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Xu X, Chen Y, Kong L, Li X, Chen D, Yang Z, Wang J. Potential biomarkers for immune monitoring after renal transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2024; 84:102046. [PMID: 38679337 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Renal transplantation represents the foremost efficacious approach for ameliorating end-stage renal disease. Despite the current state of advanced renal transplantation techniques and the established postoperative immunosuppression strategy, a subset of patients continues to experience immune rejection during both the early and late postoperative phases, ultimately leading to graft loss. Consequently, the identification of immunobiomarkers capable of predicting the onset of immune rejection becomes imperative in order to facilitate early intervention strategies and enhance long-term prognoses. Upon reviewing the pertinent literature, we identified several indicators that could potentially serve as immune biomarkers to varying extents. These include the T1/T2 ratio, Treg/Th17 ratio, IL-10/TNF-α ratio, IL-33, IL-34, IL-6, IL-4, other cytokines, and NOX2/4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Shandong Medical College, Jinan, China
| | | | - Xianduo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.
| | - Jianning Wang
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.
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2
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Elias C, Chen C, Cherukuri A. Regulatory B Cells in Solid Organ Transplantation: From Immune Monitoring to Immunotherapy. Transplantation 2024; 108:1080-1089. [PMID: 37779239 PMCID: PMC10985051 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) modulate the immune response in diverse disease settings including transplantation. Despite the lack of a specific phenotypic marker or transcription factor, their significance in transplantation is underscored by their ability to prolong experimental allograft survival, the possibility for their clinical use as immune monitoring tools, and the exciting prospect for them to form the basis for cell therapy. Interleukin (IL)-10 expression remains the most widely used marker for Breg. Several Breg subsets with distinct phenotypes that express this "signature Breg cytokine" have been described in mice and humans. Although T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin family-1 is the most inclusive and functional marker that accounts for murine Breg with disparate mechanisms of action, the significance of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin family-1 as a marker for Breg in humans still needs to be explored. Although the primary focus of this review is the role of Breg in clinical transplantation, the net modulatory effect of B cells on the immune response and clinical outcomes is the result of the balancing functions of both Breg and effector B cells. Supporting this notion, B-cell IL-10/tumor necrosis factor α ratio is shown to predict immunologic reactivity and clinical outcomes in kidney and liver transplantation. Assessment of Breg:B effector balance using their IL-10/tumor necrosis factor α ratio may identify patients that require more immunosuppression and provide mechanistic insights into potential therapies. In summary, current advances in our understanding of murine and human Breg will pave way for future definitive clinical studies aiming to test them for immune monitoring and as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Elias
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chuxiao Chen
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aravind Cherukuri
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Tamargo CL, Kant S. Pathophysiology of Rejection in Kidney Transplantation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4130. [PMID: 37373823 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation has been the optimal treatment for end-stage kidney disease for almost 70 years, with increasing frequency over this period. Despite the prevalence of the procedure, allograft rejection continues to impact transplant recipients, with consequences ranging from hospitalization to allograft failure. Rates of rejection have declined over time, which has been largely attributed to developments in immunosuppressive therapy, understanding of the immune system, and monitoring. Developments in these therapies, as well as an improved understanding of rejection risk and the epidemiology of rejection, are dependent on a foundational understanding of the pathophysiology of rejection. This review explains the interconnected mechanisms behind antibody-mediated and T-cell-mediated rejection and highlights how these processes contribute to outcomes and can inform future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Tamargo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sam Kant
- Division of Nephrology & Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Chen C, Ma J, Pi C, Huang W, Zhang T, Fu C, Liu W, Yang YG. PPARδ inhibition blocks the induction and function of tumor-induced IL-10 + regulatory B cells and enhances cancer immunotherapy. Cell Discov 2023; 9:54. [PMID: 37291146 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10+ regulatory B cells (Bregs) play a significant role in cancer immunotherapy and their presence is an indicator of negative outcome. We found that PPARδ is significantly upregulated in tumor-induced IL-10+ Bregs with a phenotype of CD19+CD24hiIgDlo/-CD38lo or CD19+CD24hiIgDlo/-CD38hi in both mice and humans, and the level of PPARδ expression was correlated with their potential to produce IL-10 and to inhibit T cell activation. Genetic inactivation of PPARδ in B cells impaired the development and function of IL-10+ B cells, and treatment with PPARδ inhibitor diminished the induction of IL-10+ Bregs by tumor and CD40 engagement. Importantly, immunotherapy with anti-CD40 or anti-PD1 antibody achieved a markedly improved outcome in tumor-bearing mice with PPARδ deficiency in B cells or treated with PPARδ inhibitor. This study shows that PPARδ is required for the development and function of IL-10+ Bregs, providing a new and effective target for selectively blocking Bregs and improving antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Centre of Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chenchen Pi
