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Risbey CWG, Lau NS, Niu A, Zhang WB, Crawford M, Pulitano C. Return of the cold: How hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion is changing liver transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2024; 38:100853. [PMID: 38581881 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2024.100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Hypothermic Oxygenated machine PErfusion (HOPE) has recently emerged as a preservation technique which can reduce ischemic injury and improve clinical outcomes following liver transplantation. First developed with the advent solid organ transplantation techniques, hypothermic machine perfusion largely fell out of favour following the development of preservation solutions which can satisfactorily preserve grafts using the cheap and simple method, static cold storage (SCS). However, with an increasing need to develop techniques to reduce graft injury and better utilise marginal and donation after circulatory death (DCD) grafts, HOPE has emerged as a relatively simple and safe technique to optimise clinical outcomes following liver transplantation. Perfusing the graft with cold, acellular, oxygenated perfusate either via the portal vein (PV) alone, or via both the PV and hepatic artery (HA), HOPE is generally commenced for a period of 1-2 h immediately prior to implantation. The technique has been validated by multiple randomised control trials, and pre-clinical evidence suggests HOPE primarily reduces graft injury by decreasing the accumulation of harmful mitochondrial intermediates, and subsequently, the severity of post-reperfusion injury. HOPE can also facilitate real time graft assessment, most notably via the measurement of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in the perfusate, allowing transplant teams to make better informed clinical decisions prior to transplantation. HOPE may also provide a platform to administer novel therapeutic agents to ex situ organs without risk of systemic side effects. As such, HOPE is uniquely positioned to revolutionise how liver transplantation is approached and facilitate optimised clinical outcomes for liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W G Risbey
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, & Optimization (COARO), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, John Hopkins Dr, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Ngee-Soon Lau
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, & Optimization (COARO), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Anita Niu
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, & Optimization (COARO), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Wesley B Zhang
- Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, & Optimization (COARO), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Crawford
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, & Optimization (COARO), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, John Hopkins Dr, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia
| | - Carlo Pulitano
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, & Optimization (COARO), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI), 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, John Hopkins Dr, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia.
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Yang S, Hou W, Liu L. Progress in preservation of intestinal grafts by oxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2024; 38:100802. [PMID: 37891046 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2023.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestine transplantation (IT) is a critical treatment strategy for irreversible intestinal failure. Among all abdominal solid organ transplants, the intestine was the most vulnerable to ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI). The static cold storage (SCS) technique is currently the most commonly used graft preservation method, but its hypoxia condition causes metabolic disorders, resulting in the occurrence of IRI, limiting its application in marginal organs. It is especially important to improve preservation techniques in order to minimize damage to marginal donor organs, which draws more attention to machine perfusion (MP). There has been much debate about whether it is necessary to increase oxygen in these conditions to support low levels of metabolism since the use of machine perfusion to preserve organs. There is evidence that oxygenation helps to restore intracellular ATP levels in the intestine after thermal or cold ischemia damage. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the role of oxygen in maintaining environmental stability in the gut under hypoxic conditions, as well as to investigate the possibilities and mechanisms of oxygen delivery during preservation in intestine transplantation studies and clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- National Health Commission's Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Hou
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Organ Transplant Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Yue P, Lv X, You J, Zou Y, Luo J, Lu Z, Cao H, Liu Z, Fan X, Ye Q. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion attenuates DCD liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating the JAK2/STAT3/HAX1 pathway to regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:55. [PMID: 37438690 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors is a major determinant of transplantation success. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a key role in hepatic IRI, with potential involvement of the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway and the antiapoptotic protein hematopoietic-lineage substrate-1-associated protein X-1 (HAX1). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE), an organ preservation modality, on ER stress and apoptosis during hepatic IRI in a DCD rat model. METHODS To investigate whether HOPE could improve IRI in DCD livers, levels of different related proteins were examined by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Further expression analyses, immunohistochemical analyses, immunofluorescence staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and transmission electron microscopy were conducted to analyze the effects of HOPE on ER stress and apoptosis. To clarify the role of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and HAX1 in this process, AG490 inhibitor, JAX1 plasmid transfection, co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP), and flow cytometry analyses were conducted. RESULTS HOPE reduced liver injury and inflammation while alleviating ER stress and apoptosis in the DCD rat model. Mechanistically, HOPE inhibited unfolded protein responses by activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, thus reducing ER stress and apoptosis. Moreover, the activated JAK2/STAT3 pathway upregulated HAX1, promoting the interaction between HAX1 and SERCA2b to maintain ER calcium homeostasis. Upregulated HAX1 also modulated ER stress and apoptosis by inhibiting the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathway. CONCLUSIONS JAK2/STAT3-mediated upregulation of HAX1 during HOPE alleviates hepatic ER stress and apoptosis, indicating the JAK2/STAT3/HAX1 pathway as a potential target for IRI management during DCD liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Yue
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lv
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jian You
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongkang Zou
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongshan Lu
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Hankun Cao
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongzhong Liu
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, National Quality Control Center for Donated Organ Procurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Natural Polymer Biological Liver, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, 430071, Wuhan, China.
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry On Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Pradat P, Pantel S, Maynard M, Lalande L, Thevenon S, Adam R, Allard MA, Robin F, Rayar M, Boleslawski E, Scatton O, Chirica M, Faitot F, Bachellier P, Soubrane O, Mohkam K, Mabrut JY, Lesurtel M. End-ischemic hypothermic oxygenated perfusion for extended criteria donors in liver transplantation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial-HOPExt. Trials 2023; 24:379. [PMID: 37280696 PMCID: PMC10243046 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the scarce donor supply, an increasing number of so-called marginal or extended criteria donor (ECD) organs are used for liver transplantation. These ECD liver grafts are however known to be associated with a higher rate of early allograft dysfunction and primary non-function because of a greater vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion injury. The end-ischemic hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) technique may improve outcomes of liver transplantation with ECD grafts by decreasing reperfusion injury. METHODS HOPExt trial is a comparative open-label, multicenter, national, prospective, randomized, controlled study, in two parallel groups, using static cold storage, the gold standard procedure, as control. The trial will enroll adult patients on the transplant waiting list for liver failure or liver cirrhosis and/or liver malignancy requiring liver transplantation and receiving an ECD liver graft from a brain-dead donor. In the experimental group, ECD liver grafts will first undergo a classical static cold (4 °C) storage followed by a hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) for a period of 1 to 4 h. The control group will consist of the classic static cold storage which is the gold standard procedure in liver transplantation. The primary objective of this trial is to study the efficacy of HOPE used before transplantation of ECD liver grafts from brain-dead donors in reducing postoperative early allograft dysfunction within the first 7 postoperative days compared to simple cold static storage. DISCUSSION We present in this protocol all study procedures in regard to the achievement of the HOPExt trial, to prevent biased analysis of trial outcomes and improve the transparency of the trial results. Enrollment of patients in the HOPExt trial has started on September 10, 2019, and is ongoing. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03929523. Registered on April 29, 2019, before the start of inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pradat
- Centre for Clinical Research, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France.
