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Haghikia A, Hegelmaier T, Wolleschak D, Böttcher M, Desel C, Borie D, Motte J, Schett G, Schroers R, Gold R, Mougiakakos D. Anti-CD19 CAR T cells for refractory myasthenia gravis. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:1104-1105. [PMID: 37977704 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hegelmaier
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Denise Wolleschak
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Christiane Desel
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | | | - Jeremias Motte
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Rheumatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Schroers
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
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2
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Al-Nosairy KO, Duscha A, Buhr H, Lipp A, Desel C, Hegelmaier T, Thieme H, Haghikia A, Hoffmann MB. Functional and structural readouts for early detection of retinal involvement in multiple sclerosis. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1158148. [PMID: 37138797 PMCID: PMC10150010 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1158148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The retina, a window into the brain, allows for the investigation of many disease-associated inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease targeting the CNS, typically impacts on the visual system including the retina. Hence, we aimed to establish innovative functional retinal measures of MS-related damage, e.g., spatially resolved non-invasive retinal electrophysiology, backed by established morphological retinal imaging markers, i.e., optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods 20 healthy controls (HC) and 37 people with MS [17 without history of optic neuritis (NON) and 20 with (HON) history of optic neuritis] were included. In this work, we differentially assessed photoreceptor/bipolar cells (distal retina) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC, proximal retina) function besides structural assessment (OCT). We compared two multifocal electroretinography-based approaches, i.e., the multifocal pattern electroretinogram (mfPERG) and the multifocal electroretinogram to record photopic negative response (mfERG PhNR ). Structural assessment utilized peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) and macular scans to calculate outer nuclear thickness (ONL) and macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thickness (GCIPL). One eye was randomly selected per subject. Results In NON, photoreceptor/bipolar cell layer had dysfunctional responses evidenced by reduced mfERG PhNR -N1 peak time of the summed response, but preserved structural integrity. Further, both NON and HON demonstrated abnormal RGC responses as evidenced by the photopic negative response of mfERG PhNR (mfPhNR) and mfPERG indices (P < 0.05). Structurally, only HON had thinned retina at the level of RGCs in the macula (GCIPL, P < 0.01) and the peripapillary area (pRNFL, P < 0.01). All three modalities showed good performance to differentiate MS-related damage from HC, 71-81% area under curve. Conclusion In conclusion, while structural damage was evident mainly for HON, functional measures were the only retinal read-outs of MS-related retinal damage that were independent of optic neuritis, observed for NON. These results indicate retinal MS-related inflammatory processes in the retina prior to optic neuritis. They highlight the importance of retinal electrophysiology in MS diagnostics and its potential as a sensitive biomarker for follow-up in innovative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoon O. Al-Nosairy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Khaldoon O. Al-Nosairy,
| | - Alexander Duscha
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Buhr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Lipp
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Desel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hegelmaier
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Thieme
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael B. Hoffmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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3
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Duscha A, Hegelmaier T, Dürholz K, Desel C, Gold R, Zaiss MM, Haghikia A. Propionic acid beneficially modifies osteoporosis biomarkers in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864221103935. [PMID: 35755968 PMCID: PMC9218497 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of the gut and its microbiota are increasingly appreciated in health and disease. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are among the main metabolites synthesized from bacterial fermentation. Recently, we showed the anti-inflammatory and potentially neuroprotective effect of propionic acid (PA) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Osteoporosis is one of the most common co-morbidities for MS patients with limited therapeutic options available. Osteoporosis is closely linked to an imbalance of cells of the immune system and an immune-mediated impact on bone structure via the gut has been shown. Interestingly, intake of SCFA leads to bone mass increase and concomitant reduction of inflammation-induced bone loss in mice. Objective To determine the impact of PA supplementation on markers of bone metabolism in MS patients. Methods We investigated the influence of 14 days supplementation with PA on bone metabolism in 20 MS patients. To this end, β-CrossLaps and osteocalcin, established markers of bone metabolism, were measured in serum before and after PA intake and correlated with phenotypic and functional immunodata. Results Supplementation with PA induced a significant increase in serum levels of osteocalcin, a surrogate marker for bone formation. Levels of β-CrossLaps, a marker for bone resorption, were significantly decreased after therapy. Regulatory T-cell (Treg) numbers and suppressive capacity positively correlated with serum levels of osteocalcin while Th17 cell numbers showed an inverse correlation. Our findings are in line with animal studies showing that SCFA induced increased bone formation and reduced bone resorption. Conclusion In addition to its immune regulatory, disease-modifying effect on MS disease course, supplementation with PA beneficially influences serum levels of β-CrossLaps and osteocalcin and may thus also protect against osteoporosis, a common co-morbidity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Duscha
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg A.ö.R., Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hegelmaier