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Cherukuri A, Abou-Daya KI, Chowdhury R, Mehta RB, Hariharan S, Randhawa P, Rothstein DM. Transitional B cell cytokines risk stratify early borderline rejection after renal transplantation. Kidney Int 2023; 103:749-761. [PMID: 36436679 PMCID: PMC10038876 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Borderline rejection (BL) in renal transplantation is associated with decreased allograft survival, yet many patients with BL maintain stable graft function. Identifying patients with early BL at risk for shortened allograft survival would allow for timely targeted therapeutic intervention aimed at improving outcomes. 851/1187 patients transplanted between 2013-18 underwent early biopsy (0-4 mos). 217/851 (25%) had BL and were compared to 387/851 without significant inflammation (NI). Serial surveillance and for-cause biopsies and seven-year follow-up were used to evaluate histological and clinical progression. To identify high-risk patients, we examined clinical/histological parameters using regression and non-linear dimensionality reduction (tSNE) and a biomarker based on peripheral blood transitional-1 B cell (T1B) IL-10/TNFα ratio. Compared to NI, early BL was associated with increased progression to late acute rejection (AR; 5-12 mos), premature interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) and decreased seven-year graft survival. However, decreased graft survival was limited to BL patients who progressed to late AR or IFTA, and was not influenced by treatment. Although tSNE clustered patients into groups based on clinical factors, the ability of these factors to risk stratify BL patients was modest. In contrast, a low T1B IL-10/TNFα ratio at 3 months identified BL patients at high risk for progression to AR (ROC AUC 0.87) and poor 7-yr graft survival (52% vs. 92%, p=0.003), while BL patients with a high ratio had similar graft survival to patients with NI (91%, p=NS). Thus, progressive early allograft inflammation manifested as BL that progresses to late AR in the first post-transplant year represents a high-risk clinical state for poor allograft outcomes. Such high-risk status can be predicted by the T1B IL-10/TNFα ratio before irreversible scarring sets in, thus allowing timely risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Cherukuri
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Khodor I Abou-Daya
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raad Chowdhury
- Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rajil B Mehta
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sundaram Hariharan
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Division of Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David M Rothstein
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cherukuri A, Rothstein DM. Regulatory and transitional B cells: potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2022; 27:385-391. [PMID: 35950881 PMCID: PMC9474638 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Regulatory B cells (Bregs) play a prominent role in various disease settings. While progress has been hindered by the lack of a specific Breg marker, new findings highlight their role modulating the alloimmune response and promoting allograft survival. RECENT FINDINGS Herein, we focus on the recent advances in Breg biology and their role in transplantation. We review studies showing that T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is an inclusive and functional Breg marker in mice that may have human relevance. We highlight the utility of the B cell interleukin-10/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (IL-10/TNFα) ratio in identifying underlying immunological reactivity and predicting clinical outcomes in kidney transplantation. This may identify patients requiring more immunosuppression and provide insight into potential therapeutic approaches that can modulate the Breg: B effector cell (Beff) balance. SUMMARY Emerging data support Bregs as potent modulators of immune responses in humans. Their ability to promote allograft survival must await development of approaches to expand Bregs in vitro/in vivo . The low IL-10/TNFα ratio reflecting decreased Breg/Beff balance, predicts acute rejection (AR) and poorer outcomes in renal transplantation. It remains to be determined whether this paradigm can be extended to other allografts and whether therapy aiming to correct the relative deficiency of Bregs will improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Cherukuri
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David M. Rothstein
