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Wang H, Luo Y, Wang H, Li F, Yu F, Ye L. Mechanistic advances in osteoporosis and anti-osteoporosis therapies. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e244. [PMID: 37188325 PMCID: PMC10175743 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a type of bone loss disease characterized by a reduction in bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. With the intensification of global aging, this disease is now regarded as one of the major public health problems that often leads to unbearable pain, risk of bone fractures, and even death, causing an enormous burden at both the human and socioeconomic layers. Classic anti-osteoporosis pharmacological options include anti-resorptive and anabolic agents, whose ability to improve bone mineral density and resist bone fracture is being gradually confirmed. However, long-term or high-frequency use of these drugs may bring some side effects and adverse reactions. Therefore, an increasing number of studies are devoted to finding new pathogenesis or potential therapeutic targets of osteoporosis, and it is of great importance to comprehensively recognize osteoporosis and develop viable and efficient therapeutic approaches. In this study, we systematically reviewed literatures and clinical evidences to both mechanistically and clinically demonstrate the state-of-art advances in osteoporosis. This work will endow readers with the mechanistical advances and clinical knowledge of osteoporosis and furthermore present the most updated anti-osteoporosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of EndodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuchuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of EndodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Haisheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Feifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Fanyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of EndodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of EndodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Osman O, Manzi S, Wasko MC, Clark BA. Case report: disease mechanisms and medical management of calcium nephrolithiasis in rheumatologic diseases. BMC Urol 2023; 23:42. [PMID: 36959633 PMCID: PMC10035194 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nephrolithiasis as a feature of rheumatologic diseases is under recognized. Understanding presenting features, diagnostic testing is crucial to proper management. Case presentation A 32 year old woman with a history of recurrent complicated nephrolithiasis presented to a rheumatologist for a several month history of fatigue, dry eyes, dry mouth, arthralgias. She had a positive double-stranded DNA, positive SSA and SSB antibodies. She was diagnosed with Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren's syndrome and was started on mycophenalate mofetil. Of relevance was a visit to her local emergency room 4 years earlier with profound weakness with unexplained marked hypokalemia and a non-anion gap metabolic acidosis. Approximately one year after that episode she developed flank pain and nephrocalcinosis. She had multiple issues over the ensuing years with stones and infections on both sides. Interventions included extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy as well as open lithotomy and eventual auto-transplantation of left kidney for recurrent ureteric stenosis. 24 h stone profile revealed marked hypocitraturia, normal urine calcium, normal urine oxalate and uric acid. She was treated with potassium citrate. Mycophenolate was eventually stopped due to recurrent urinary tract infections and she was started on Belimumab. Because of recurrent SLE flares, treatment was changed to Rituximab (every 6 months) with clinical and serologic improvement. Her kidney stone frequency gradually improved and no further interventions needed although she continued to require citrate repletion for hypocitraturia. Conclusions Nephrolithiasis can be a prominent and even presenting feature in Sjogrens syndrome as well as other rheumatologic diseases. Prompt recognition and understanding disease mechanisms is important for best therapeutic interventions for kidney stone prevention as well as treatment of underlying bone mineral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Osman
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Susan Manzi
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Mary Chester Wasko
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Barbara A. Clark
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
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Ebeling PR, Nguyen HH, Aleksova J, Vincent AJ, Wong P, Milat F. Secondary Osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:240-313. [PMID: 34476488 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a global public health problem, with fractures contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Although postmenopausal osteoporosis is most common, up to 30% of postmenopausal women, > 50% of premenopausal women, and between 50% and 80% of men have secondary osteoporosis. Exclusion of secondary causes is important, as treatment of such patients often commences by treating the underlying condition. These are varied but often neglected, ranging from endocrine to chronic inflammatory and genetic conditions. General screening is recommended for all patients with osteoporosis, with advanced investigations reserved for premenopausal women and men aged < 50 years, for older patients in whom classical risk factors for osteoporosis are absent, and for all patients with the lowest bone mass (Z-score ≤ -2). The response of secondary osteoporosis to conventional anti-osteoporosis therapy may be inadequate if the underlying condition is unrecognized and untreated. Bone densitometry, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, may underestimate fracture risk in some chronic diseases, including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, and may overestimate fracture risk in others (eg, Turner syndrome). FRAX and trabecular bone score may provide additional information regarding fracture risk in secondary osteoporosis, but their use is limited to adults aged ≥ 40 years and ≥ 50 years, respectively. In addition, FRAX requires adjustment in some chronic conditions, such as glucocorticoid use, type 2 diabetes, and HIV. In most conditions, evidence for antiresorptive or anabolic therapy is limited to increases in bone mass. Current osteoporosis management guidelines also neglect secondary osteoporosis and these existing evidence gaps are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Hanh H Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Western Health, Victoria 3011, Australia