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg A.ö.R., Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Dürholz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinik Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Desel
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg A.ö.R., Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinik Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Chair and Head of Department, Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg A.ö.R., Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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4
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Desel C, Murray PJ, Lehmann CHK, Heger L, Christensen D, Andersen P, Mack M, Dudziak D, Lang R. Monocytes Elicit a Neutrophil-Independent Th1/Th17 Response Upon Immunization With a Mincle-Dependent Glycolipid Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880474. [PMID: 35585969 PMCID: PMC9108773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful subunit vaccination with recombinant proteins requires adjuvants. The glycolipid trehalose-dibehenate (TDB), a synthetic analog of the mycobacterial cord factor, potently induces Th1 and Th17 immune responses and is a candidate adjuvant for human immunization. TDB binds to the C-type lectin receptor Mincle and triggers Syk-Card9-dependent APC activation. In addition, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor/MyD88-dependent signaling is required for TDB adjuvanticity. The role of different innate immune cell types in adjuvant-stimulated Th1/Th17 responses is not well characterized. We investigated cell recruitment to the site of injection (SOI) and to the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) after immunization with the TDB containing adjuvant CAF01 in a protein-based vaccine. Recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the SOI and the dramatic increase in lymph node cellularity was partially dependent on both Mincle and MyD88. Despite their large numbers at the SOI, neutrophils were dispensable for the induction of Th1/Th17 responses. In contrast, CCR2-dependent monocyte recruitment was essential for the induction of Th1/Th17 cells. Transport of adjuvant to the dLN did not require Mincle, MyD88, or CCR2. Together, adjuvanticity conferred by monocytes can be separated at the cellular level from potential tissue damage by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Desel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christiane Desel, ; Roland Lang,
| | - Peter J. Murray
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Christian H. K. Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christiane Desel, ; Roland Lang,
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5
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Faergeman SL, Evans H, Attfield KE, Desel C, Kuttikkatte SB, Sommerlund M, Jensen LT, Frokiaer J, Friese MA, Matthews PM, Luchtenborg C, Brügger B, Oturai AB, Dendrou CA, Fugger L. A novel neurodegenerative spectrum disorder in patients with MLKL deficiency. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:303. [PMID: 32358523 PMCID: PMC7195448 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is the main executor of necroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death. Necroptosis is implicated in combating infections, but also in contributing to numerous other clinical conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Inhibition of necroptosis is therefore of therapeutic interest. Here we report two siblings both of whom over the course of 35 years developed a similar progressive, neurodegenerative spectrum disorder characterized by paresis, ataxia and dysarthria. Magnetic resonance imaging of their central nervous system (CNS) revealed severe global cerebral volume loss and atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem. These brothers are homozygous for a rare haplotype identified by whole genome sequencing carrying a frameshift variant in MLKL, as well as an in-frame deletion of one amino acid in the adjacent fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) gene. Functional studies of patient-derived primary cells demonstrated that the variant in MLKL leads to a deficiency of MLKL protein resulting in impairment of necroptosis. Conversely, shotgun lipidomic analysis of the variant in FA2H shows no impact on either the abundance or the enzymatic activity of the encoded hydroxylase. To our knowledge, this is the first report of complete necroptosis deficiency in humans. The findings may suggest that impaired necroptosis is a novel mechanism of neurodegeneration, promoting a disorder that shares some clinical features with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, the necroptotic deficiency does not cause symptoms outside the nervous system, nor does it confer susceptibility to infections. Given the current interest in pharmacological inhibition of necroptosis by targeting MLKL and its associated pathways, this strategy should be developed with caution, with careful consideration of the possible development of adverse neurological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren L Faergeman
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Hayley Evans
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christiane Desel
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Subita Balaram Kuttikkatte
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Lise Torp Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Jorgen Frokiaer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Annette Bang Oturai
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Calliope A Dendrou
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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6
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Dendrou CA, Cortes A, Shipman L, Evans HG, Attfield KE, Jostins L, Barber T, Kaur G, Kuttikkatte SB, Leach OA, Desel C, Faergeman SL, Cheeseman J, Neville MJ, Sawcer S, Compston A, Johnson AR, Everett C, Bell JI, Karpe F, Ultsch M, Eigenbrot C, McVean G, Fugger L. Resolving TYK2 locus genotype-to-phenotype differences in autoimmunity. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:363ra149. [PMID: 27807284 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of genetic variants have been identified, which contribute to the development of complex diseases, but determining how to elucidate their biological consequences for translation into clinical benefit is challenging. Conflicting evidence regarding the functional impact of genetic variants in the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) gene, which is differentially associated with common autoimmune diseases, currently obscures the potential of TYK2 as a therapeutic target. We aimed to resolve this conflict by performing genetic meta-analysis across disorders; subsequent molecular, cellular, in vivo, and structural functional follow-up; and epidemiological studies. Our data revealed a protective homozygous effect that defined a signaling optimum between autoimmunity and immunodeficiency and identified TYK2 as a potential drug target for certain common autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calliope A Dendrou