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Lee KM, Fu Q, Huai G, Deng K, Lei J, Kojima L, Agarwal D, Van Galen P, Kimura S, Tanimine N, Washburn L, Yeh H, Naji A, Rickert CG, LeGuern C, Markmann JF. Suppression of allograft rejection by regulatory B cells generated via toll-like receptor signaling. JCI Insight 2022; 7:152213. [PMID: 35943811 PMCID: PMC9536278 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes have long been recognized for their critical contributions to adaptive immunity, providing defense against pathogens through cognate antigen presentation to T cells and Ab production. More recently appreciated is that B cells are also integral in securing self-tolerance; this has led to interest in their therapeutic application to downregulate unwanted immune responses, such as transplant rejection. In this study, we found that PMA- and ionomycin-activated mouse B cells acquire regulatory properties following stimulation through TLR4/TLR9 receptors (Bregs-TLR). Bregs-TLR efficiently inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro and prevented allograft rejection. Unlike most reported Breg activities, the inhibition of alloimmune responses by Bregs-TLR relied on the expression of TGF-β and not IL-10. In vivo, Bregs-TLR interrupted donor-specific T cell expansion and induced Tregs in a TGF-β–dependent manner. RNA-Seq analyses corroborated the involvement of TGF-β pathways in Breg-TLR function, identified potential gene pathways implicated in preventing graft rejection, and suggested targets to foster Breg regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mi Lee
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Qiang Fu
- Organ Transplantation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoli Huai
- Organ Transplantation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kevin Deng
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Ji Lei
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Lisa Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Divyansh Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Peter Van Galen
- Division of Hematology, Brigham & Womans Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Naoki Tanimine
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplantation Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Laura Washburn
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Charles G Rickert
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Christian LeGuern
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - James F Markmann
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
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Bottomley MJ, Brook MO, Shankar S, Hester J, Issa F. Towards regulatory cellular therapies in solid organ transplantation. Trends Immunol 2021; 43:8-21. [PMID: 34844848 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is a modern medical success story. However, since its inception it has been limited by the need for pharmacological immunosuppression. Regulatory cellular therapies offer an attractive solution to these challenges by controlling transplant alloresponses through multiple parallel suppressive mechanisms. A number of cell types have seen an accelerated development into human trials and are now on the threshold of a long-awaited breakthrough in personalized transplant therapeutics. Here we assess recent developments with a focus on the most likely candidates, some of which have already facilitated successful immunosuppression withdrawal in early clinical trials. We propose that this may constitute a promising approach in clinical transplantation but also evaluate outstanding issues in the field, providing cause for cautious optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bottomley
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew O Brook
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sushma Shankar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Lan X, Hu YH, Li X, Kong DJ, Qin YF, Wang H. Oxymatrine protects cardiac allografts by regulating immunotolerant cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108080. [PMID: 34454287 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is an effective treatment strategy for patients with irreversible organ failure or congenital organ dysfunction. Oxymatrine (OMT) is a quinolizidine alkaloid with protective and anti-inflammatory effects on tissues and organs. The objective of this study was to investigate whether OMT could exert protective effects in cardiac allografts by regulating immune cells. In vitro cell proliferation and co-culture experiments were used to measure the effects of OMT on splenocyte proliferation and differentiation. In the in vivo study, C57BL/6 mice transplanted with BALB/c cardiac grafts were randomly divided into untreated, low-dose OMT treated, middle-dose OMT treated, high-dose OMT treated, and rapamycin-treated groups. Haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining were used to assess pathological changes in the grafts, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed to measure the percentages of immune cells. The results showed that, in the in vitro study, OMT inhibited splenocyte proliferation, decreased the percentage of mature dendritic cells (DCs), and increased the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and regulatory B cells (Bregs). In the in vivo study, OMT exerted allograft protective effects by prolonging survival time, alleviating pathological damages to the cardiac allograft, decreasing intragraft CD3+ cell and increasing intragraft Foxp3+ cell infiltration, decreasing the percentages of mature DCs, increasing the percentages of Tregs and Bregs, and inhibiting the function of DCs. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that OMT exerted a protective effect on cardiac allografts by regulating immunotolerant cells. More in-depth studies of OMT may provide additional insight into the use of immunosuppressive drugs as a post-transplantation treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Hao Hu
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - De-Jun Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya-Fei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China.