| | - Solene Pantel
- Centre for Clinical Research, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Marianne Maynard
- Centre for Clinical Research, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Lalande
- Department of Pharmacy, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Thevenon
- Centre for Clinical Research, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Rene Adam
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Allard
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Fabien Robin
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Rayar
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Boleslawski
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Claude Huriez University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mircea Chirica
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Michallon University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - François Faitot
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hautepierre University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Bachellier
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hautepierre University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Soubrane
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Beaujon University Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Kayvan Mohkam
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Mabrut
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mickaël Lesurtel
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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De Carlis R, Paolo Muiesan, Taner B. Donation after circulatory death: Novel strategies to improve the liver transplant outcome. J Hepatol 2023; 78:1169-1180. [PMID: 37208104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In many countries, donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver grafts are used to overcome organ shortages; however, DCD grafts have been associated with an increased risk of complications and even graft loss after liver transplantation. The increased risk of complications is thought to correlate with prolonged functional donor warm ischaemia time. Stringent donor selection criteria and utilisation of in situ and ex situ organ perfusion technologies have led to improved outcomes. Additionally, the increased use of novel organ perfusion strategies has led to the possibility of reconditioning marginal DCD liver grafts. Moreover, these technologies enable the assessment of liver function before implantation, thus providing valuable data that can guide more precise graft-recipient selection. In this review, we first describe the different definitions of functional warm donor ischaemia time and its role as a determinant of outcomes after DCD liver transplantation, with a focus on the thresholds proposed for graft acceptance. Next, organ perfusion strategies, namely normothermic regional perfusion, hypothermic oxygenated perfusion, and normothermic machine perfusion are discussed. For each technique, clinical studies reporting on the transplant outcome are described, together with a discussion on the possible protective mechanisms involved and the functional criteria adopted for graft selection. Finally, we review multimodal preservation protocols involving a combination of more than one perfusion technique and potential future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo De Carlis
- Division of General Surgery and Transplantation, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Ph.D. Course in Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan, Centre of Preclinical Research, 20122, Italy
| | - Burcin Taner
- Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, United States.
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A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Normothermic and Hypothermic Machine Perfusion in Liver Transplantation. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010235. [PMID: 36615037 PMCID: PMC9820958 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gap between the demand and supply of donor livers is still a considerable challenge. Since static cold storage is not sufficient in marginal livers, machine perfusion is being explored as an alternative. The objective of this study was to assess (dual) hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE/D-HOPE) and normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) in contrast to static cold storage (SCS). METHODS Three databases were searched to identify studies about machine perfusion. Graft and patient survival and postoperative complications were evaluated using the random effects model. RESULTS the incidence of biliary complications was lower in HOPE vs. SCS (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36-0.98, p = 0.04, I2: 0%). There was no significant difference in biliary complications between NMP and SCS (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.41-1.40, p = 0.38, I2: 55%). Graft and patient survival were significantly better in HOPE than in SCS (HR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23-0.71, p = 0.002, I2: 0%) and (pooled HR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.20-0.93, p = 0.03, I2: 0%). Graft and patient survival were not significantly different between NMP and SCS. CONCLUSION HOPE/D-HOPE and NMP are promising alternatives to SCS for donor liver preservation. They may help address the widening gap between the demand for and availability of donor livers by enabling the rescue and transplantation of marginal livers.
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Scalera I, De Carlis R, Patrono D, Gringeri E, Olivieri T, Pagano D, Lai Q, Rossi M, Gruttadauria S, Di Benedetto F, Cillo U, Romagnoli R, Lupo LG, De Carlis L. How useful is the machine perfusion in liver transplantation? An answer from a national survey. Front Surg 2022; 9:975150. [PMID: 36211259 PMCID: PMC9535084 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.975150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine perfusion (MP) has been shown worldwide to offer many advantages in liver transplantation, but it still has some gray areas. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the donor risk factors of grafts, perfused with any MP, that might predict an ineffective MP setting and those would trigger post-transplant early allograft dysfunction (EAD). Data from donors of all MP-perfused grafts at six liver transplant centers have been analyzed, whether implanted or discarded after perfusion. The first endpoint was the negative events after perfusion (NegE), which is the number of grafts discarded plus those that were implanted but lost after the transplant. A risk factor analysis for NegE was performed and marginal grafts for MP were identified. Finally, the risk of EAD was analyzed, considering only implanted grafts. From 2015 to September 2019, 158 grafts were perfused with MP: 151 grafts were implanted and 7 were discarded after the MP phase because they did not reach viability criteria. Of 151, 15 grafts were lost after transplant, so the NegE group consisted of 22 donors. In univariate analysis, the donor risk index >1.7, the presence of hypertension in the medical history, static cold ischemia time, and the moderate or severe macrovesicular steatosis were the significant factors for NegE. Multivariate analysis confirmed that macrosteatosis >30% was an independent risk factor for NegE (odd ratio 5.643, p = 0.023, 95% confidence interval, 1.27–24.98). Of 151 transplanted patients, 34% experienced EAD and had worse 1- and 3-year-survival, compared with those who did not face EAD (NoEAD), 96% and 96% for EAD vs. 89% and 71% for NoEAD, respectively (p = 0.03). None of the donor/graft characteristics was associated with EAD even if the graft was moderately steatotic or fibrotic or from an aged donor. For the first time, this study shows that macrovesicular steatosis >30% might be a warning factor involved in the risk of graft loss or a cause of graft discard after the MP treatment. On the other hand, the MP seems to be useful in reducing the donor and graft weight in the development of EAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Scalera
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Hospital Policlinic of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: Irene Scalera
| | - R. De Carlis
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - D. Patrono
- General Surgery 2U-Liver Transplant Centre, A.O.U. “Città della Salute e della Scienza”, Turin, Italy
| | - E. Gringeri
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - T. Olivieri
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - D. Pagano
- Department for the Treatment and the Study of Abdominal Diseases and Abdominal Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, UPMC, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Surgery and Medical and Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Q. Lai
- Liver Transplant Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Rossi
- Liver Transplant Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Gruttadauria
- Department for the Treatment and the Study of Abdominal Diseases and Abdominal Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, UPMC, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Surgery and Medical and Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - F. Di Benedetto
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - U. Cillo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - R. Romagnoli
- General Surgery 2U-Liver Transplant Centre, A.O.U. “Città della Salute e della Scienza”, Turin, Italy
| | - L. G. Lupo
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Hospital Policlinic of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - L. De Carlis
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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8
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Guo Z, Luo T, Mo R, Zhao Q, He X. Ischemia-free organ transplantation - a review. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2022; 27:300-304. [PMID: 36354255 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organ transplantation is one of the miracles in medicine in the 20th century. However, in the current practice, all the donor organs suffer from ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), which compromise transplant outcomes and limits organ availability. Continuous efforts have been made in organ machine perfusion to ameliorate IRI. In 2017, ischemia-free organ transplantation (IFOT) was first proposed with the aim of complete avoidance of IRI in organ transplantation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the latest progresses in IFOT. RECENT FINDINGS The feasibility of IFOT has been validated in liver, kidney, and heart transplantation. The results of the first nonrandomized controlled study demonstrate that ischemia-free liver transplantation (IFLT) may improve transplant outcomes and increase organ availability. Furthermore, laboratory results, including the absence of the characteristic pathological changes, gene transcription and metabolic reprogramming, as well as sterile inflammation activation in IFLT grafts, suggest the virtual avoidance of graft IRI in IFLT. SUMMARY IFOT might change the current practice by abrogating graft IRI. IFOT also provides a unique model to investigate the interaction between allograft IRI and rejection. The next steps will be to simplify the technique, make long-distance transportation possible and evaluate cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Guo
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runbing Mo
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
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9
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van Leeuwen OB, Bodewes SB, Lantinga VA, Haring MP, Thorne AM, Brüggenwirth IM, van den Berg AP, de Boer MT, de Jong IE, de Kleine RH, Lascaris B, Nijsten MW, Reyntjens KM, de Meijer VE, Porte RJ. Sequential hypothermic and normothermic machine perfusion enables safe transplantation of high-risk donor livers. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:1658-1670. [PMID: 35286759 PMCID: PMC9325426 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is increasingly used for viability assessment of high-risk donor livers, whereas dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (DHOPE) reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury. We aimed to resuscitate and test the viability of initially-discarded, high-risk donor livers using sequential DHOPE and NMP with two different oxygen carriers: an artificial hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) or red blood cells (RBC). In a prospective observational cohort study of 54 livers that underwent DHOPE-NMP, the first 18 procedures were performed with a HBOC-based perfusion solution and the subsequent 36 procedures were performed with an RBC-based perfusion solution for the NMP phase. All but one livers were derived from extended criteria donation after circulatory death donors, with a median donor risk index of 2.84 (IQR 2.52-3.11). After functional assessment during NMP, 34 livers (63% utilization), met the viability criteria and were transplanted. One-year graft and patient survival were 94% and 100%, respectively. Post-transplant cholangiopathy occurred in 1 patient (3%). There were no significant differences in utilization rate and post-transplant outcomes between the HBOC and RBC group. Ex situ machine perfusion using sequential DHOPE-NMP for resuscitation and viability assessment of high-risk donor livers results in excellent transplant outcomes, irrespective of the oxygen carrier used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto B. van Leeuwen