| | - Jasna Aleksova
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Amanda J Vincent
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Phillip Wong
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Frances Milat
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Taguchi K, Hamamoto S, Okada A, Tanaka Y, Sugino T, Unno R, Kato T, Ando R, Tozawa K, Yasui T. Low bone mineral density is a potential risk factor for symptom onset and related with hypocitraturia in urolithiasis patients: a single-center retrospective cohort study. BMC Urol 2020; 20:174. [PMID: 33121459 PMCID: PMC7596945 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with urolithiasis have a lower bone mineral density (BMD) than those without stones, suggesting a potential correlation between calcium stone formation and bone resorption disorders, including osteopenia and osteoporosis. Methods To investigate the influence of BMD on clinical outcomes in urolithiasis, we performed a single-center retrospective cohort study to analyze patients with urolithiasis who underwent both BMD examination and 24-h urine collection between 2006 and 2015. Data from the national cross-sectional surveillance of the Japanese Society on Urolithiasis Research in 2015 were utilized, and additional data related to urinary tract stones were obtained from medical records. The primary outcome was the development of stone-related symptoms and recurrences during follow-up. A total of 370 patients were included in this 10-year study period. Results Half of the patients had recurrent stones, and the two-thirds were symptomatic stone formers. While only 9% of patients had hypercalciuria, 27% and 55% had hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia, respectively. There was a positive correlation between T-scores and urinary citrate excretion. Both univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that female sex was associated with recurrences (odds ratio = 0.44, p = 0.007), whereas a T-score < − 2.5 and hyperoxaluria were associated with symptoms (odds ratio = 2.59, p = 0.037; odds ratio = 0.45, p = 0.01; respectively). Conclusion These results revealed that low T-scores might cause symptoms in patients with urolithiasis, suggesting the importance of BMD examination for high-risk Japanese patients with urolithiasis having hypocitraturia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Taguchi
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
| | - Shuzo Hamamoto
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Okada
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
| | - Yutaro Tanaka
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
| | - Teruaki Sugino
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
| | - Rei Unno
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
| | - Taiki Kato
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tozawa
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yasui
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 4678601, Japan
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Christou MA, Ntritsos G, Markozannes G, Koskeridis F, Nikas SN, Karasik D, Kiel DP, Evangelou E, Ntzani EE. A genome-wide scan for pleiotropy between bone mineral density and nonbone phenotypes. Bone Res 2020; 8:26. [PMID: 32637184 PMCID: PMC7329904 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder globally and is characterized by skeletal fragility and microarchitectural deterioration. Genetic pleiotropy occurs when a single genetic element is associated with more than one phenotype. We aimed to identify pleiotropic loci associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and nonbone phenotypes in genome-wide association studies. In the discovery stage, the NHGRI-EBI Catalog was searched for genome-wide significant associations (P value < 5 × 10-8), excluding bone-related phenotypes. SNiPA was used to identify proxies of the significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (r 2 = 1). We then assessed putative genetic associations of this set of SNPs with femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD data from the GEFOS Consortium. Pleiotropic variants were claimed at a false discovery rate < 1.4 × 10-3 for FN-BMD and < 1.5 × 10-3 for LS-BMD. Replication of these genetic markers was performed among more than 400 000 UK Biobank participants of European ancestry with available genetic and heel bone ultrasound data. In the discovery stage, 72 BMD-related pleiotropic SNPs were identified, and 12 SNPs located in 11 loci on 8 chromosomes were replicated in the UK Biobank. These SNPs were associated, in addition to BMD, with 14 different phenotypes. Most pleiotropic associations were exhibited by rs479844 (AP5B1, OVOL1 genes), which was associated with dermatological and allergic diseases, and rs4072037 (MUC1 gene), which was associated with magnesium levels and gastroenterological cancer. In conclusion, 12 BMD-related genome-wide significant SNPs showed pleiotropy with nonbone phenotypes. Pleiotropic associations can deepen the genetic understanding of bone-related diseases by identifying shared biological mechanisms with other diseases or traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Christou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Ntritsos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Fotis Koskeridis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Spyros N. Nikas
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - David Karasik
