DNA Way, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Peter Lambert
- 1 DNA Way, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Zhen Shi
- 1 DNA Way, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Qing Zhang
- 1 DNA Way, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract
Mutations in KRAS are the most common oncogenic driver mutations in human cancers. The KRAS G12C mutation is one of the most prevalent KRAS mutations, present in approximately 12% of non-small cell lung cancer, 4% of colorectal cancer, and up to 4% of other cancer types. The recent discovery and development of covalent KRAS G12C inhibitors provides an opportunity to inhibit what has historically been considered to be an “undruggable” target. GDC-6036 is an orally bioavailable, highly potent and selective KRAS G12C inhibitor, with a median IC50 in the sub-nanomolar range and greater than 18,000-fold selectivity for G12C versus non-G12C cell lines. GDC-6036 demonstrates greater potency and selectivity compared with other KRAS G12C inhibitors in vitro, and complete tumor growth inhibition in multiple KRAS G12C-positive cell lines and in xenograft mouse models. We will highlight the research program that led to the discovery and optimization of GDC-6036, which is currently in clinical development.
Citation Format: Hans Purkey. Discovery of GDC-6036, a clinical stage treatment for KRAS G12C-positive cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr ND11.
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Nguyen L, Edgar K, Song K, Schmidt S, Schutz V, Ishisoko N, Torres E, Das A, Murali D, Sideris S, Wendorff T, Saabye M, Purkey H, Sudhamsu J, Staben S, Hanan E, Hatzivassiliou G, Friedman L, Endres NF. Abstract PR03: Selective degradation of mutant PIK3CA promotes increased mutant specificity in a subset of PI3K ATP-competitive inhibitors. Mol Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.pi3k-mtor18-pr03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activating mutations in PIK3CA are among the most significant oncogenic events across all cancers, making it an important target for drug development. Yet the application of PI3K inhibitors in the clinic has been limited by the difficulty of achieving an adequate therapeutic window, due to the critical role that PI3K signaling plays in normal physiologic processes, such as glucose homeostasis. In theory, the therapeutic window could be improved if it were possible to design mutant selective inhibitors, as has been demonstrated with other oncogenes such as EGFR. However, unlike EGFR, the most predominant PIK3CA activating mutations do not reside in the kinase active site, presenting a major challenge for rational structure-based design. Nevertheless, it was recently shown that the PI3K inhibitor taselisib is able to achieve modest levels of mutant selectivity both across cancer lines as well as in cell lines that were engineered to express mutant or wild-type PIK3CA. Taselisib was also shown to selectively induce degradation of mutant versus wild-type PIK3CA, leading to the speculation that this degradation may be responsible for the observed selectivity. In order to better understand the origins of mutant selectivity for taselisib and several other PIK3CA inhibitors, we assessed these inhibitors in a variety of biophysical and biochemical assays under conditions designed to mimic physiologic settings. In parallel, we also investigated the mechanistic basis of this selectivity in our engineered cell lines. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that selective degradation of mutant PIK3CA is the predominant mechanism underlying mutant selectivity for this class of PIK3CA active site inhibitors.
This abstract is also being presented as Poster B03.