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands,Surgical Research LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Silke B. Bodewes
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Veerle A. Lantinga
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn P.D. Haring
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Adam M. Thorne
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Isabel M.A. Brüggenwirth
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Aad P. van den Berg
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marieke T. de Boer
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Iris E.M. de Jong
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands,Surgical Research LaboratoryDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Ruben H.J. de Kleine
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Bianca Lascaris
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Maarten W.N. Nijsten
- Department of Intensive CareUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Koen M.E.M. Reyntjens
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Vincent E. de Meijer
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Porte
- Department of SurgerySection of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
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10
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Schlegel A, Porte R, Dutkowski P. Protective mechanisms and current clinical evidence of hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) in preventing post-transplant cholangiopathy. J Hepatol 2022; 76:1330-1347. [PMID: 35589254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of cholangiopathies after liver transplantation impacts on the quality and duration of graft and patient survival, contributing to higher costs as numerous interventions are required to treat strictures and infections at the biliary tree. Prolonged donor warm ischaemia time in combination with additional cold storage are key risk factors for the development of biliary strictures. Based on this, the clinical implementation of dynamic preservation strategies is a current hot topic in the field of donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplantation. Despite various retrospective studies reporting promising results, also regarding biliary complications, there are only a few randomised-controlled trials on machine perfusion. Recently, the group from Groningen has published the first randomised-controlled trial on hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE), demonstrating a significant reduction of symptomatic ischaemic cholangiopathies with the use of a short period of HOPE before DCD liver implantation. The most likely mechanism for this important effect, also shown in several experimental studies, is based on mitochondrial reprogramming under hypothermic aerobic conditions, e.g. exposure to oxygen in the cold, with a controlled and slow metabolism of ischaemically accumulated succinate and simultaneous ATP replenishment. This unique feature prevents mitochondrial oxidative injury and further downstream tissue inflammation. HOPE treatment therefore supports livers by protecting them from ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and thereby also prevents the development of post-transplant biliary injury. With reduced IRI-associated inflammation, recipients are also protected from activation of the innate immune system, with less acute rejections seen after HOPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schlegel
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, Zurich, Switzerland; General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Robert Porte
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Bochimoto H, Ishihara Y, Mohd Zin NK, Iwata H, Kondoh D, Obara H, Matsuno N. Ultrastructural changes in porcine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells of machine perfused liver donated after cardiac death. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:2100-2111. [PMID: 35664031 PMCID: PMC9134135 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i19.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The machine perfusion (MP) preservation including hypothermic MP (HMP) and midthermic MP (MMP) has been considered as a promising strategy to preserve the functions of liver donated after cardiac death. The importance of understanding liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) damage in regulating liver injury during MP has been emphasized. However, the ultrastructural changes in the LSEC and sinusoids around them after MP are unclear.
AIM To investigate the ultrastructural changes in the LSEC and sinusoids around them after MP.
METHODS Porcine liver grafts undergo a warm ischemia time of 60 minutes perfused for 4 h with modified University of Wisconsin gluconate solution. Group A grafts were preserved with HMP at 8 °C constantly for 4 h. Group B grafts were preserved with a rewarming solution at 22 °C by MMP for 4 h. Then the ultrastructural changes in the LSEC and sinusoids in Group A and B were comparatively analyzed by using osmium-maceration scanning electron microscopy with complementary transmission electron microscopy methods.
RESULTS An analysis of the LSEC after warm ischemia revealed that mitochondria with condensed-shaped cristae, abnormal vesicles, reduction of ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) surround the mitochondria appeared. The MP subsequent after warm ischemia alleviate the abnormal vesicles and reduction of ribosomes in LSEC, which indicated the reduction of the ER damage. However, MMP could restore the tubular mitochondrial cristae, while after HMP the condensed and narrow mitochondrial cristae remained. In addition, the volume of the sinusoidal space in the liver grafts after MMP were restored, which indicated a lower risk of pressure injury than HMP.
CONCLUSION MMP alleviates the ER damage of LSEC by warm ischemia, additionally restore the metabolism of LSEC via the normalization of mitochondria and prevent the share stress damage of liver grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku 105-8461, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yo Ishihara
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nur Khatijah Mohd Zin
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku 105-8461, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iwata
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Obara
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsuno
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
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12
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Da Silva RT, Bardallo RG, Folch-Puy E, Carbonell T, Palmeira CM, Fondevila C, Adam R, Roselló-Catafau J, Panisello-Roselló A. IGL-2 as a Unique Solution for Cold Static Preservation and Machine Perfusion in Liver and Mitochondrial Protection. Transplant Proc 2021; 54:73-76. [PMID: 34893354 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypothermic static cold storage and machine perfusion strategies remain the clinical standard of care for liver graft preservation. Recently, the protection of the mitochondrial function and the energetic levels derived from it has emerged as one of the key points for organ preservation. However, the complex interactions between liver mitochondrial protection and its relation with the use of solutions/perfusates has been poorly investigated. The use of an alternative IGL-2 solution to Belzer MPS one for hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE), as well as in static cold storage, introduce a new kind of perfusate to be used for liver grafts subjected to HOPE strategies, either alone or in combination with hypothermic static preservation strategies. IGL-2 not only protected mitochondrial integrity, but also avoided the mixture of different solutions/perfusates reducing. Thus, the operational logistics and times prior to transplantation, a critical factor when suboptimal organs such as donation after circulatory death or steatotic ones, are used for transplantation. The future challenges in graft preservation will go through (1) the improvement of the mitochondrial status and its energetic status during the ischemia and (2) the development of strategies to reduce ischemic times at low temperatures, which should translate in a better transplantation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Teixeira Da Silva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel G Bardallo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emma Folch-Puy
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos M Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - René Adam
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, (AR) Chronothérapie, Cancers et Transplantation, Université Par-is-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Joan Roselló-Catafau
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arnau Panisello-Roselló
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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13
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Ishii D, Matsuno N, Gochi M, Iwata H, Shonaka T, Nishikawa Y, Obara H, Yokoo H, Furukawa H. Beneficial effects of end-ischemic oxygenated machine perfusion preservation for split-liver transplantation in recovering graft function and reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22608. [PMID: 34799598 PMCID: PMC8604979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the efficacy of end-ischemic hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion preservation (HOPE) using an originally developed machine perfusion system for split-liver transplantation. Porcine split-liver grafts were created via 75% liver resection after 10 min of warm ischemia. In Group 1, grafts were preserved by simple cold storage (CS) for 8 h (CS group; n = 4). In Group 2, grafts were preserved by simple CS for 6 h and end-ischemic HOPE for 2 h (HOPE group; n = 5). All grafts were evaluated using an isolated ex vivo reperfusion model with autologous blood for 2 h. Biochemical markers (aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels) were significantly better immediately after reperfusion in the HOPE group than in the CS group. Furthermore, the HOPE group had a better histological score. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10) were significantly lower after reperfusion in the HOPE group. Therefore, we concluded that end-ischemic HOPE for split-liver transplantation can aid in recovering the graft function and reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury. HOPE, using our originally developed machine perfusion system, is safe and can improve graft function while attenuating liver injury due to preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsuno
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Mikako Gochi
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iwata
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shonaka
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Obara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoo
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furukawa
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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14
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Doppenberg JB, Leemkuil M, Engelse MA, Krikke C, de Koning EJP, Leuvenink HGD. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion of the human pancreas for clinical islet isolation: a prospective feasibility study. Transpl Int 2021; 34:1397-1407. [PMID: 34036616 PMCID: PMC8456912 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to an increasing scarcity of pancreases with optimal donor characteristics, islet isolation centers utilize pancreases from extended criteria donors, such as from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors, which are particularly susceptible to prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT). We hypothesized that hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) can safely increase CIT. Five human DCD pancreases were subjected to 6 h of oxygenated HMP. Perfusion parameters, apoptosis, and edema were measured prior to islet isolation. Five human DBD pancreases were evaluated after static cold storage (SCS). Islet viability, and in vitro and in vivo functionality in diabetic mice were analyzed. Islets were isolated from HMP pancreases after 13.4 h [12.9–14.5] CIT and after 9.2 h [6.5–12.5] CIT from SCS pancreases. Histological analysis of the pancreatic tissue showed that HMP did not induce edema nor apoptosis. Islets maintained >90% viable during culture, and an appropriate in vitro and in vivo function in mice was demonstrated after HMP. The current study design does not permit to demonstrate that oxygenated HMP allows for cold ischemia extension; however, the successful isolation of functional islets from discarded human DCD pancreases after performing 6 h of oxygenated HMP indicates that oxygenated HMP may be a useful technology for better preservation of pancreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Doppenberg