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Adrian Cortes
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lydia Shipman
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Hayley G Evans
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Luke Jostins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Thomas Barber
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Gurman Kaur
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Subita Balaram Kuttikkatte
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Oliver A Leach
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christiane Desel
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Soren L Faergeman
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jane Cheeseman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alastair Compston
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Structural Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine Everett
- Structural Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John I Bell
- University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DG, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Mark Ultsch
- Structural Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Structural Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Gil McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. .,Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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7
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Niemiec MJ, Grumaz C, Ermert D, Desel C, Shankar M, Lopes JP, Mills IG, Stevens P, Sohn K, Urban CF. Correction to: Dual transcriptome of the immediate neutrophil and Candida albicans interplay. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:863. [PMID: 29132295 PMCID: PMC5682864 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Niemiec
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Present Address: Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany & Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Grumaz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Ermert
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Present Address: Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christiane Desel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Present Address: The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Madhu Shankar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - José Pedro Lopes
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Center of Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,PCUK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Philip Stevens
- University of Stuttgart IGVP, Stuttgart, Germany.,Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai Sohn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Constantin F Urban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.
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8
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Niemiec MJ, Grumaz C, Ermert D, Desel C, Shankar M, Lopes JP, Mills IG, Stevens P, Sohn K, Urban CF. Dual transcriptome of the immediate neutrophil and Candida albicans interplay. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:696. [PMID: 28874114 PMCID: PMC5585943 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils are traditionally considered transcriptionally inactive. Compared to other immune cells, little is known about their transcriptional profile during interaction with pathogens. Methods We analyzed the meta-transcriptome of the neutrophil-Candida albicans interplay and the transcriptome of C. albicans challenged with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by RNA-Seq, considering yeast and hypha individually in each approach. Results The neutrophil response to C. albicans yeast and hyphae was dominated by a morphotype-independent core response. However, 11 % of all differentially expressed genes were regulated in a specific manner when neutrophils encountered the hyphal form of C. albicans. While involving genes for transcriptional regulators, receptors, and cytokines, the neutrophil core response lacked typical antimicrobial effectors genes. Genes of the NOD-like receptor pathway, including NLRP3, were enriched. Neutrophil- and NET-provoked responses in C. albicans differed. At the same time, the Candida transcriptome upon neutrophil encounter and upon NET challenge included genes from various metabolic processes and indicate a mutual role of the regulators Tup1p, Efg1p, Hap43p, and Cap1p. Upon challenge with neutrophils and NETs, the overall Candida response was partially morphotype-specific. Yet again, actual oppositional regulation in yeasts and hyphae was only detected for the arginine metabolism in neutrophil-infecting C. albicans. Conclusions Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive and quantitative transcript profile of the neutrophil–C. albicans interaction. By considering the two major appearances of both, neutrophils and C. albicans, our study reveals yet undescribed insights into this medically relevant encounter. Hence, our findings will facilitate future research and potentially inspire novel therapy developments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4097-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Niemiec
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Present Address: Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany & Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Grumaz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Ermert
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Present Address: Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christiane Desel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Present Address: The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Madhu Shankar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - José Pedro Lopes
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Center of Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,PCUK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Philip Stevens
- University of Stuttgart IGVP, Stuttgart, Germany.,Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai Sohn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Constantin F Urban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.