Citation Format: Lan Nguyen, Kyle Edgar, Kyung Song, Stephen Schmidt, Victorai Schutz, Noriko Ishisoko, Eric Torres, Akash Das, Divya Murali, Steve Sideris, Timothy Wendorff, Matt Saabye, Hans Purkey, Jawahar Sudhamsu, Steven Staben, Emily Hanan, Georgia Hatzivassiliou, Lori Friedman, Nicholas F. Endres. Selective degradation of mutant PIK3CA promotes increased mutant specificity in a subset of PI3K ATP-competitive inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting PI3K/mTOR Signaling; 2018 Nov 30-Dec 8; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(10_Suppl):Abstract nr PR03.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akash Das
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA,
| | | | | | | | - Matt Saabye
- 2Confluence Discovery Technologies, St. Louis, MO
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Crawford JJ, Lee W, Johnson AR, Delatorre KJ, Chen J, Eigenbrot C, Heidmann J, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Katewa A, Kiefer JR, Liu L, Lubach JW, Misner D, Purkey H, Reif K, Vogt J, Wong H, Yu C, Young WB. Stereochemical Differences in Fluorocyclopropyl Amides Enable Tuning of Btk Inhibition and Off-Target Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1588-1597. [PMID: 32832028 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is thought to play a pathogenic role in chronic immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. While covalent, irreversible Btk inhibitors are approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies, they are not approved for autoimmune indications. In efforts to develop additional series of reversible Btk inhibitors for chronic immune diseases, we sought to differentiate from our clinical stage inhibitor fenebrutinib using cyclopropyl amide isosteres of the 2-aminopyridyl group to occupy the flat, lipophilic H2 pocket. While drug-like properties were retained-and in some cases improved-a safety liability in the form of hERG inhibition was observed. When a fluorocyclopropyl amide was incorporated, Btk and off-target activity was found to be stereodependent and a lead compound was identified in the form of the (R,R)- stereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly J. Delatorre
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Heidmann
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Arna Katewa
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph W. Lubach
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dinah Misner
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Purkey
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karin Reif
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jennifer Vogt
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy B. Young
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Bronner SM, Merrick KA, Murray J, Salphati L, Moffat JG, Pang J, Sneeringer CJ, Dompe N, Cyr P, Purkey H, Boenig GDL, Li J, Kolesnikov A, Larouche-Gauthier R, Lai KW, Shen X, Aubert-Nicol S, Chen YC, Cheong J, Crawford JJ, Hafner M, Haghshenas P, Jakalian A, Leclerc JP, Lim NK, O'Brien T, Plise EG, Shalan H, Sturino C, Wai J, Xiao Y, Yin J, Zhao L, Gould S, Olivero A, Heffron TP. Design of a brain-penetrant CDK4/6 inhibitor for glioblastoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2294-2301. [PMID: 31307887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CDK4 and CDK6 are kinases with similar sequences that regulate cell cycle progression and are validated targets in the treatment of cancer. Glioblastoma is characterized by a high frequency of CDKN2A/CCND2/CDK4/CDK6 pathway dysregulation, making dual inhibition of CDK4 and CDK6 an attractive therapeutic approach for this disease. Abemaciclib, ribociclib, and palbociclib are approved CDK4/6 inhibitors for the treatment of HR+/HER2- breast cancer, but these drugs are not expected to show strong activity in brain tumors due to poor blood brain barrier penetration. Herein, we report the identification of a brain-penetrant CDK4/6 inhibitor derived from a literature molecule with low molecular weight and topological polar surface area (MW = 285 and TPSA = 66 Å2), but lacking the CDK2/1 selectivity profile due to the absence of a basic amine. Removal of a hydrogen bond donor via cyclization of the pyrazole allowed for the introduction of basic and semi-basic amines, while maintaining in many cases efflux ratios reasonable for a CNS program. Ultimately, a basic spiroazetidine (cpKa = 8.8) was identified that afforded acceptable selectivity over anti-target CDK1 while maintaining brain-penetration in vivo (mouse Kp,uu = 0.20-0.59). To probe the potency and selectivity, our lead compound was evaluated in a panel of glioblastoma cell lines. Potency comparable to abemaciclib was observed in Rb-wild type lines U87MG, DBTRG-05MG, A172, and T98G, while Rb-deficient cell lines SF539 and M059J exhibited a lack of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Bronner
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| | - Karl A Merrick
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Jeremy Murray
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - John G Moffat
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Jodie Pang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | | | - Nicholas Dompe
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Patrick Cyr
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Hans Purkey
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | | | - Jun Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Kwong Wah Lai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - James J Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Marc Hafner
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Pouyan Haghshenas
- Paraza Pharma, Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Araz Jakalian
- Paraza Pharma, Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Tom O'Brien
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Emile G Plise
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Hadil Shalan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Paraza Pharma, Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Jianping Yin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Liang Zhao
- Paraza Pharma, Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Stephen Gould
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Alan Olivero
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Timothy P Heffron
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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Ladi E, Everett C, Daniels B, Huestis M, Dere E, Gause H, Dirk M, Rajapaksa K, Staben S, Purkey H, Eidenschenk C, Siu M, Pappu R. Immune cells avoid death from immunoproteasome inhibitors by switching to conventional proteasome. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.175.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The pan-proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has demonstrated sustained clinical efficacy in off label trials in SLE patients by depleting pathogenic immune cells including highly secretory plasmablasts and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. But bortezomib also effects non-immune cells including neurons which raises significant safety concerns thus limiting the feasibility of pan-proteasome inhibitors as a treatment for autoimmune disease. As an alternative, targeting the immune cell specific immunoproteasome has been proposed as a promising therapy to deplete pathogenic immune cells while avoiding toxicity issues. Using highly specific immunoproteasome inhibitors, we show that this strategy does not lead to immune cell death as anticipated. We generated a large panel of small molecule inhibitors with varying specificity to the β5 subunit of the conventional and immuno- proteasome, and found that effects on viability of plasmablasts and pDCs correlate with the inhibition of the conventional proteasome, not the immunoproteasome. Our data indicates that the immune cells upregulate the conventional proteasomal subunits and prevent the accumulation of ubiquitinated protein. Widely used immunoproteasome inhibitors also block the conventional proteasome which, our data would indicate, is key to their ability to deplete immune cells.