- Transplantation Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Leemkuil
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marten A Engelse
- Transplantation Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Krikke
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Transplantation Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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15
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Serifis N, Matheson R, Cloonan D, Rickert CG, Markmann JF, Coe TM. Machine Perfusion of the Liver: A Review of Clinical Trials. Front Surg 2021; 8:625394. [PMID: 33842530 PMCID: PMC8033162 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.625394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although efforts have been made by transplant centers to increase the pool of available livers by extending the criteria of liver acceptance, this practice creates risks for recipients that include primary non-function of the graft, early allograft dysfunction and post-operative complications. Donor liver machine perfusion (MP) is a promising novel strategy that not only decreases cold ischemia time, but also serves as a method of assessing the viability of the graft. In this review, we summarize the data from liver machine perfusion clinical trials and discuss the various techniques available to date as well as future applications of machine perfusion. A variety of approaches have been reported including hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) and normothermic machine perfusion (NMP); the advantages and disadvantages of each are just now beginning to be resolved. Important in this effort is developing markers of viability with lactate being the most predictive of graft functionality. The advent of machine perfusion has also permitted completely ischemia free transplantation by utilization of in situ NMP showed promising results. Animal studies that focus on defatting steatotic livers via NMP as well as groups that work on regenerating liver tissue ex vivo via MP. The broad incorporation of machine perfusion into routine clinical practice seems incredible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James F. Markmann
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Haque O, Yuan Q, Uygun K, Markmann JF. Evolving utilization of donation after circulatory death livers in liver transplantation: The day of DCD has come. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14211. [PMID: 33368701 PMCID: PMC7969458 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Compared to donation after brain death (DBD), livers procured for transplantation from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors experience more ischemia-reperfusion injury and higher rates of ischemic cholangiopathy due to the period of warm ischemic time (WIT) following withdrawal of life support. As a result, utilization of DCD livers for liver transplant (LT) has generally been limited to short WITs and younger aged donor grafts, causing many recovered DCD organs to be discarded without consideration for transplant. This study assesses how DCD liver utilization and outcomes have changed over time, using OPTN data from adult, first-time, deceased donor, whole-organ LTs between January 1995 and December 2019. Results show that increased clinical experience with DCD LT has translated into increased use of livers from DCD donors, shorter ischemic times, shorter lengths of hospitalization after transplant, and lower rates of retransplantation. The data also reveal that over the past decade, the rate of increase in DCD LTs conducted in the United States has outpaced that of DBD. Together, these trends signal an opportunity for the field of liver transplantation to mitigate the organ shortage by capitalizing on DCD liver allografts that are currently not being utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Haque
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard, Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qing Yuan
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard, Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Markmann
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Hemorheological and Microcirculatory Factors in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-An Update on Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms and Protective Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041864. [PMID: 33668478 PMCID: PMC7918617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a multifactorial phenomenon which has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes. IRI related tissue damage is characterized by various chronological events depending on the experimental model or clinical setting. Despite the fact that IRI research has been in the spotlight of scientific interest for over three decades with a significant and continuous increase in publication activity over the years and the large number of pharmacological and surgical therapeutic attempts introduced, not many of these strategies have made their way into everyday clinical practice. Furthermore, the pathomechanism of hepatic IRI has not been fully elucidated yet. In the complex process of the IRI, flow properties of blood are not neglectable. Hemorheological factors play an important role in determining tissue perfusion and orchestrating mechanical shear stress-dependent endothelial functions. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, ischemic conditioning protocols, dynamic organ preservation techniques may improve rheological properties of the post-reperfusion hepatic blood flow and target endothelial cells, exerting a potent protection against hepatic IRI. In this review paper we give a comprehensive overview of microcirculatory, rheological and molecular–pathophysiological aspects of hepatic circulation in the context of IRI and hepatoprotective approaches.
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18
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Zhang Y, Pan Q, Cheng Y, Liu Y. Effects of SP600125 and hypothermic machine perfusion on livers donated after cardiac death in a pig allograft transplantation model. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:15. [PMID: 33546770 PMCID: PMC7863371 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) improves the quality of donor livers for transplantation, both in animal models and in clinical practice. Treatment with SP600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), can suppress the JNK signaling pathway to alleviate donor liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). We performed the present study with the objective of exploring the protective effects exerted by a combination of HMP and SP600125 on liver xenograft viability for donation after cardiac death (DCD) in a porcine model. METHODS 54 adult BAMA mini-pigs were randomly assigned to 5 groups, including sham, cold storage for 4 h (CS 4 h), CS 4 h + SP600125, CS 2 h + HMP 2 h, and CS 2 h + HMP 2 h + SP600125 groups. Donor livers in the CS 4 h and CS 4 h + SP600125 groups were conventionally cold preserved for 4 h, whereas donor livers in the CS 2 h + HMP 2 h and CS 2 h + HMP 2 h + SP600125 groups were cold preserved for 2 h and then treated with HMP for 2 h. The preservation and perfusion solutions contained SP600125 (20 µM). Follow-up was conducted for 5 days after liver transplantation to compare the surgical outcomes by means of serological examination, pathological results, and survival rate. RESULTS The most satisfactory outcome after liver transplantation was observed in the CS 2 h + HMP 2 h + SP600125 group, which presented with minimal damage of donor livers during 5 days' follow-up. Additionally, serological examination, pathological results, and survival rate concurred in showing better results in the CS 2 h + HMP 2 h ± SP600125 group than in the CS 4 h ± SP600125 group. CONCLUSION HMP in combination with SP600125 has hepatoprotective properties and improves the quality and viability of porcine livers collected after DCD, thus improving prognosis after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhang
- Department of Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Michelotto J, Gassner JMGV, Moosburner S, Muth V, Patel MS, Selzner M, Pratschke J, Sauer IM, Raschzok N. Ex vivo machine perfusion: current applications and future directions in liver transplantation. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2021; 406:39-54. [PMID: 33216216 PMCID: PMC7870621 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-020-02014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment option for end-stage liver disease; however, its use remains limited due to a shortage of suitable organs. In recent years, ex vivo liver machine perfusion has been introduced to liver transplantation, as a means to expand the donor organ pool. PURPOSE To present a systematic review of prospective clinical studies on ex vivo liver machine perfusion, in order to assess current applications and highlight future directions. METHODS A systematic literature search of both PubMed and ISI web of science databases as well as the ClinicalTrials.gov registry was performed. RESULTS Twenty-one articles on prospective clinical trials on ex vivo liver machine perfusion were identified. Out of these, eight reported on hypothermic, eleven on normothermic, and two on sequential perfusion. These trials have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of ex vivo liver machine perfusion in both standard and expanded criteria donors. Currently, there are twelve studies enrolled in the clinicaltrials.gov registry, and these focus on use of ex vivo perfusion in extended criteria donors and declined organs. CONCLUSION Ex vivo liver machine perfusion seems to be a suitable strategy to expand the donor pool for liver transplantation and holds promise as a platform for reconditioning diseased organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Michelotto
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph M G V Gassner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Moosburner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Muth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madhukar S Patel
- Department of Surgery, Abdominal Transplant and HPB Surgery, Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Markus Selzner
- Department of Surgery, Abdominal Transplant and HPB Surgery, Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M Sauer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Surgery, Abdominal Transplant and HPB Surgery, Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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20
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Oxygen Transport during Ex Situ Machine Perfusion of Donor Livers Using Red Blood Cells or Artificial Oxygen Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010235. [PMID: 33379394 PMCID: PMC7795786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenated ex situ machine perfusion of donor livers is an alternative for static cold preservation that can be performed at temperatures from 0 °C to 37 °C. Organ metabolism depends on oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate and temperatures below 37 °C reduce the metabolic rate and oxygen requirements. The transport and delivery of oxygen in machine perfusion are key determinants in preserving organ viability and cellular function. Oxygen delivery is more challenging than carbon dioxide removal, and oxygenation of the perfusion fluid is temperature dependent. The maximal oxygen content of water-based solutions is inversely related to the temperature, while cellular oxygen demand correlates positively with temperature. Machine perfusion above 20 °C will therefore require an oxygen carrier to enable sufficient oxygen delivery to the liver. Human red blood cells are the most physiological oxygen carriers. Alternative artificial oxygen transporters are hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, perfluorocarbons, and an extracellular oxygen carrier derived from a marine invertebrate. We describe the principles of oxygen transport, delivery, and consumption in machine perfusion for donor livers using different oxygen carrier-based perfusion solutions and we discuss the properties, advantages, and disadvantages of these carriers and their use.