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9
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Desel C, Dorhoi A, Bandermann S, Grode L, Eisele B, Kaufmann SHE. Recombinant BCG ΔureC hly+ induces superior protection over parental BCG by stimulating a balanced combination of type 1 and type 17 cytokine responses. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1573-84. [PMID: 21933877 PMCID: PMC3192191 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed because the only available vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), fails to protect against pulmonary TB in adults. The recombinant ΔureC hly+ BCG (rBCG) is more efficient than parental BCG (pBCG) against pulmonary TB in preclinical studies and has proven safe and immunogenic in phase I clinical trials. METHODS In an attempt to identify the mechanisms underlying the superior protection of rBCG, we compared the immune responses elicited after vaccination and subsequent aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that both rBCG and pBCG induce marked type 1 cytokine responses, whereas only rBCG elicits a profound type 17 cytokine response in addition. We observed earlier recruitment of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to the lung upon MTB infection of rBCG-vaccinated mice. These T cells produced abundant type 1 cytokines after restimulation, resulting in 10-fold reduced bacterial burden 90 days after infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify a general immunologic pathway for improved vaccination strategies against TB that can also be harnessed by other vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Desel
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin.
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10
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Lang R, Schoenen H, Desel C. Targeting Syk-Card9-activating C-type lectin receptors by vaccine adjuvants: findings, implications and open questions. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1184-91. [PMID: 21742403 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system is essential for the induction of adaptive T cell responses. A diverse range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by a variety of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Among these are the well known Toll-like receptors (TLR) and the more recently described C-type lectin receptors (CLR) which utilize distinct signaling pathways leading to a diverse repertoire of effector molecules produced. The composition of the inflammatory juice released from activated innate immune cells has a major impact on the polarization of Th cell responses. Defined PAMPs may therefore be used as adjuvants to direct adaptive immune responses to subunit vaccines. Targeting CLR is an alternative or complementary strategy to TLR-triggering adjuvants that will benefit the development of more efficient subunit vaccines for prevention of major human infectious diseases. In this short review, we discuss the potential of CLRs activating APC via the Syk-Card9 pathway as receptors for adjuvants that direct the development of robust Th17 and Th1 responses to subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstr. 3-5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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11
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Staginnus C, Desel C, Schmidt T, Kahl G. Assembling a puzzle of dispersed retrotransposable sequences in the genome of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Genome 2011; 53:1090-102. [PMID: 21164541 DOI: 10.1139/g10-093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several repetitive elements are known to be present in the genome of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) including satellite DNA and En/Spm transposons as well as two dispersed, highly repetitive elements, CaRep1 and CaRep2. PCR was used to prove that CaRep1, CaRep2, and previously isolated CaRep3 of C. arietinum represent different segments of a highly repetitive Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon (Metaviridae) designated CaRep that makes up large parts of the intercalary heterochromatin. The full sequence of this element including the LTRs and untranslated internal regions was isolated by selective amplification. The restriction pattern of CaRep was different within the annual species of the genus Cicer, suggesting its rearrangement during the evolution of the genus during the last 100 000 years. In addition to CaRep, another LTR and a non-LTR retrotransposon family were isolated, and their restriction patterns and physical localization in the chickpea genome were characterized. The LINE-like element CaLin is only of comparatively low abundance and reveals a considerable heterogeneity. The Ty1-copia-like element (Pseudoviridae) CaTy is located in the distal parts of the intercalary heterochromatin and adjacent euchromatic regions, but it is absent from the centromeric regions. These results together with earlier findings allow to depict the distribution of retroelements on chickpea chromosomes, which extensively resembles the retroelement landscape of the genome of the model legume Medicago truncatula Gaertn.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Staginnus