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Heald R, Bowman KK, Bryan MC, Burdick D, Chan B, Chan E, Chen Y, Clausen S, Dominguez-Fernandez B, Eigenbrot C, Elliott R, Hanan EJ, Jackson P, Knight J, La H, Lainchbury M, Malek S, Mann S, Merchant M, Mortara K, Purkey H, Schaefer G, Schmidt S, Seward E, Sideris S, Shao L, Wang S, Yeap K, Yen I, Yu C, Heffron TP. Correction to Noncovalent Mutant Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors: A Lead Optimization Case Study. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2848. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Heald R, Bowman KK, Bryan MC, Burdick D, Chan B, Chan E, Chen Y, Clausen S, Dominguez-Fernandez B, Eigenbrot C, Elliott R, Hanan EJ, Jackson P, Knight J, La H, Lainchbury M, Malek S, Mann S, Merchant M, Mortara K, Purkey H, Schaefer G, Schmidt S, Seward E, Sideris S, Shao L, Wang S, Yeap K, Yen I, Yu C, Heffron TP. Noncovalent Mutant Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors: A Lead Optimization Case Study. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8877-95. [PMID: 26455919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because of their increased activity against activating mutants, first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors have had remarkable success in treating non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but acquired resistance, through a secondary mutation of the gatekeeper residue, means that clinical responses only last for 8-14 months. Addressing this unmet medical need requires agents that can target both of the most common double mutants: T790M/L858R (TMLR) and T790M/del(746-750) (TMdel). Herein we describe how a noncovalent double mutant selective lead compound was optimized using a strategy focused on the structure-guided increase in potency without added lipophilicity or reduction of three-dimensional character. Following successive rounds of design and synthesis it was discovered that cis-fluoro substitution on 4-hydroxy- and 4-methoxypiperidinyl groups provided synergistic, substantial, and specific potency gain through direct interaction with the enzyme and/or effects on the proximal ligand oxygen atom. Further development of the fluorohydroxypiperidine series resulted in the identification of a pair of diastereomers that showed 50-fold enzyme and cell based selectivity for T790M mutants over wild-type EGFR (wtEGFR) in vitro and pathway knock-down in an in vivo xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Heald
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Belen Dominguez-Fernandez
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard Elliott
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip Jackson
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Knight
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Lainchbury
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sam Mann
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eileen Seward
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kuen Yeap
- Argenta, Early Discovery Charles River , 7/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
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Boudreau A, Peterson D, Moffat J, Liu B, Kwong M, Gao M, Purkey H, O'Brien T, Hatzivassiliou G, Daemen A, Evangelista M. Abstract 1423: Resistance to LDHA inhibitors requires signaling through the AMPK/mTOR/S6K pathway leading to increased oxidative phosphorylation. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lactate Dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is an attractive candidate for targeting glycolysis-addicted tumors. However, due to the inherent plasticity of metabolic networks in cells, there is concern that the benefit of targeting LDHA may be transient and that resistance will quickly emerge. To identify predictive features of LHDA inhibitor sensitivity and to understand how cells adapt to long-term LHDA inhibition, we screened a large panel (∼500) of tumor cell lines with GNE-140, a newly developed LHDA inhibitor. We found that approximately 15% of lines were inherently sensitive to the LDHA inhibitor, with sensitivity correlating with increased expression of glycolysis genes and inversely correlating with expression of oxidative phosphorylation genes. Despite the metabolic plasticity of cells, the timing of acquired resistance to LDHA inhibitors was comparable with other targeted agents. Under long-term LDHAi treatment, glycolytic cells acquired resistance by increased oxidative phosporylation (OX-PHOS) in a mechanism dependent on the AMPK stress response pathway; targeting either AMPK, downstream kinases, or OX-PHOS using tool compounds synergized with and prevented acquired resistance to GNE-140. Taken together, our data suggests that targeting anaerobic glycolysis may benefit a subset of patients across indications and that combinations with agents that block AMPK signaling or the mitochondria will be effective at delaying tumor relapse.