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Karangwa SA, Lisman T, Porte RJ. Anticoagulant Management and Synthesis of Hemostatic Proteins during Machine Preservation of Livers for Transplantation. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46:743-750. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLiver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. Despite a steadily increasing demand for suitable donor livers, the current pool of donor organs fails to meet this demand. To resolve this discrepancy, livers traditionally considered to be of suboptimal quality and function are increasingly utilized. These marginal livers, however, are less tolerant to the current standard cold preservation of donor organs. Therefore, alternative preservation methods have been sought and are progressively applied into clinical practice. Ex situ machine perfusion is a promising alternative preservation modality particularly for suboptimal donor livers as it provides the ability to resuscitate, recondition, and test the viability of an organ prior to transplantation. This review addresses the modalities of machine perfusion currently being applied, and particularly focuses on the hemostatic management employed during machine perfusion. We discuss the anticoagulant agents used, the variation in dosage, and administration, as well as the implications of perfusion for extended periods of time in terms of coagulation activation associated with production of coagulation factors during perfusion. Furthermore, in regard to viability testing of an organ prior to transplantation, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of utilizing the synthesis of liver-derived coagulation factors as potential viability markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanice A. Karangwa
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Lisman
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Porte
- Section of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Ishihara Y, Bochimoto H, Kondoh D, Obara H, Matsuno N. The ultrastructural characteristics of bile canaliculus in porcine liver donated after cardiac death and machine perfusion preservation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233917. [PMID: 32470051 PMCID: PMC7259665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of each type of machine perfusion preservation (MP) of liver grafts donated after cardiac death on the bile canaliculi of hepatocytes remain unclear. We analyzed the intracellular three-dimensional ultrastructure of the bile canaliculi and hepatocyte endomembrane systems in porcine liver grafts after warm ischemia followed by successive MP with modified University of Wisconsin gluconate solution. Transmission and osmium-maceration scanning electron microscopy revealed that lumen volume of the bile canaliculi decreased after warm ischemia. In liver grafts preserved by hypothermic MP condition, bile canaliculi tended to recover in terms of lumen volume, while their microvilli regressed. In contrast, midthermic MP condition preserved the functional form of the microvilli of the bile canaliculi. Machine perfusion preservation potentially restored the bile canaliculus lumen and alleviated the cessation of cellular endocrine processes due to warm ischemia. In addition, midthermic MP condition prevented the retraction of the microvilli of bile canaliculi, suggesting further mitigation of the damage of the bile canaliculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Ishihara
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Division of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Obara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsuno
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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23
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Meister FA, Czigany Z, Bednarsch J, Böcker J, Amygdalos I, Morales Santana DA, Rietzler K, Moeller M, Tolba R, Boor P, Rohlfs W, Neumann UP, Lurje G. Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion of Extended Criteria Kidney Allografts from Brain Dead Donors: Protocol for a Prospective Pilot Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e14622. [PMID: 31613224 PMCID: PMC6913689 DOI: 10.2196/14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney transplantation is the only curative treatment option for end-stage renal disease. The unavailability of adequate organs for transplantation has resulted in a substantial organ shortage. As such, kidney donor allografts that would have previously been deemed unsuitable for transplantation have become an essential organ pool of extended criteria donor allografts that are now routinely being transplanted on a global scale. However, these extended criteria donor allografts are associated with significant graft-related complications. As a result, hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) has emerged as a powerful, novel technique in organ preservation, and it has recently been tested in preclinical trials in kidney transplantation. In addition, HOPE has already provided promising results in a few clinical series of liver transplantations where the liver was donated after cardiac death. Objective The present trial is an investigator-initiated prospective pilot study on the effects of HOPE on extended criteria donor allografts donated after brain death and used in kidney transplantation. Methods A total of 15 kidney allografts with defined inclusion/exclusion criteria will be submitted to two hours of HOPE via the renal artery before implantation, and are going to be compared to a case-matched group of 30 patients (1:2 matching) who had kidneys transplanted after conventional cold storage. Primary (posttransplant dialysis within 7 days) and secondary (postoperative complications, early graft function, duration of hospital and intensive care unit stay, and six-month graft survival) endpoints will be analyzed within a six-month follow-up period. The extent of ischemia-reperfusion injury will be assessed using kidney tissue, perfusate, and serum samples taken during the perioperative phase of kidney transplantation Results The results of this trial are expected in the first quarter of 2020 and will be presented at national and international scientific meetings and published in international peer-reviewed medical journals. The trial was funded in the third quarter of 2017 and patient enrollment is currently ongoing. Conclusions This prospective study is designed to explore the effects of HOPE on extended criteria donor kidney allografts donated after brain death. The present report represents the preresults phase. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03378817; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03378817
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Alexandra Meister
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Böcker
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iakovos Amygdalos
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Antonio Morales Santana
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Rietzler
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Moeller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wilko Rohlfs
- Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf Peter Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101131. [PMID: 31547621 PMCID: PMC6829519 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, and represents the main underlying cause of graft dysfunction and liver failure post-transplantation. To date, ischemia-reperfusion injury is an unsolved problem in clinical practice. In this context, inflammasome activation, recently described during ischemia-reperfusion injury, might be a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the clinical problems associated with liver transplantation and hepatic resections. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge in inflammasome-mediated inflammation, describing the experimental models used to understand the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, a clear distinction between steatotic and non-steatotic livers and between warm and cold ischemia-reperfusion injury will be discussed. Finally, the most updated therapeutic strategies, as well as some of the scientific controversies in the field will be described. Such information may be useful to guide the design of better experimental models, as well as the effective therapeutic strategies in liver surgery and transplantation that can succeed in achieving its clinical application.
