1
|
Auger N, Ayoub A, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Arbour L. Risk of birth defects in children of mothers with defects. Early Hum Dev 2024; 192:105995. [PMID: 38603870 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that women with congenital anomalies are at risk of having an infant with the same defect. However, the risk of having an infant with a different type of defect is less well described. AIMS We evaluated the extent to which offspring of women with congenital anomalies were at risk of having a birth defect, including defects that were similar to or different from their mother's. METHODS We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 1,311,532 infants born in Canada between 2006 and 2022. The exposure was a maternal congenital anomaly, and the outcome included birth defects in the newborn. We estimated risk ratios (RR) and confidence intervals (CI) for the association of specific maternal anomalies with the risk of having an infant with a similar or different defect using log-binomial regression models adjusted for patient characteristics. RESULTS While mothers with anomalies were at risk of having an infant with the same defect, associations with other types of defects were not as strong. For example, compared with no maternal anomaly, maternal urogenital defects were associated with up to 45 times the risk of having an infant with a similar urogenital defect (RR 45.33, 95 % CI 31.92-64.36), but <2 times the risk of having an infant with orofacial clefts (RR 1.89, 95 % CI 1.07-3.34) and clubfoot (RR 1.36, 95 % CI 1.02-1.81). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that maternal congenital anomalies are only weakly associated with occurrence of a different type of defect in offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Auger
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, 900 Saint-Denis St, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada; Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190 Cremazie Blvd E, Montreal, Quebec H2P 1E2, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, 7101 Park Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3N 1X9, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada.
| | - Aimina Ayoub
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, 900 Saint-Denis St, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada; Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190 Cremazie Blvd E, Montreal, Quebec H2P 1E2, Canada
| | | | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chauhan R, Archibong AE, Ramesh A. Imprinting and Reproductive Health: A Toxicological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16559. [PMID: 38068882 PMCID: PMC10706004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This overview discusses the role of imprinting in the development of an organism, and how exposure to environmental chemicals during fetal development leads to the physiological and biochemical changes that can have adverse lifelong effects on the health of the offspring. There has been a recent upsurge in the use of chemical products in everyday life. These chemicals include industrial byproducts, pesticides, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical products. They mimic the natural estrogens and bind to estradiol receptors. Consequently, they reduce the number of receptors available for ligand binding. This leads to a faulty signaling in the neuroendocrine system during the critical developmental process of 'imprinting'. Imprinting causes structural and organizational differentiation in male and female reproductive organs, sexual behavior, bone mineral density, and the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous chemical substances. Several studies conducted on animal models and epidemiological studies provide profound evidence that altered imprinting causes various developmental and reproductive abnormalities and other diseases in humans. Altered metabolism can be measured by various endpoints such as the profile of cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP450's), xenobiotic metabolite levels, and DNA adducts. The importance of imprinting in the potentiation or attenuation of toxic chemicals is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Anthony E. Archibong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mangiavacchi PM, Caldas-Bussiere MC, Mendonça MDS, Dias AJB, Rios ÁFL. Multi-locus imprinting disturbances of Beckwith-Wiedemann and Large offspring syndrome/Abnormal offspring syndrome: A brief review. Theriogenology 2021; 173:193-201. [PMID: 34399383 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer are assisted reproduction technologies commonly used in humans and cattle, respectively. Despite advances in these technologies, molecular failures can occur, increasing the chance of the onset of imprinting disorders in the offspring. Large offspring syndrome/abnormal offspring syndrome (LOS/AOS) has been described in cattle and has features such as hypergrowth, malformation of organs, and skeletal and placental defects. In humans, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) has phenotypic characteristics similar to those found in LOS/AOS. In both syndromes, disruption of genomic imprinting associated with loss of parental-specific expression and parental-specific epigenetic marks is involved in the molecular etiology. Changes in the imprinting pattern of these genes lead to loss of imprinting (LOI) due to gain or loss of methylation, inducing the emergence of these syndromes. Several studies have reported locus-specific alterations in these syndromes, such as hypomethylation in imprinting control region 2 (KvDMR1) in BWS and LOS/AOS. These LOI events can occur at multiple imprinted loci in the same affected individual, which are called multi-locus methylation defect (MLMD) events. Although the bovine species has been proposed as a developmental model for human imprinting disorders, there is little information on bovine imprinted genes in the literature, even the correlation of epimutation data with clinical characteristics. In this study, we performed a systematic review of all the multi-locus LOI events described in human BWS and LOS/AOS, in order to determine in which imprinted genes the largest changes in the pattern of DNA methylation and expression occur, helping to fill gaps for a better understanding of the etiology of both syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Magnelli Mangiavacchi