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10
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Cherukuri A, Salama AD, Mehta R, Mohib K, Zheng L, Magee C, Harber M, Stauss H, Baker RJ, Tevar A, Landsittel D, Lakkis FG, Hariharan S, Rothstein DM. Transitional B cell cytokines predict renal allograft outcomes. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/582/eabe4929. [PMID: 33627487 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early immunological biomarkers that predict rejection and chronic allograft loss are needed to inform preemptive therapy and improve long-term outcomes. Here, we prospectively examined the ratio of interleukin-10 (IL-10) to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) produced by transitional-1 B cells (T1B) 3 months after transplantation as a predictive biomarker for clinical and subclinical renal allograft rejection and subsequent clinical course. In both Training (n = 162) and Internal Validation (n = 82) Sets, the T1B IL-10/TNFα ratio 3 months after transplantation predicted both clinical and subclinical rejection anytime in the first year. The biomarker also predicted subsequent late rejection with a lead time averaging 8 months. Among biomarker high-risk patients, 60% had early rejection, of which 48% recurred later in the first posttransplant year. Among high-risk patients without early rejection, 74% developed rejection later in the first year. In contrast, only 5% of low-risk patients had early and 5% late rejection. The biomarker also predicted rejection in an External Validation Set (n = 95) and in key patient subgroups, confirming generalizability. Biomarker high-risk patients exhibited progressively worse renal function and decreased 5-year graft survival compared to low-risk patients. Treatment of B cells with anti-TNFα in vitro augmented the IL-10/TNFα ratio, restored regulatory activity, and inhibited plasmablast differentiation. To conclude, the T1B IL-10/TNFα ratio was validated as a strong predictive biomarker of renal allograft outcomes and provides a rationale for preemptive therapeutic intervention with TNF blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Cherukuri
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alan D Salama
- University College of London Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Rajil Mehta
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kanishka Mohib
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Leting Zheng
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Ciara Magee
- University College of London Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Mark Harber
- University College of London Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Hans Stauss
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Richard J Baker
- Renal Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Amit Tevar
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Douglas Landsittel
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sundaram Hariharan
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David M Rothstein
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. .,Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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11
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Lee YS, Saxena V, Bromberg JS, Scalea JR. G-CSF promotes alloregulatory function of MDSCs through a c-Kit dependent mechanism. Cell Immunol 2021; 364:104346. [PMID: 33848847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that expand in inflammatory conditions including transplantation. MDSCs may be capable of controlling rejection. The critical mechanisms underlying MDSC mediated alloregulation remain unexplored. G-CSF potently stimulates MDSC expansion. We hypothesized that G-CSF-induced MDSCs use a novel mechanism to suppress T cell responses. G-CSF promoted expansion of MDSCs and enhanced their suppressive function against T cell proliferation. Gene expression analysis revealed MDSCs expanded with G-CSF upregulated immune-related genes, but downregulated proliferation-related genes when compared to naïve control MDSCs. The KIT oncogene, encoding the c-Kit (CD117) transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, was the most significantly increased in MDSCs expanded with G-CSF. c-Kit inhibition with both imatinib and monoclonal blocking antibody reduced expression of ARG-1, iNOS, PD-L1, and SAA3. Further, imatinib also reduced MDSC-mediated T cell suppression in vitro. Modulation of c-Kit activity may represent a therapeutic target for alloregulatory MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Vikas Saxena
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Joseph R Scalea
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.