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26
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Kollar B, Kamat P, Klein H, Waldner M, Schweizer R, Plock J. The Significance of Vascular Alterations in Acute and Chronic Rejection for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:163-180. [DOI: 10.1159/000500958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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27
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Jia JJ, Xie HY, Li JH, He Y, Jiang L, He N, Zhou L, Wang W, Zheng SS. Graft protection of the liver by hypothermic machine perfusion involves recovery of graft regeneration in rats. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:427-437. [PMID: 30791830 PMCID: PMC6384453 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518787726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to evaluate the impact and underlying mechanisms of hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) on half-size liver graft regeneration. Methods Forty rats were randomly assigned to five groups: two in vitro groups (static cold storage [SCS] and HMP) and three in vivo groups (orthotopic liver transplantation, SCS, and HMP). Perfusates and plasma samples were collected for analysis of hepatic enzymes. Liver tissue was obtained for evaluation of histology, immunohistochemistry (Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]), and the regeneration rate. Cell cycle genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 were semiquantified by western blot. Results HMP improved histopathological outcomes and decreased hepatic enzyme release. The expression of Ki67 and PCNA demonstrated a greater proliferation activity in the HMP than SCS group, and the expression of almost all cell cycle genes was elevated following HMP. Western blot results showed higher protein levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 in the HMP than SCS group. Conclusions Our findings suggest for the first time that half-size liver graft protection by HMP involves recovery of graft regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Jia
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hai-Yang Xie
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian-Hui Li
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong He
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning He
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Messner F, Guo Y, Etra JW, Brandacher G. Emerging technologies in organ preservation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a blessing or curse for transplantation? Transpl Int 2019; 32:673-685. [PMID: 30920056 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of transplant medicine in the 1950s, advances in surgical technique and immunosuppressive therapy have created the success story of modern organ transplantation. However, today more than ever, we are facing a huge discrepancy between organ supply and demand, limiting the potential for transplantation to save and improve the lives of millions. To address the current limitations and shortcomings, a variety of emerging new technologies focusing on either maximizing the availability of organs or on generating new organs and organ sources hold great potential to eventully overcoming these hurdles. These advances are mainly in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review gives an overview of this emerging field and its multiple sub-disciplines and highlights recent advances and existing limitations for widespread clinical application and potential impact on the future of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Messner
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yinan Guo
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Joanna W Etra
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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29
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Tchilikidi KY. Liver graft preservation methods during cold ischemia phase and normothermic machine perfusion. World J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 11:126-142. [PMID: 31057698 PMCID: PMC6478595 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v11.i3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for donor organs requires measures to expand donor pool. Those include extended criteria donors, such as elderly people, steatotic livers, donation after cardiac death, etc. Static cold storage to reduce metabolic requirements developed by Collins in late 1960s is the mainstay and the golden standard for donated organ protection. Hypothermic machine perfusion provides dynamic organ preservation at 4°C with protracted infusion of metabolic substrates to the graft during the ex vivo period. It has been used instead of static cold storage or after it as short perfusion in transplant center. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) delivers oxygen, and nutrition at physiological temperature mimicking regular environment in order to support cellular function. This would minimize effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Potentially, NMP may help to estimate graft functionality before implantation into a recipient. Clinical studies demonstrated at least its non-inferiority or better outcomes vs static cold storage. Regular grafts donated after brain death could be safely preserved with convenient static cold storage. Except for prolonged ischemia time where hypothermic machine perfusion started in transplant center could be estimated to provide possible positive reconditioning effect. Use of hypothermic machine perfusion in regular donation instead of static cold storage or in extended criteria donors requires further investigation. Multicenter randomized clinical trial supposed to be completed in December 2021. Extended criteria donors need additional measures for graft storage and assessment until its implantation. NMP is actively evaluating promising method for this purpose. Future studies are necessary for precise estimation and confirmation to issue clinical practice recommendations.
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Gassner JMGV, Nösser M, Moosburner S, Horner R, Tang P, Wegener L, Wyrwal D, Claussen F, Arsenic R, Pratschke J, Sauer IM, Raschzok N. Improvement of Normothermic Ex Vivo Machine Perfusion of Rat Liver Grafts by Dialysis and Kupffer Cell Inhibition With Glycine. Liver Transpl 2019; 25:275-287. [PMID: 30341973 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normothermic ex vivo liver machine perfusion might be a superior preservation strategy for liver grafts from extended criteria donors. However, standardized small animal models are not available for basic research on machine perfusion of liver grafts. A laboratory-scaled perfusion system was developed consisting of a custom-made perfusion chamber, a pressure-controlled roller pump, and an oxygenator. Male Wistar rat livers were perfused via the portal vein for 6 hours using oxygenated culture medium supplemented with rat erythrocytes. A separate circuit was connected via a dialysis membrane to the main circuit for plasma volume expansion. Glycine was added to the flush solution, the perfusate, and the perfusion circuit. Portal pressure and transaminase release were stable over the perfusion period. Dialysis significantly decreased the potassium concentration of the perfusate and led to significantly higher bile and total urea production. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunostaining for single-stranded DNA and activated caspase 3 showed less sinusoidal dilatation and tissue damage in livers treated with dialysis and glycine. Although Kupffer cells were preserved, tumor necrosis factor α messenger RNA levels were significantly decreased by both treatments. For proof of concept, the optimized perfusion protocol was tested with donation after circulatory death (DCD) grafts, resulting in significantly lower transaminase release into the perfusate and preserved liver architecture compared with baseline perfusion. In conclusion, our laboratory-scaled normothermic portovenous ex vivo liver perfusion system enables rat liver preservation for 6 hours. Both dialysis and glycine treatment were shown to be synergistic for preservation of the integrity of normal and DCD liver grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M G V Gassner
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Maximilian Nösser
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Simon Moosburner
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Rosa Horner
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Peter Tang
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Lara Wegener
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - David Wyrwal
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Felix Claussen
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Ruza Arsenic
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Igor M Sauer
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum.,Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Czigany Z, Lurje I, Tolba RH, Neumann UP, Tacke F, Lurje G. Machine perfusion for liver transplantation in the era of marginal organs-New kids on the block. Liver Int 2019; 39:228-249. [PMID: 30129192 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the face of a critical organ shortage in the Western world, various strategies are employed to expand the donor pool for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Among them is the transplantation of organs from extended criteria donors, a valuable source of liver allografts, however, characterized by potential risks for post-OLT complications and inferior outcomes. In recent years, machine perfusion (MP) of the explanted donor liver as well as regional perfusion techniques has witnessed significant advancements. Here, we aim to discuss different modes of dynamic organ preservation in OLT. These include hypothermic and normothermic MP, hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE), controlled oxygenated rewarming as well as regional perfusion protocols. Over recent years, multiple feasibility trials have demonstrated the clinical prospects of MP. In the context of OLT using organs from extended criteria donors, MP has numerous advantages compared to conventional cold storage, some of which include the preservation and reconditioning of borderline transplantable organs and the viability assessment of high-risk donor allografts. This review aims to address the topic of liver allograft MP, highlighting particularly the current trends in clinical applications and future perspectives. Furthermore, different approaches of liver storage and reconditioning are reviewed in the context of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabella Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Boteon YL, Boteon APCS, Attard J, Wallace L, Bhogal RH, Afford SC. Impact of machine perfusion of the liver on post-transplant biliary complications: A systematic review. World J Transplant 2018; 8:220-231. [PMID: 30370232 PMCID: PMC6201326 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v8.i6.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To review the clinical impact of machine perfusion (MP) of the liver on biliary complications post-transplantation, particularly ischaemic-type biliary lesions (ITBL).
METHODS This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. The following databases were searched: PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus. The keyword “liver transplantation” was used in combination with the free term “machine perfusion”. Clinical studies reporting results of transplantation of donor human livers following ex situ or in situ MP were analysed. Details relating to donor characteristics, recipients, technique of MP performed and post-operative biliary complications (ITBL, bile leak and anastomotic strictures) were critically analysed.