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Animal Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Caldas-Bussiere
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Animal Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Mendonça
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angelo José Burla Dias
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Animal Breeding, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Fabrício Lopes Rios
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karimi SM, Little BB, Mokhtari M. Short-term fetal nutritional stress and long-term health: Child height. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23531. [PMID: 33155755 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of in utero exposure to Ramadan, the Islamic fasting month, by trimester on height at ages 0 to 18 for a sample of children from Tehran, Iran. If exposure to Ramadan is associated with significant nutritional stress to the fetus, the fetus's adaptive responses to nutritional insufficiency could manifest as changes in height during childhood, long before any effects on aging or disease risk at older ages. METHODS Children who were exposed and not exposed to Ramadan in utero were compared to identify any systematic difference between their parents' and households' characteristics (including height, age, education, and indicators of wealth). Also, the seasonal pattern of food consumption in Tehran was analyzed. Finally, the association of child height with prenatal exposure to Ramadan was measured, controlling for seasonality and parent and household. RESULTS Ramadan associated fasting in the second trimester of gestation was associated with 0.091 age-adjusted SDs (ie, 0.60-0.67 cm) decrease in children's height at age 10 years or older. The negative association was largest in male children and was approximately 1 cm at age 12 years or older among male children. CONCLUSION Maternal Ramadan fasting in the second trimester, the critical period for long bone development, was associated with decreased height. Exposure to ritual fasting is important because approximately 75% of all Muslim children are exposed to Ramadan in utero.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed M Karimi
- Department of Health Management and System Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bert B Little
- Department of Health Management and System Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - MohammadAli Mokhtari
- Department of Economics, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, CH, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Two approaches reveal a new paradigm of 'switchable or genetics-influenced allele-specific DNA methylation' with potential in human disease. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17038. [PMID: 29387450 PMCID: PMC5787696 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes are vulnerable to environmental influences during early embryonic development, thereby contributing to the onset of disease in adulthood. Monoallelic methylation at several germline imprints has been reported as DNMT1-dependent. However, which of these two epigenetic attributes, DNMT1-dependence or allelic methylation, renders imprinted genes susceptible to environmental stressors has not been determined. Herein, we developed a new approach, referred to as NORED, to identify 2468 DNMT1-dependent DNA methylation patterns in the mouse genome. We further developed an algorithm based on a genetic variation-independent approach (referred to as MethylMosaic) to detect 2487 regions with bimodal methylation patterns. Two approaches identified 207 regions, including known imprinted germline allele-specific methylation patterns (ASMs), that were both NORED and MethylMosaic regions. Examination of methylation in four independent mouse embryonic stem cell lines shows that two regions identified by both NORED and MethylMosaic (Hcn2 and Park7) did not display parent-of-origin-dependent allelic methylation. In these four F1 hybrid cell lines, genetic variation in Cast allele at Hcn2 locus introduces a transcription factor binding site for MTF-1 that may predispose Cast allelic hypomethylation in a reciprocal cross with either C57 or 129 strains. In contrast, each allele of Hcn2 ASM in J1 inbred cell line and Park7 ASM in four F1 hybrid cell lines seems to exhibit similar propensity to be either hypo- or hypermethylated, suggesting a ‘random, switchable’ ASM. Together with published results, our data on ASMs prompted us to propose a hypothesis of regional ‘autosomal chromosome inactivation (ACI)’ that may control a subset of autosomal genes. Therefore, our results open a new avenue to understand monoallelic methylation and provide a rich resource of candidate genes to examine in environmental and nutritional exposure models.