- Molecular BioSciences, Biocentre, University of Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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12
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Dorhoi A, Desel C, Yeremeev V, Pradl L, Brinkmann V, Mollenkopf HJ, Hanke K, Gross O, Ruland J, Kaufmann SHE. The adaptor molecule CARD9 is essential for tuberculosis control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:777-92. [PMID: 20351059 PMCID: PMC2856020 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cross talk between host and pathogen starts with recognition of bacterial signatures through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which mobilize downstream signaling cascades. We investigated the role of the cytosolic adaptor caspase recruitment domain family, member 9 (CARD9) in tuberculosis. This adaptor was critical for full activation of innate immunity by converging signals downstream of multiple PRRs. Card9(-/-) mice succumbed early after aerosol infection, with higher mycobacterial burden, pyogranulomatous pneumonia, accelerated granulocyte recruitment, and higher abundance of proinflammatory cytokines and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in serum and lung. Neutralization of G-CSF and neutrophil depletion significantly prolonged survival, indicating that an exacerbated systemic inflammatory disease triggered lethality of Card9(-/-) mice. CARD9 deficiency had no apparent effect on T cell responses, but a marked impact on the hematopoietic compartment. Card9(-/-) granulocytes failed to produce IL-10 after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, suggesting that an absent antiinflammatory feedback loop accounted for granulocyte-dominated pathology, uncontrolled bacterial replication, and, ultimately, death of infected Card9(-/-) mice. Our data provide evidence that deregulated innate responses trigger excessive lung inflammation and demonstrate a pivotal role of CARD9 signaling in autonomous innate host defense against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Ernst I, Wagner A, Lipinski S, Skrbek S, Ruefer C, Desel C, Rimbach G. Cellular uptake, stability, visualization by ‘Naturstoff reagent A’, and multidrug resistance protein 1 gene-regulatory activity of cyanidin in human keratinocytes. Pharmacol Res 2010; 61:253-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Labarthe MC, Halanek N, Birchall L, Russell N, Desel C, Todryk S, Peters MJ, Lucas A, Falkenberg FW, Dalgleish AG, Whelan M, Ward SJ. The biological effects of syngeneic and allogeneic cytokine-expressing prophylactic whole cell vaccines and the influence of irradiation in a murine melanoma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:277-88. [PMID: 16158275 PMCID: PMC11030598 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic whole tumour cell vaccines are inherently practical compared with autologous vaccines. Cell lines are derived from allogeneic tumour, grown in bulk and then administered as a vaccine to the patient, following irradiation, which not only prevents any replication but also enhances antigen presentation. Protection is believed to occur through the presentation of antigens shared between the syngeneic and allogeneic tumours. Although cytokine-transfected tumour whole cell vaccines have been used clinically, little data is available comparing the effects of immunomodulatory cytokine-transfection directly on the same cells when used as both an allogeneic and autologous vaccine. To address this, weakly immunogenic B16-F10 (H-2b) murine melanoma was transfected to secrete either GM-CSF, IL-4 or IL-7. Prophylactic vaccination of both syngeneic C57/BL6 (H-2b) (B6) and allogeneic C3H/Hej (H-2k) (C3H) mice showed the effects of transfected cytokine varied between models. Both GM-CSF and IL-7 significantly (P<0.05) increased the levels of protection within syngeneic B6 mice, but had a diminished effect (P>0.05) within C3H allogeneic mice. Allogeneic B16-F10 cells and syngeneic K1735 cells generated CTL against K1735 suggesting cross-reactive immunity. Using cells labeled with fluorescent dye we demonstrate that irradiated vaccines, of either syngeneic or allogeneic origin, appear to generate potent immune responses and fragments of either vaccine remain at the injection site for up to 9 days. This study shows that protection can be enhanced in vivo by using transfected cytokine, but suggests that irradiated whole cell vaccines, of either tissue-type, are rapidly processed. This leads to the conclusion that the cytokine effects are transient and thus transfection with cytokine may be of limited long-term use in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Halanek
- Department of Oncology, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Lindsay Birchall
- Department of Oncology, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Nick Russell
- Onyvax Ltd, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Christiane Desel