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12
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Liu L, Zhao J, Li A, Yang X, Sprangers B, Li S. Artemisinin attenuates IgM xenoantibody production via inhibition of T cell-independent marginal zone B cell proliferation. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:583-591. [PMID: 32542769 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0520-717rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) has been shown to suppress B cell activation and plasma cell formation. However, its effect on splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells is unknown. Splenic MZ B cells play a critical role in rapidly induced Ab production against blood-borne foreign Ags. Dysfunction of MZ B cells, due to inhibition of its proliferation or displacement of its homing, results in an attenuated adaptive humoral response. Here, we investigate the effect of ART on splenic MZ B (CD19+ CD21high CD23low ) and B10 (CD19+ CD1dhigh CD5+ ) B cells to explore the mechanisms of ART-induced immunosuppression in T cell-deficient nude mice challenged with hamster xenoantigens. In this study, we demonstrate that ART decreases T cell-independent xenogeneic IgM Ab production and, this is associated with a strong suppression of MZ B cell proliferation and a relative increase of CD21low CD23+ follicular and B10 B cells. In addition, this suppression impairs IL-10 production. Taken together, our data indicate that ART suppresses B cell immune responses through a distinctive effect on splenic MZ B and other B cells. This represents a new mechanism of ART-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Juanzhi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - An Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Ben Sprangers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (Rega institute), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shengqiao Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Zhuhai, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Zhuhai, P. R. China
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13
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Mohib K, Rothstein DM, Ding Q. Characterization and Activity of TIM-1 and IL-10-Reporter Expressing Regulatory B Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2270:179-202. [PMID: 33479899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their role in humoral immunity, B cells can exhibit regulatory activity. Such B cells have been termed regulatory B cells (Bregs). Bregs have been shown to inhibit inflammatory immune responses in a variety of autoimmune, alloimmune, and infectious settings. Breg activity is frequently IL-10-dependent, although a number of other mechanisms have been identified. However, our understanding of Bregs has been hampered by their rarity, lack of a specific phenotypic marker, and poor insight into their induction and maintenance. A variety of B-cell subsets enriched for IL-10+ Bregs have been identified in multiple murine disease models that can adoptively transfer Breg activity. However, most of these B-cell subsets actually contain only a minority of all IL-10+ B cells. In contrast, TIM-1 identifies over 70% of IL-10-producing B cells, irrespective of other markers. Thus, TIM-1 can be considered a broad marker for IL-10-expressing Bregs. Moreover, TIM-1 signaling plays a direct role in both the maintenance and induction of Bregs under physiological conditions, in response to both TIM-1 ligation and to apoptotic cells. TIM-1 expression has also been reported on IL-10+ human B cells. Together, these findings suggest that TIM-1 may represent a novel therapeutic target for modulating the immune response and provide insight into the signals involved in the generation and induction of Bregs. Here, we provide the methods to analyze and purify the murine TIM-1+ B-cell subset for further in vitro and in vivo experiments. We also provide methods for in vitro analysis and in vivo tracking of Bregs using IL-10-reporter mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka Mohib
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David M Rothstein
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Ding
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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14
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Li J, Gao J, Zhou H, Zhou J, Deng Z, Lu Y, Rao J, Ji G, Gu J, Yang X, Xia Y, Wang X. Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Increases the Proportion and Suppressive Function of CD19 +CD24 hiCD27 + Breg Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603288. [PMID: 33343576 PMCID: PMC7746849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19+CD24hiCD27+ memory Breg cells exhibit decreased abundance in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) after liver transplantation and produce less IL-10 than those from patients without cGVHD and healthy donors. Due to the lack of Breg cells and the difficulty in expanding them in vitro, in mouse models and early human clinical trials, the adoptive transfer of Breg cells to autoimmune diseases is greatly restricted. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a multifunctional serine/threonine (ser/thr) protein kinase that can participate in B cell growth, metabolic activity, and proliferation. Phosphoprotein array analysis showed that p-GSK-3β-s9 was highly expressed in mBreg cells. Furthermore, here, we demonstrated that GSK-3β expression in mBreg cells is lower than that observed in B cells by flow cytometry. We found that the treatment of B cells with the specific GSK-3β inhibitor SB216763 can significantly increase the proportion and immunosuppressive function of mBreg cells in vitro. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is one of a pivotal regulator of gene expression in adaptive immune system. Here, we observed that inhibition of GSK-3β by SB216763 results in enhanced expression of NFATc1 in B cells, which is essential in regulating the ability of B cells to secrete IL-10. By constructing a xGVHD mouse model, we observed that SB216763-treated mBreg cells effectively prevent xenogeneic GVHD. Here we propose a novel strategy using SB216763 to inhibit GSK-3β and then enhance the proportion and immunosuppressive function of mBreg cells by increasing the expression of NFATc1. This approach may be used as a therapy to ameliorate GVHD and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Gao
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinren Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghua Deng