RESULTS Fifteen articles were considered to fit the criteria for this review. Ex situ normothermic MP was used in 6 studies, ex situ hypothermic MP in 5 studies and the other 4 studies investigated in situ normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) and controlled oxygenated rewarming. MP techniques which have per se the potential to alleviate ischaemia-reperfusion injury: Such as hypothermic MP and NRP, have also reported lower rates of ITBL. Other biliary complications, such as biliary leak and anastomotic biliary strictures, are reported with similar incidences with all MP techniques. There is currently less clinical evidence available to support normothermic MP as a mitigator of biliary complications following liver transplantation. On the other hand, restoration of organ to full metabolism during normothermic MP allows assessment of hepatobiliary function before transplantation, although universally accepted criteria have yet to be validated.
CONCLUSION MP of the liver has the potential to have a positive impact on post-transplant biliary complications, specifically ITBL, and expand extended criteria donor livers utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Boteon
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2 TT, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda PCS Boteon
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Attard
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2 TT, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Wallace
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2 TT, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ricky H Bhogal
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2 TT, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Afford
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2 TT, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Optimizing Livers for Transplantation Using Machine Perfusion versus Cold Storage in Large Animal Studies and Human Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9180757. [PMID: 30255101 PMCID: PMC6145150 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9180757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver allograft preservation frequently involves static cold storage (CS) and machine perfusion (MP). With its increasing popularity, we investigated whether MP was superior to CS in terms of beneficial outcomes. Methods Human studies and large animal studies that optimized livers for transplantation using MP versus CS were assessed (PubMed/Medline/EMBASE). Meta-analyses were conducted for comparisons. Study quality was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale and SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Results Nineteen studies were included. Among the large animal studies, lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase (SMD -3.16, 95% CI -5.14 to -1.18), alanine transferase (SMD -2.46, 95% CI -4.03 to -0.90), and hyaluronic acid (SMD -2.48, 95% CI -4.21 to -0.74) were observed in SNMP-preserved compared to CS-preserved livers. NMP-preserved livers showing lower level of hyaluronic acid (SMD -3.97, 95% CI -5.46 to -2.47) compared to CS-preserved livers. Biliary complications (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.73) and early graft dysfunction (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.92) also significantly reduced with HMP preservation in human studies. No evidence of publication bias was found. Conclusions MP preservation could improve short-term outcomes after transplantation compared to CS preservation. Additional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to develop clinical applications of MP preservation.
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Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion of the Human Donor Pancreas. Transplant Direct 2018; 4:e388. [PMID: 30498765 PMCID: PMC6233671 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Transplantation of beta cells by pancreas or islet transplantation is the treatment of choice for a selected group of patients suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pancreata are frequently not accepted for transplantation, because of the relatively high vulnerability of these organs to ischemic injury. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) on the quality of human pancreas grafts. Methods Five pancreata derived from donation after circulatory death (DCD) and 5 from donation after brain death (DBD) donors were preserved by oxygenated HMP. Hypothermic machine perfusion was performed for 6 hours at 25 mm Hg by separate perfusion of the mesenteric superior artery and the splenic artery. Results were compared with those of 10 pancreata preserved by static cold storage. Results During HMP, homogeneous perfusion of the pancreas could be achieved. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate concentration increased 6,8-fold in DCD and 2,6-fold in DBD pancreata. No signs of cellular injury, edema or formation of reactive oxygen species were observed. Islets of Langerhans with good viability and in vitro function could be isolated after HMP. Conclusions Oxygenated HMP is a feasible and safe preservation method for the human pancreas that increases tissue viability.
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He W, Ye S, Zeng C, Xue S, Hu X, Zhang X, Gao S, Xiong Y, He X, Vivalda S, Li L, Wang Y, Ye Q. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury in the liver through inhibition of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in a rat model of donation after cardiac death. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800028RR. [PMID: 29870680 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800028rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) is a relatively new dynamic preservation procedure that has not been widely implemented in liver transplantation despite its advantages. Improved graft protection is one such advantage offered by HOPE and has been attributed to multiple mechanisms, one of which may be the modulation of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway. The TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway plays a critical role in sterile inflammation under oxidative stress as a result of ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). In the current study, we aimed to investigate the graft protection offered by HOPE and its impact on the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. To simulate conditions of donation after cardiac death (DCD) liver transplantation, rat livers were exposed to 30 min of warm ischemia after cardiac arrest. Livers were then preserved under cold storage (CS) or with HOPE for 3 h. Livers were then subjected to 1 h of isolated reperfusion. Liver injuries were assessed on the isolated perfusion rat liver model system before and after reperfusion. Compared with the CS group, the HOPE group had a significant reduction in liver injury and improvement in liver function. Our findings also revealed that reperfusion injury induced liver damage and activated the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in DCD rat livers. Pretreatment of DCD rat livers with HOPE inhibited the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and attenuated liver IRI. Attenuation of oxidative stress as a result of HOPE led to the down-regulation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and thus offered superior protection compared with the traditional CS method of organ preservation.-He, W., Ye, S., Zeng, C., Xue, S., Hu, X., Zhang, X., Gao, S., Xiong, Y., He, X., Vivalda, S., Li, L., Wang, Y., Ye, Q. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury in the liver through inhibition of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in a rat model of donation after cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang He
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Ye
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Xue
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingjian Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Gao
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyu He
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Soatina Vivalda
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Transplant Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology Research Center, National Health Commission, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Schlegel A, Muller X, Dutkowski P. Hypothermic Machine Preservation of the Liver: State of the Art. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2018; 5:93-102. [PMID: 29564206 PMCID: PMC5843682 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-018-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we highlight which livers may benefit from additional treatment before implantation and describe the concept of hypothermic machine liver perfusion. Furthermore, we explain why cold oxygenated perfusion concepts could potentially lead to a breakthrough in this challenging field of transplantation. Accordingly, we summarize recent clinical applications of different hypothermic perfusion approaches. RECENT FINDINGS The impact of end-ischemic, hypothermic liver perfusion in liver transplantation is currently assessed by two multicenter, randomized controlled trials. Recently, new applications of hypothermic perfusion showed promising results and recipients were protected from severe intrahepatic biliary complications, despite the use of very extended criteria grafts including donation after circulatory death livers. SUMMARY Hypothermic machine liver perfusion is beneficial for high-risk livers and protects recipients from most feared complications. Importantly, such easy approach is currently implemented in several European centers and new markers obtained from perfusate may improve the prediction of liver function in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schlegel
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xavier Muller
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery & Transplantation, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Ischemia/reperfusion injury in vascularized tissue allotransplantation: tissue damage and clinical relevance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017; 21:503-9. [PMID: 27495915 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) in vascularized tissue allotransplantation (VCA) remain largely undefined. Because VCA is comprised of different tissues, the sensitivity towards IRI may not be uniform. We, herein, attempt to address mechanistic aspects of IRI in VCA and provide a summary on potential technologies and targets for amelioration or treatment of IRI in this novel field. RECENT FINDINGS IRI results in a loosened architecture of musculature, hypertrophic, centrally located cell nuclei as well as a high degree of neovascularization. Mitochondria in muscle tissue show a high degree of degeneration after prolonged ischemia whereas the ultrastructure remains normal after short cold ischemia time (CIT). Muscle cell necrosis accompanied by a diffuse inflammatory infiltrate and vasculopathy of small vessels is observed after 30 h of CIT. Nerves revealed a high degree of separation and vacuolization of myelin lamellae because of Wallerian degeneration. Approaches to minimize IRI include use of novel preservation solutions, administration of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory molecules/drugs as well as the implementation of machine perfusion in the setting of VCA. SUMMARY Hand and face transplantations are logistically challenging procedures. Optimal planning and a highly congruent and motivated team are key to keep ischemia times to a minimum. In addition to pharmacological approaches, machine perfusion seems promising to help circumvent logistic problems and expand the donor pool in VCA.