- Onyvax Ltd, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Stephen Todryk
- Department of Biochemistry, Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marcus J. Peters
- Abteilung für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44790 Bochum, Germany
| | - Aisha Lucas
- Abteilung für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44790 Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank W. Falkenberg
- Abteilung für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44790 Bochum, Germany
| | - Angus G. Dalgleish
- Department of Oncology, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Mike Whelan
- Onyvax Ltd, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 ORE UK
| | - Stephen John Ward
- Onyvax Ltd, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 ORE UK
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15
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Hoffmann A, Hammes E, Plieth C, Desel C, Sattelmacher B, Hansen UP. Effect of CO2 supply on formation of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis thaliana. Protoplasma 2005; 227:3-9. [PMID: 16389488 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-005-0133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in 2-week-old leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana was studied by means of the ROS-sensitive dyes nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). Superposition of pictures of chlorophyll fluorescence and DCF fluorescence indicated that the origin of ROS was in the chloroplasts. Experiments were done with zero, 0.1, or 10 mM NaHCO3 in the infiltration medium. Energy quenching in photosystem II was higher under low CO2 concentrations as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. DCF fluorescence showed that CO2 deficiency led to an increase of ROS generation. In contrast, the photosystem II inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea reduced the light-induced increase of DCF fluorescence. This indicates that ROS production does not primarily result from over-reduction of photosystem II as caused by impeding electron flow in the electron transfer chain. More likely, it is an effect of diverting electron flux normally aimed at carboxylation in the Calvin cycle to other sinks more prone to the generation of toxic radicals. There was no significant effect of salicyl hydroxamate (a blocker of the alternative oxidase), showing that the mitochondrial electron transfer chain seems to play a minor role as already indicated by the superposition of chlorophyll and DCF fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoffmann
- Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
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16
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Abstract
Degenerate primers deduced from the TPase region of plant En/Spm-like transposons allowed the amplification of similar sequences from various plant species including sugar beet, wheat and pea. These primers are efficient tools for the detection of this family of transposons in many plant genomes irrespective of sequence knowledge or phenotypic pecularities. An efficient PCR assay was therefore developed for these class II transposons, similar to assays already available for Ty1-copia-, Ty3-gypsy- or LINEs. This approach allowed us not only to show the widespread almost-ubiquitous presence of En/Spm-elements in plant genomes, but also to characterize their genomic organization and chromosomal distribution in the genome of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and its abundance in related Cicer species. This approach can be used for the detection and characterization of endogenous DNA transposable elements in plant species, their complete isolation and evaluation of their use for genome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Staginnus
- Plant Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, the DNA composition of centromeres displays a high degree of variation, even between chromosomes of a single species. However, the long-range organization of centromeric DNA apparently follows similar structural rules. In our study, a comparative analysis of the DNA at centromeric regions of Beta species, including cultivated and wild beets, was performed using a set of repetitive DNA sequences. Our results show that these regions in Beta genomes have a complex structure and consist of variable repetitive sequences, including satellite DNA, Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposons, and microsatellites. Based on their molecular characterization and chromosomal distribution determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), centromeric repeated DNA sequences were grouped into three classes. By high-resolution multicolor-FISH on pachytene chromosomes and extended DNA fibers we analyzed the long-range organization of centromeric DNA sequences, leading to a structural model of a centromeric region of the wild beet species Beta procumbens. The chromosomal mutants PRO1 and PAT2 contain a single wild beet minichromosome with centromere activity and provide, together with cloned centromeric DNA sequences, an experimental system toward the molecular isolation of individual plant centromeres. In particular, FISH to extended DNA fibers of the PRO1 minichromosome and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of large restriction fragments enabled estimations of the array size, interspersion patterns, and higher order organization of these centromere-associated satellite families. Regarding the overall structure, Beta centromeric regions show similarities to their counterparts in the few animal and plant species in which centromeres have been analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gindullis