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, and the Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, and the Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelia E. Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Center for Research Synthesis in Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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Lu YM, Li CC, Juan YS, Lee YC, Chien TM. Urolithiasis increases the risk of subsequent onset of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:38-43. [PMID: 31290006 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urolithiasis and osteoporosis are two different pathological entities, but are both important public health issues in older patients. Moreover, the two diseases may share some similar pathogenesis pathway. Currently, few studies focus on the relationship between urolithiasis and osteoporosis. Furthermore, whether the common mobilities influence the long-term osteoporosis rate in urolithiasis patients has never been studied. In the present study, we used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database (LHID 2000) compiled by the NHI from 1996 to 2013 to determine whether urolithiasis influenced long-term osteoporosis; controls were matched for age, sex, and other comorbidities (including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease). We included a total of 91,254 patients, including 22,575 patients with urolithiasis and 68,679 control patients. There was a significant difference between the incidence of osteoporosis between the urolithiasis and control groups (adjusted hazard ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.79, p < 0.001) during the follow up. The incidence rate of osteoporosis during the follow-up period was 8.87 per 1000 person-years in the urolithiasis group and 6.37 per 1000 person-years in the control group. Based on our results, it is evident that urolithiasis significantly increases the subsequent osteoporosis rate. Though the clinical mechanisms are not fully understood, patients who have a history of urolithiasis may need regular follow-up assessment of bone marrow density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Man Lu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Li
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shun Juan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chin Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Ming Chien
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Bone resorption in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis and idiopathic hypercalciuria. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:129-134. [PMID: 30641472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
People with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis and idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) often have evidence of increased bone resorption, but bone turnover has not previously been investigated in dogs with these conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether a marker of bone resorption, β-crosslaps, differs between dogs with CaOx urolithiasis and IH compared to controls. This retrospective, cross-sectional study used a canine specific ELISA to measure β-crosslaps concentrations in stored frozen serum samples from 20 dogs with CaOx urolithiasis and IH and 20 breed-, sex-, and age-matched stone-free controls (18 Miniature Schnauzers, 14 Bichons Frise, and 8 Shih Tzus). Dogs with CaOx urolithiasis and IH had lower β-crosslaps concentrations relative to controls (P = .0043), and β-crosslaps had a moderate negative correlation with urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratios (r = -0.44, P = .0044). Miniature Schnauzers had lower β-crosslaps concentrations than the other two breeds (P = .0035). The ELISA had acceptable intra-assay precision, but concentrations decreased when samples were repeatedly assayed over time. Assay recovery rates were also below acceptance criteria. In conclusion, Miniature Schnauzers, Bichons Frise, and Shih Tzus with CaOx urolithiasis and IH have evidence of decreased bone resorption compared to stone-free controls. This suggests that other causes of IH, such as intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium, underlie risk for CaOx urolithiasis in these breeds. Results should be confirmed in larger populations and with other β-crosslaps assays and additional biomarkers of bone turnover. The stability of canine serum β-crosslaps after freeze-thaw cycles and storage at various temperatures requires investigation.
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8
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Tominaga N, Fernandez SJ, Mete M, Shara NM, Verbalis JG. Hyponatremia and the risk of kidney stones: A matched case-control study in a large U.S. health system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203942. [PMID: 30240426 PMCID: PMC6150503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney stones impose a large and increasing public health burden. Previous studies showed that hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures, which are also known to be associated with kidney stones. However, the relation between hyponatremia and kidney stones is not known. To assess the relation between hyponatremia and kidney stones, we designed a matched case-control study by using the electronic health records of the MedStar Health system with more than 3.4 million unique patient records as of March 2016. Data were extracted for clinical factors of patients with kidney stones (cases) and those without kidney stones (controls). Cases (n = 20,199) and controls (n = 20,199) were matched at a 1:1 ratio for age, sex, race, and the duration of encounter window. Case and control exposures for each of the hyponatremia variables were defined by serum sodium laboratory measurements reported within the encounter windows, and divided into 3 categories: prior hyponatremia, recent hyponatremia, and persistent hyponatremia. In the final conditional logistic models adjusted for potential confounders, the risk of kidney stones significantly increased in both recent and persistent hyponatremia categories: prior hyponatremia odds ratio (OR) 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86–1.00); recent hyponatremia OR 2.02 (95% CI, 1.76–2.32); persistent hyponatremia OR 6.25 (95% CI, 3.27–11.96). In conclusion, chronic persistent hyponatremia is a significant and clinically important risk factor for kidney stones in patients in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tominaga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Fernandez
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Mihriye Mete
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Nawar M Shara