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Rao
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Guwei Ji
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxiang Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Xia
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
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15
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Beckett J, Hester J, Issa F, Shankar S. Regulatory B cells in transplantation: roadmaps to clinic. Transpl Int 2020; 33:1353-1368. [PMID: 32725703 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, an additional and important role for B cells has been established in immune regulation. Preclinical studies demonstrate that regulatory B cells (Breg) can prolong allograft survival in animal models and induce regulatory T cells. Operationally tolerant human kidney transplant recipients demonstrate B-cell-associated gene signatures of immune tolerance, and novel therapeutic agents can induce Bregs in phase I clinical trials in transplantation. Our rapidly expanding appreciation of this novel B-cell subtype has made the road to clinical application a reality. Here, we outline several translational pathways by which Bregs could soon be introduced to the transplant clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Beckett
- Transplant Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplant Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplant Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sushma Shankar
- Transplant Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Chesneau M, Mai HL, Danger R, Le Bot S, Nguyen TVH, Bernard J, Poullaouec C, Guerrif P, Conchon S, Giral M, Charreau B, Degauque N, Brouard S. Efficient Expansion of Human Granzyme B–Expressing B Cells with Potent Regulatory Properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2391-2401. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Afzali S, Salehi S, Shahi A, Amirzargar A. B cell modulation strategies in the improvement of transplantation outcomes. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:140-150. [PMID: 32682148 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Successful transplantation outcome is the final goal in most end stage and nonfunctional organs; however, despite using different therapeutic strategies, antibody-mediated rejection is still a big obstacle. B cells have a key role in transplant rejection by several functions, such as antibody production, antigen presenting, contribution in T cell activation, forming the germinal center, and tertiary lymphoid organs. Therefore, B cells modulation seems to be very crucial in transplant outcome. A double-edged sword function is considered for B cells during transplantation; On the one hand, antibody production against the transplanted organ induces antibody-mediated rejection. On the other hand, IL10 production by regulatory B (Breg) cells induces graft tolerance. Nowadays, several monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are available for B cell modulation that are routinely used in transplant recipients, among which rituximab (anti-CD20 mAb) act in eliminating B cells. However, there are some other monoclonal antibodies, such as epratuzumab and Inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO), which exert anti-CD22 activity, resulting in disruption of B cell functions and induction of tolerance in autoimmune disease or B cell malignancies; that notwithstanding, these mAbs have not yet been tried in transplantation. In this review, we focus on different methods for modulating the activity of B cells as well as induction of Breg cells, aiming to prevent the allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afzali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Salehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Abstract
The present review discusses current developments in tolerance induction for solid organ transplantation with a particular emphasis on chimerism-based approaches. It explains the basic mechanisms of chimerism-based tolerance and provides an update on ongoing clinical tolerance trials. The concept of "delayed tolerance" is presented, and ongoing preclinical studies in the nonhuman primate setting-including current limitations and hurdles regarding this approach-are illustrated. In addition, a brief overview and update on cell-based tolerogenic clinical trials is provided. In a critical approach, advantages, limitations, and potential implications for the future of these different regimens are discussed.
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19
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Salminen A. Activation of immunosuppressive network in the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100998. [PMID: 31838128 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation has a key role in the aging process, a state called inflammaging. It is known that the chronic inflammatory condition generates counteracting immunosuppressive state in many diseases. Inflammaging is also associated with an immune deficiency; generally termed as immunosenescence, although it is not known whether it represents the senescence of immune cells or the active remodeling of immune system. Evidence has accumulated since the 1970's indicating that immunosenescence might be caused by an increased activity of immunosuppressive cells rather than cellular senescence. Immune cells display remarkable plasticity; many of these cells can express both proinflammatory and immunosuppressive phenotypes in a context-dependent manner. The immunosuppressive network involves the regulatory subtypes of T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells as well as regulatory phenotypes of macrophages (Mreg), dendritic (DCreg), natural killer (NKreg), and type II natural killer T (NKT) cells. The immunosuppressive network also includes monocytic (M-MDSC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN-MDSC) myeloid-derived suppressor cells which are immature myeloid cells induced by inflammatory mediators. This co-operative network is stimulated in chronic inflammatory conditions preventing excessive inflammatory responses but at the same time they exert harmful effects on the immune system and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have revealed that the aging process is associated with the activation of immunosuppressive network, especially the functions of MDSCs, Tregs, and Mregs are increased. I will briefly review the properties of the regulatory phenotypes of immune cells and examine in detail the evidences for an activation of immunosuppressive network with aging.