- Plant Molecular Cytogenetics Group, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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18
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Desel C, Jung C, Cai D, Kleine M, Schmidt T. High-resolution mapping of YACs and the single-copy gene Hs1(pro-1) on Beta vulgaris chromosomes by multi-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization. Plant Mol Biol 2001; 45:113-122. [PMID: 11247602 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006405911442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful approach for physical mapping of DNA sequences along plant chromosomes. Nematode-resistant sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) carrying a Beta procumbens translocation were investigated by FISH with two differentially labelled YACs originating from the translocation. At mitotic metaphases, the translocation was identified with both YACs in the terminal region on a pair of chromosomes. Meiotic chromosomes, representing a far more extended hybridization target, were used to determine the orientation of YACs with respect to chromosomal domains in combination with chromosomal landmark probes for telomeres and centromeres. The in situ detection of plant single-copy sequences is technically difficult, and the wild beet translocation was used to explore the potential resolution of the FISH approach and to introduce the chromosomal mapping of single-copy genes into genome analysis of Beta species. An internal fragment of the nematode resistance gene Hs1(pro-1), 684 bp long, was detected on both chromatids of different Beta chromosomes and represents one of the shortest unique DNA sequences localized on mitotic plant chromosomes so far. Comparative chromosomal mapping of the 684 bp Hs1(pro-1) probe in the translocation line, a monosomic addition line and in B. procumbens revealed the origin of the wild beet translocation leading to nematode-resistant sugar beets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Desel
- Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Germany
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Staginnus C, Winter P, Desel C, Schmidt T, Kahl G. Molecular structure and chromosomal localization of major repetitive DNA families in the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genome. Plant Mol Biol 1999; 39:1037-1050. [PMID: 10344208 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006125430386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three major repetitive DNA sequences were isolated from a genomic library of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and characterized with respect to their genomic organization and chromosomal localization. All repetitive elements are genus-specific and mostly located in the AT-rich pericentric heterochromatin. Two families are organized as satellite DNAs with repeat lengths of 162-168 bp (CaSat1) and 100 bp (CaSat2). CaSat1 is mainly located adjacent to the 18S rDNA clusters on chromosomes A and B, whereas CaSat2 is a major component of the pericentric heterochromatin on all chromosomes. The high abundance of these sequences in closely related species of the genus Cicer as well as their variation in structure and copy number among the annual species provide useful tools for taxonomic studies. The retrotransposon-like sequences of the third family (CaRep) display a more complex organization and are represented by two independent sets of clones (CaRep1 and CaRep2) with homology to different regions of Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposons. They are distributed over the pericentric heterochromatin block on all chromosomes with extensions into euchromatic regions. Conserved structures within different crossability groups of related Cicer species suggest independent amplification or transposition events during the evolution of the annual species of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Staginnus
- Plant Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt (M.), Germany