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Joseph G Verbalis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Potassium Citrate Supplementation Decreases the Biochemical Markers of Bone Loss in a Group of Osteopenic Women: The Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091293. [PMID: 30213095 PMCID: PMC6164684 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship involving acid-base imbalance, mineral metabolism and bone health status has previously been reported but the efficacy of the alkalizing supplementation in targeting acid overload and preventing bone loss has not yet been fully elucidated. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the hypothesis that potassium citrate (K citrate) modifies bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteopenia was tested. Three hundred and ten women were screened; 40 women met the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the treatment or the placebo group. They were treated with K citrate (30 mEq day−1) or a placebo in addition to calcium carbonate (500 mg day−1) and vitamin D (400 IU day−1). At baseline and time points of 3 and 6 months, serum indicators of renal function, electrolytes, calciotropic hormones, serum bone turnover markers (BTMs) (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b), carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), procollagen type 1 N terminal propeptide (PINP)), and urine pH, electrolytes, and citrate were measured. The follow-up was completed by 17/20 patients in the “K citrate” group and 18/20 patients in the “placebo” group. At baseline, 90% of the patients exhibited low potassium excretion in 24 h urine samples, and 85% of cases had at least one urine parameter associated with low-grade acidosis (low pH, low citrate excretion). After treatment, CTX and BAP decreased significantly in both groups, but subjects with evidence of low-grade acidosis gained significant benefits from the treatment compared to the placebo. In patients with low 24h-citrate excretion at baseline, a 30% mean decrease in BAP and CTX was observed at 6 months. A significant reduction was also evident when low citrate (BAP: −25%; CTX: −35%) and a low pH (BAP: −25%; CTX: −30%) were found in fasting-morning urine. In conclusion, our results suggested that K citrate supplementation improved the beneficial effects of calcium and vitamin D in osteopenic women with a documented potassium and citrate deficit, and a metabolic profile consistent with low-grade acidosis.
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10
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Patel ND, Ward RD, Calle J, Remer EM, Monga M. CT-Based Diagnosis of Low Vertebral Bone Mineral Density Is Associated with Hypercalciuria and Hypocitraturia on Opportunistic Imaging. J Endourol 2018; 32:878-883. [PMID: 29954225 DOI: 10.1089/end.2018.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Studies have demonstrated associations between nephrolithiasis and systemic conditions, including low bone mineral density (BMD), which may correlate with hypercalciuria in kidney stone formers (KSFs). Traditionally, low BMD is diagnosed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. As a noncontrast CT (NCCT) scan is typically part of a stone evaluation, our objective was to evaluate the association of NCCT-based vertebral BMD with 24-hour urine parameters in KSF. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of 99 KSFs who had CT imaging and 24-hour urine studies. For each patient, BMD was estimated at the L1 vertebral body and CT attenuation measured in HU. A threshold of 160 HU was chosen to distinguish normal from low BMD. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to compare patients with low and normal BMD. Multivariate linear regression was performed to assess for variables associated with 24-hour urine parameters. RESULTS Patients with low BMD had higher 24-hour urine calcium (219 vs 147 mg/day, p < 0.0001) and larger stone volume (259 vs 78.4 mm3, p = 0.009). Multivariate analysis demonstrated age >60 years (odds ratio [OR] 9.3, p < 0.0001) and hypercalciuria (OR 4.34, p = 0.004) correlated with low BMD. Linear regression demonstrated that lower BMD was associated with higher urinary calcium (β-coefficient -0.268, p = 0.009) and lower urinary citrate (β-coefficient 0.332, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS CT-based diagnosis of low mineral bone density is associated with derangement in 24-hour urine calcium and citrate in KSFs, as well as larger stone volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant D Patel
- 1 Department of Urology, UCLA Health System , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ryan D Ward
- 2 Imaging Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Juan Calle
- 3 Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Erick M Remer
- 2 Imaging Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Manoj Monga
- 3 Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Risk of renal stone formation in patients treated with luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogues for prostate cancer: importance of bone metabolism and urine calcium. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:419-425. [PMID: 29374814 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether androgen blockade produces metabolic changes in urine and increases the risk of calculi after 1 year of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 38 patients, from the period April 2015 to June 2016, diagnosed with locally advanced prostate cancer or lymph node metastasis, and with an indication of androgen blockade. Androgen blockade was started with luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues, and a blood specimen, a fasting urine and 24-h urine were collected at the time of inclusion, and then at 1 year of follow-up. A study was performed at baseline and at 1 year with imaging tests. An analysis of the variables was performed with a p ≤ 0.05 considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age of the patients included in the study was 72.26 ± 6.75 years. As regards the biochemistry parameters, an increase in osteocalcin (from 16.28 ± 9.48 to 25.56 ± 12.09 ng/ml; p = 0.001) and an increase in β-crosslaps (from 0.419 ± 0.177 to 0.743 ± 0.268 ng/ml; p = 0.0001) were observed. In the urinary parameters, a significant increase was observed in the fasting calcium/creatinine ratio (from 0.08 ± 0.06 to 0.13 ± 0.06; p = 0.002) and in the 24-h calcium renal excretion (from 117.69 ± 66.92 to 169.42 ± 107.18 mg; p = 0.0001). Calculi formation was observed in 12 of the 38 patients included (31.6%), with a mean size of 3.33 ± 1.31 mm. CONCLUSION Treatment with LHRH analogues, as well as increasing the appearance of metabolic syndrome and speeding up the loss bone mineral density, causes an increase in fasting urine calcium.