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Czigany Z, Schöning W, Ulmer TF, Bednarsch J, Amygdalos I, Cramer T, Rogiers X, Popescu I, Botea F, Froněk J, Kroy D, Koch A, Tacke F, Trautwein C, Tolba RH, Hein M, Koek GH, Dejong CHC, Neumann UP, Lurje G. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) for orthotopic liver transplantation of human liver allografts from extended criteria donors (ECD) in donation after brain death (DBD): a prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial (HOPE ECD-DBD). BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017558. [PMID: 29018070 PMCID: PMC5652559 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has emerged as the mainstay of treatment for end-stage liver disease. In an attempt to improve the availability of donor allografts and reduce waiting list mortality, graft acceptance criteria were extended increasingly over the decades. The use of extended criteria donor (ECD) allografts is associated with a higher incidence of primary graft non-function and/or delayed graft function. As such, several strategies have been developed aiming at reconditioning poor quality ECD liver allografts. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) has been successfully tested in preclinical experiments and in few clinical series of donation after cardiac death OLT. METHODS AND ANALYSIS HOPE ECD-DBD is an investigator-initiated, open-label, phase-II, prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial on the effects of HOPE on ECD allografts in donation after brain death (DBD) OLT. Human whole organ liver grafts will be submitted to 1-2 hours of HOPE (n=23) via the portal vein before implantation and are going to be compared with a control group (n=23) of patients transplanted after conventional cold storage. Primary (peak and Δ peak alanine aminotransferase within 7 days) and secondary (aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin and international normalised ratio, postoperative complications, early allograft dysfunction, duration of hospital and intensive care unit stay, 1-year patient and graft survival) endpoints will be analysed within a 12-month follow-up. Extent of ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury will be assessed using liver tissue, perfusate, bile and serum samples taken during the perioperative phase of OLT. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the institutional review board of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (EK 049/17). The current paper represent the pre-results phase. First results are expected in 2018. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03124641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wenzel Schöning
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Florian Ulmer
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iakovos Amygdalos
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Cramer
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xavier Rogiers
- Department of Solid Organ Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital and Medical School, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Department of General Surgery and Liver transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Botea
- Department of General Surgery and Liver transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jiří Froněk
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Kroy
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc Hein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ger H Koek
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ulf Peter Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Clavien PA, Dutkowski P. Advances in hypothermic perfusion. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:S52-S55. [PMID: 28815993 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nicolau-Raducu R, Cohen AJ, Bokhari A, Bohorquez H, Bruce D, Carmody I, Bugeaud E, Seal J, Sonnier D, Nossaman B, Loss G. Predictive model and risk factors associated with a revised definition of early allograft dysfunction in liver transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2017; 31. [PMID: 28856732 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) is a well-defined clinical syndrome that reflects overall graft function within the first week after transplant. The aim of this study was to further refine the definition for EAD. METHOD In this study, 1124 patients were included for analysis. Logistic regression was performed to identify markers of liver injury associated with 6-month patient and graft failure. RESULTS Recursive partitioning identified cut-points for ALT/AST > 3000/6000 IU/dL observed within first week, with bilirubin ≥ 10 mg/dL and INR ≥ 1.6 on postoperative day 7 for the revised EAD model. The incidence of updated EAD was 15% (164/1124). Multivariable analysis identified eight risk factors associated with EAD: % macrosteatosis, donor location, donor weight, nonheart beating donors, type of organ transplanted, recipient-associated hepatocellular carcinoma, severity of postreperfusion syndrome, and the amount of transfused fresh frozen plasma. In the presence of EAD, the incidence of post-transplant renal replacement therapy and dialysis dependence increases. There was a significant association of the presence of EAD with 6-month mortality (12% vs 3%) and 6-month graft failure (8% vs 1%). CONCLUSION Higher AST/ALT level needed as cutoff in comparison with the old EAD definition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari J Cohen
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Amjad Bokhari
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Humberto Bohorquez
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David Bruce
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ian Carmody
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Emily Bugeaud
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John Seal
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Dennis Sonnier
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bobby Nossaman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - George Loss
- Department of Surgery/Transplantation, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
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An Oxygenated and Transportable Machine Perfusion System Fully Rescues Liver Grafts Exposed to Lethal Ischemic Damage in a Pig Model of DCD Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 101:e205-e213. [PMID: 28403128 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of warm ischemia (WI) lesions that occur with donation after circulatory death (DCD) would significantly increase the donor pool for liver transplantation. We aimed to determine whether a novel, oxygenated and hypothermic machine perfusion device (HMP Airdrive system) improves the quality of livers derived from DCDs using a large animal model. METHODS Cardiac arrest was induced in female large white pigs by intravenous injection of potassium chloride. After 60 minutes of WI, livers were flushed in situ with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate and subsequently preserved either by simple cold storage (WI-SCS group) or HMP (WI-HMP group) using Belzer-MPS solution. Liver grafts procured from heart-beating donors and preserved by SCS served as controls. After 4 hours of preservation, all livers were transplanted. RESULTS All recipients in WI-SCS group died within 6 hours after transplantation. In contrast, the HMP device fully protected the liver against lethal ischemia/reperfusion injury, allowing 100% survival rate. A postreperfusion syndrome was observed in all animals of the WI-SCS group but none of the control or WI-HMP groups. After reperfusion, HMP-preserved livers functioned better and showed less hepatocellular and endothelial cell injury, in agreement with better-preserved liver histology relative to WI-SCS group. In addition to improved energy metabolism, this protective effect was associated with an attenuation of inflammatory response, oxidative load, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time the efficacy of the HMP Airdrive system to protect liver grafts from lethal ischemic damage before transplantation in a clinically relevant DCD model.
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Short, Cool, and Well Oxygenated - HOPE for Kidney Transplantation in a Rodent Model. Ann Surg 2017; 264:815-822. [PMID: 27584571 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate novel and easily applicable preservation perfusion techniques in kidney grafts obtained from donors after circulatory death (DCD). BACKGROUND A novel perfusion approach, hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE), used for DCD liver grafts, is based on cold perfusion for 1 hour by an oxygenated solution before implantation. Here, we aimed to test HOPE in a rodent model of kidney grafts associated with substantial warm ischemia. METHODS Rat kidneys were exposed to 30 minutes in situ warm ischemia, without application of heparin. Kidneys were removed and cold stored for 4 and 18 hours, mimicking DCD organ procurement and conventional preservation. In additional experiments, kidneys were normothermically perfused with oxygenated blood for 1 hour after cold storage. In a third group, kidneys were perfused by HOPE for 1 hour after cold storage. In each group, orthotopic kidney transplantation was performed after recipient nephrectomy. RESULTS HOPE-treated DCD kidneys showed dramatically better function after transplantation, than cold-stored grafts in terms of nuclear injury, macrophage activation, endothelium activation, tubulus damage, and graft function. A short period of warm oxygenated perfusion before implantation improved graft quality as compared with cold storage, but was significantly less effective in all endpoints compared with HOPE. The effect of HOPE was dependent on perfusate oxygenation in the cold. CONCLUSIONS HOPE of DCD kidneys was superior to other clinically used preservation approaches, consistent to earlier results in livers. On the basis of this, we assume a strong and generalized effect on solid organ viability by HOPE before transplantation. These results justify a clinical trial.
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Abstract
The demand of donor livers for transplantation exceeds the supply. In an attempt to maximize the number of potentially usable donor livers, several centers are exploring the role of machine perfusion. This review provides an update on machine perfusion strategies and basic concepts, based on current clinical issues, and discuss challenges, including currently used biomarkers for assessing the quality and viability of perfused organs. The potential benefits of machine perfusion on immunogenicity and the consequences on post-operative immunosuppression management are discussed.
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Ye QF, Senninger N. The consensus on liver autotransplantation from an international panel of experts. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:10-16. [PMID: 28119253 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Fa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan 430071, China; Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Pump the organ: procurement and resuscitation technologies beyond static cold storage. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21:285-7. [PMID: 27100149 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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