Citation Format: Aaron Boudreau, David Peterson, John Moffat, Bonnie Liu, Mandy Kwong, Min Gao, Hans Purkey, Thomas O'Brien, Georgia Hatzivassiliou, Anneleen Daemen, Marie Evangelista. Resistance to LDHA inhibitors requires signaling through the AMPK/mTOR/S6K pathway leading to increased oxidative phosphorylation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1423. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1423
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bonnie Liu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Min Gao
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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O'Brien T, Purkey H, Hitz A, Peterson D, Boudreau A, Delnagro C, Kwong M, Hong R, Gao M, Pang J, Vanderbilt A, Williams S, Salphati L, Sampath D, Hatzivassiliou G, Evangelista M. Abstract 964: Inhibiting glycolysis with an LDHA inhibitor: A new solution to an old problem. Mol Cell Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hunt KW, Cook AW, Watts RJ, Clark CT, Vigers G, Smith D, Metcalf AT, Gunawardana IW, Burkard M, Cox AA, Geck Do MK, Dutcher D, Thomas AA, Rana S, Kallan NC, DeLisle RK, Rizzi JP, Regal K, Sammond D, Groneberg R, Siu M, Purkey H, Lyssikatos JP, Marlow A, Liu X, Tang TP. Spirocyclic β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors: from hit to lowering of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid β in a higher species. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3379-403. [PMID: 23537249 DOI: 10.1021/jm4002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the brain deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ), a peptide of 36-43 amino acids that is likely a primary driver of neurodegeneration. Aβ is produced by the sequential cleavage of APP by BACE1 and γ-secretase; therefore, inhibition of BACE1 represents an attractive therapeutic target to slow or prevent Alzheimer's disease. Herein we describe BACE1 inhibitors with limited molecular flexibility and molecular weight that decrease CSF Aβ in vivo, despite efflux. Starting with spirocycle 1a, we explore structure-activity relationships of core changes, P3 moieties, and Asp binding functional groups in order to optimize BACE1 affinity, cathepsin D selectivity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Using wild type guinea pig and rat, we demonstrate a PK/PD relationship between free drug concentrations in the brain and CSF Aβ lowering. Optimization of brain exposure led to the discovery of (R)-50 which reduced CSF Aβ in rodents and in monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Hunt
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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Long DD, Frieman B, Hegde SS, Hill CM, Jiang L, Kintz S, Marquess DG, Purkey H, Shaw JP, Steinfeld T, Wilson MS, Wrench K. A multivalent approach towards linked dual-pharmacology prostaglandin F receptor agonist/carbonic anhydrase-II inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:939-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Peterson SA, Klabunde T, Lashuel HA, Purkey H, Sacchettini JC, Kelly JW. Inhibiting transthyretin conformational changes that lead to amyloid fibril formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12956-60. [PMID: 9789022 PMCID: PMC23669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insoluble protein fibrils resulting from the self-assembly of a conformational intermediate are implicated as the causative agent in several severe human amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and senile systemic amyloidosis. The latter two diseases are associated with transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils, which appear to form in the acidic partial denaturing environment of the lysosome. Here we demonstrate that flufenamic acid (Flu) inhibits the conformational changes of TTR associated with amyloid fibril formation. The crystal structure of TTR complexed with Flu demonstrates that Flu mediates intersubunit hydrophobic interactions and intersubunit hydrogen bonds that stabilize the normal tetrameric fold of TTR. A small-molecule inhibitor that stabilizes the normal conformation of a protein is desirable as a possible approach to treat amyloid diseases. Molecules such as Flu also provide the means to rigorously test the amyloid hypothesis, i.e., the apparent causative role of amyloid fibrils in amyloid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road MB 12, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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