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20
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Abstract
B cells are typically characterized by their ability to produce antibodies, function as secondary antigen-present cells, and produce various immunoregulatory cytokines. The regulatory B (Breg)-cell population is now widely accepted as an important modulatory component of the immune system that suppresses inflammation. Recent studies indicate that Breg-cell populations are small under physiological conditions but expand substantially in both human patients and murine models of chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, infection, transplantation, and cancer. Almost all B-cell subsets can be induced to form Breg cells. In addition, there are unique Breg-cell subsets such as B10 and Tim-1+ B cells. Immunoregulatory function may be mediated by production of cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β and ensuing suppression of T cells, by direct cell-cell interactions, and (or) by altering the immune microenvironment. In this chapter, we describe in detail the discovery of Breg cells, their phenotypes, differentiation, function, contributions to disease, and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd, 226, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd, 226, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd, 226, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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21
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Mohib K, Cherukuri A, Zhou Y, Ding Q, Watkins SC, Rothstein DM. Antigen-dependent interactions between regulatory B cells and T cells at the T:B border inhibit subsequent T cell interactions with DCs. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:52-63. [PMID: 31355483 PMCID: PMC8117747 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IL-10+ regulatory B cells (Bregs) inhibit immune responses in various settings. While Bregs appear to inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression by CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells, their reported impact on CD8+ T cells is contradictory. Moreover, it remains unclear which effects of Bregs are direct versus indirect. Finally, the subanatomical localization of Breg suppressive function and the nature of their intercellular interactions remain unknown. Using novel tamoxifen-inducible B cell-specific IL-10 knockout mice, we found that Bregs inhibit CD8+ T cell proliferation and inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Sort-purified Bregs from IL-10-reporter mice were adoptively transferred into wild-type hosts and examined by live-cell imaging. Bregs localized to the T:B border, specifically entered the T cell zone, and made more frequent and longer contacts with both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than did non-Bregs. These Breg:T cell interactions were antigen-specific and reduced subsequent T:DC contacts. Thus, Bregs inhibit T cells through direct cognate interactions that subsequently reduce DC:T cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka Mohib
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aravind Cherukuri
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu Zhou
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Tsinghua University, Bejing Shi, China
| | - Qing Ding
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David M. Rothstein
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW B cells have recently emerged as important immune players in solid organ rejection, especially in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), a chronic form of rejection following heart transplantation. B cells can exert either regulatory or effector functions. This review will provide an update on effector B cells in CAV. RECENT FINDINGS Independent studies reported the abundance of B cells in graft infiltrates during CAV, especially around coronary arteries. Infiltrates comprise CD20+ CD27+ memory B cells together with differentiated CD20-CD138+ plasma cells, which are almost always associated with T cells and macrophages. The structure of some of these infiltrates evokes that of germinal centers, suggesting the generation of tertiary lymphoid organs in the graft. Remarkably, B-cell infiltrates are most often detected in the absence of circulating donor human leukocyte antigen-specific antibodies, strongly suggesting that the two components are unrelated. Characterization of B-cell clones isolated from explanted human cardiac graft infiltrates revealed the prevalence of polyreactive innate, B1-like B cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that these cells act primarily as antigen-presenting cells in situ. Additional effector functions, such as local antibody secretion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, promoting T-cell polarization, macrophage activation and fibrosis are also considered. SUMMARY Converging observations made through animal and human studies add substantial support for an effector B-cell role in the pathophysiology of CAV. On the basis of these collective findings, a therapeutic strategy targeting B cells could reasonably be envisaged to prevent or treat this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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