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Nomura Y, John RM, Janssen AB, Davey C, Finik J, Buthmann J, Glover V, Lambertini L. Neurodevelopmental consequences in offspring of mothers with preeclampsia during pregnancy: underlying biological mechanism via imprinting genes. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 295:1319-1329. [PMID: 28382413 PMCID: PMC6058691 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preeclampsia is known to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among mothers and their infants. Approximately 3-8% of all pregnancies in the US are complicated by preeclampsia and another 5-7% by hypertensive symptoms. However, less is known about its long-term influence on infant neurobehavioral development. The current review attempts to demonstrate new evidence for imprinting gene dysregulation caused by hypertension, which may explain the link between maternal preeclampsia and neurocognitive dysregulation in offspring. METHOD Pub Med and Web of Science databases were searched using the terms "preeclampsia," "gestational hypertension," "imprinting genes," "imprinting dysregulation," and "epigenetic modification," in order to review the evidence demonstrating associations between preeclampsia and suboptimal child neurodevelopment, and suggest dysregulation of placental genomic imprinting as a potential underlying mechanism. RESULTS The high mortality and morbidity among mothers and fetuses due to preeclampsia is well known, but there is little research on the long-term biological consequences of preeclampsia and resulting hypoxia on the fetal/child neurodevelopment. In the past decade, accumulating evidence from studies that transcend disciplinary boundaries have begun to show that imprinted genes expressed in the placenta might hold clues for a link between preeclampsia and impaired cognitive neurodevelopment. A sudden onset of maternal hypertension detected by the placenta may result in misguided biological programming of the fetus via changes in the epigenome, resulting in suboptimal infant development. CONCLUSION Furthering our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which neurodevelopmental trajectories of the fetus/infant are affected by preeclampsia and hypertension will represent an important first step toward preventing adverse neurodevelopment in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nomura
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
- Graduate Center, the City University of New York, Flushing, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Rosalind M John
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Charles Davey
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jackie Finik
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Buthmann
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
- Graduate Center, the City University of New York, Flushing, USA
| | | | - Luca Lambertini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sazhenova EA, Nikitina TV, Skryabin NA, Minaycheva LI, Ivanova TV, Nemtseva TN, Yuriev SY, Evtushenko ID, Lebedev IN. Epigenetic status of imprinted genes in placenta during recurrent pregnancy loss. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795417020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Genetics of the human placenta: implications for toxicokinetics. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2563-2581. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Yuan B, Gu H, Xu B, Tang Q, Wu W, Ji X, Xia Y, Hu L, Chen D, Wang X. Effects of Gold Nanorods on Imprinted Genes Expression in TM-4 Sertoli Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030271. [PMID: 26938548 PMCID: PMC4808934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are among the most commonly used nanomaterials. However, thus far, little is known about their harmful effects on male reproduction. Studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that GNRs could decrease glycine synthesis, membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential and disrupt blood-testis barrier factors in TM-4 Sertoli cells. Imprinted genes play important roles in male reproduction and have been identified as susceptible loci to environmental insults by chemicals because they are functionally haploid. In this original study, we investigated the extent to which imprinted genes become deregulated in TM-4 Sertoli cells when treated with low dose of GNRs. The expression levels of 44 imprinted genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR in TM-4 Sertoli cells after a low dose of (10 nM) GNRs treatment for 24 h. We found significantly diminished expression of Kcnq1, Ntm, Peg10, Slc22a2, Pwcr1, Gtl2, Nap1l5, Peg3 and Slc22a2, while Plagl1 was significantly overexpressed. Additionally, four (Kcnq1, Slc22a18, Pwcr1 and Peg3) of 10 abnormally expressed imprinted genes were found to be located on chromosome 7. However, no significant difference of imprinted miRNA genes was observed between the GNRs treated group and controls. Our study suggested that aberrant expression of imprinted genes might be an underlying mechanism for the GNRs-induced reproductive toxicity in TM-4 Sertoli cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Hao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Qiuqin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Xiaoli Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Lingqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Daozhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prindull G. Potential Gene Interactions in the Cell Cycles of Gametes, Zygotes, Embryonic Stem Cells and the Development of Cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:200. [PMID: 26442212 PMCID: PMC4585297 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review is to explore whether potential gene interactions in the cell cycles of gametes, zygotes, and embryonic stem (ES) cells are associated with the development of cancer. METHODS MEDPILOT at the Central Library of the University of Cologne, Germany (Zentralbibliothek Köln) that covers 5,800 international medical journals and 4,300 E-journals was used to collect data. The initial searches were done in December 2012 and additional searches in October 2013-May 2015. The search terms included "cancer development," "gene interaction," and "ES cells," and the time period was between 1998 and 2015. A total of 147 articles in English language only were included in this review. RESULTS Transgenerational gene translation is implemented in the zygote through interactions of epigenetic isoforms of transcription factors (TFs) from parental gametes, predominantly during the first two zygote cleavages. Pluripotent transcription factors may provide interacting links with mutated genes during zygote-to-ES cell switches. Translation of post-transcriptional carcinogenic genes is implemented by abnormally spliced, tumor-specific isoforms of gene-encoded mRNA/non-coding RNA variants of TFs employing de novo gene synthesis and neofunctionalization. Post-translationally, mutated genes are preserved in pre-neoplastic ES cell subpopulations that can give rise to overt cancer stem cells. Thus, TFs operate as cell/disease-specific epigenetic messengers triggering clinical expression of neoplasms. CONCLUSION Potential gene interactions in the cell cycle of gametes, zygotes, and ES cells may play some roles in the development of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Prindull
- Medical Faculty, University of Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tissue factor expression and methylation regulation in differentiation of embryonic stem cells into trophoblast. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:557-61. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|