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Kubis SE, Heslop-Harrison JS, Desel C, Schmidt T. The genomic organization of non-LTR retrotransposons (LINEs) from three Beta species and five other angiosperms. Plant Mol Biol 1998; 36:821-831. [PMID: 9520275 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005973932556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized conserved regions of the reverse transcriptase gene from non-LTR retrotransposons, also called long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), from Beta vulgaris, B. lomatogona and B. nana. The novel elements show strong homology to other non-LTR retrotransposons from plants, man and animals. LINEs are present in all species of the genus Beta tested, but there was variation in copy number. Analysis by Southern hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed the clustered organization of these retroelements in beet species. PCR amplification using degenerate primers to conserved motifs of the predicted LINE protein sequence enabled the cloning of LINEs from both Monocotyledonae (Allium cepa, Oryza sativa and Secale cereale) and Dicotyledonae (Nicotiana tabacum and Antirrhinum majus) indicating that LINEs are a universal feature of plant genomes. A dendrogram of fifteen new and six previously isolated sequences showed the high level of sequence divergence while revealing families characteristic of some genera. The genomic organization of non-LTR retrotransposons was examined more detailed in A. majus and O. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Kubis
- Norman Borlaug Institute, DeMontfort University Leicester, Scraptoft, UK
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21
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Löser SV, Meyer J, Freudenthaler S, Sattler M, Desel C, Meineke I, Gundert-Remy U. Morphine-6-O-beta-D-glucuronide but not morphine-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide binds to mu-, delta- and kappa- specific opioid binding sites in cerebral membranes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1996; 354:192-7. [PMID: 8857597 DOI: 10.1007/bf00178720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the nature of interaction of morphine-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-O-beta-D-glucuronide (M6G) with opioid binding sites at the mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors (mu-OR, delta-OR and kappa-OR) in cerebral membranes. Saturation binding experiments revealed a competitive interaction of M6G with all three opioid receptors. Inhibition binding experiments at the mu-OR employing combinations of morphine and M6G resulted in a rightward shift of the IC50 for morphine proportional to the M6G concentration, thus strengthening the finding of competitive interaction of M6G at the mu-opioid binding site. Data in absence and presence of M6G were included in a three-dimensional model. Compared to a model with one binding site a model with two binding sites significantly improved the fits. This might indicate that different mu-OR subtypes are involved. Hydrolysis of M6G to morphine was investigated and did not occur. Therefore the effects of M6G on binding to the mu-OR were due to M6G and not due to morphine. In contrast, M3G at the three opioid receptors was found to inhibit binding being about 300 times weaker than morphine. This effect was well explained by the amount of contaminating morphine (about 0.3%) identified by HPLC. We conclude that M6G binds to mu-, delta- and kappa-OR in a competitive manner. Some of our results on the mu-OR suggest two binding sites for agonists at the mu-OR and that M6G binds to both sites. Our results suggest that the high potency of M6G as an analgesic is mediated through opioid receptors. In contrast, M3G does not interact with the mu-, delta- or kappa-OR. We therefore doubt that any effect of M3G is mediated via opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Löser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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Delbrück R, Desel C, von Figura K, Hille-Rehfeld A. Proteolytic processing of cathepsin D in prelysosomal organelles. Eur J Cell Biol 1994; 64:7-14. [PMID: 7957314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial steps of proteolytic processing of newly synthesized cathepsin D were investigated in prelysosomal membranes, which were defined by their contents of 300 kDa mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR 300). MPR 300-containing vesicles were immuno-isolated from a postmitochondrial supernatant of HepG2 cells using a peptide-specific antibody directed against the 15 C-terminal amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain of MPR 300. In the immunoisolated fraction, MPR 300 was enriched 11.5-fold over [35S]polypeptides, 29-fold over the lysosomal marker beta-hexosaminidase and 4.5-fold over the trans Golgi marker galactosyltransferase, when referred to the postmitochondrial supernatant. MPR 300-containing vesicles harbored, on average, 12% of the cathepsin D precursor from the postmitochondrial supernatant, suggesting that segregation of MPR 300 and cathepsin D occurs rapidly in prelysosomal organelles. Detection of low, but significant amount of mature cathepsin D in the immunoisolated fraction suggests that proteolytic processing is initiated in MPR 300-containing vesicles or in tightly associated prelysosomal vesicles, which are distinct from mature lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Delbrück
- Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen/Germany
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