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The value of hypercalciuria in patients with osteopenia versus osteoporosis. Urolithiasis 2016; 45:279-283. [PMID: 27480097 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-016-0909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of lithogenic metabolic factors in the blood and urine of patients with osteopenia versus osteoporosis. This is a cross-sectional study including 67 patients who were divided into two groups according to the presence of either osteopenia or osteoporosis as measured by bone densitometry: group 1-40 patients with osteopenia (22 men and 18 women) and group 2-27 patients with osteoporosis (13 men and 14 women). Metabolic studies were performed on the blood and urine; statistical analysis was performed comparing means and conducting linear correlation and multivariate analyses with SPSS. Statistical significance was considered to be p ≤ 0.05. The mean age of patients in group 1 was 52.9 ± 12.8 years versus 50.3 ± 11.4 in group 2; the difference was not statistically significant. In group 2, higher levels of osteocalcin, β-crosslaps, urinary calcium, fasting urine calcium/creatinine, 24 h urine calcium/creatinine and 24 h oxaluria were observed compared to group 1. In the multivariate analysis, only the β-crosslaps and urinary calcium were independently associated with osteoporosis. It would be advisable to determine the urinary calcium levels in patients with osteoporosis since altered levels may necessitate modifying the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to osteoporosis.
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Grases F, Costa-Bauzá A. Simplified methods for the evaluation of the risk of forming renal stones and the follow-up of stone-forming propensity during the preventive treatment of stone-formation. Urolithiasis 2015; 44:77-82. [PMID: 26614111 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-015-0838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Renal lithiasis is a complex multifactorial disease in which recurrence is common. Thus, simple and reliable procedures are needed to evaluate patients with previous kidney stones to determine the risk of recurrence. In this paper we review simple biochemical procedures that can be used to determine the risk for renal stone formation when the stone is available or unavailable for analysis. Our present knowledge of renal lithiasis indicates that renal stones form due to several well-defined factors. Analysis of the renal stone itself can provide important information about clinical factors that require further investigation. When the stone is unavailable, it is necessary to perform a general evaluation of main urinary risk factors associated to renal stone formation, but this study should be complemented considering information related to direct familial antecedents, recidivant degree, radiological images, medical history, and life style habits. Finally, tools for patient follow-up of stone-forming propensity during the preventive treatment are discussed .
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Affiliation(s)
- Fèlix Grases
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, Faculty of Sciences, Universitary Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Antonia Costa-Bauzá
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, Faculty of Sciences, Universitary Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Yiu AJ, Callaghan D, Sultana R, Bandyopadhyay BC. Vascular Calcification and Stone Disease: A New Look towards the Mechanism. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:141-164. [PMID: 26185749 PMCID: PMC4501032 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals are formed in pathological calcification as well as during stone formation. Although there are several theories as to how these crystals can develop through the combined interactions of biochemical and biophysical factors, the exact mechanism of such mineralization is largely unknown. Based on the published scientific literature, we found that common factors can link the initial stages of stone formation and calcification in anatomically distal tissues and organs. For example, changes to the spatiotemporal conditions of the fluid flow in tubular structures may provide initial condition(s) for CaP crystal generation needed for stone formation. Additionally, recent evidence has provided a meaningful association between the active participation of proteins and transcription factors found in the bone forming (ossification) mechanism that are also involved in the early stages of kidney stone formation and arterial calcification. Our review will focus on three topics of discussion (physiological influences-calcium and phosphate concentration-and similarities to ossification, or bone formation) that may elucidate some commonality in the mechanisms of stone formation and calcification, and pave the way towards opening new avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen J. Yiu
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Daniel Callaghan
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Razia Sultana
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Bidhan C. Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, George Washington University, Ross Hall 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-202-745-8622; Fax: +1-202-462-2006
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Rull MAOH, Cano-García MDC, Arrabal-Martín M, Arrabal-Polo MA. The importance of urinary calcium in postmenopausal women with osteoporotic fracture. Can Urol Assoc J 2015; 9:E183-6. [PMID: 26085877 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcium stones are associated with osteoporosis and manifested mainly by elevated fasting urinary calcium/creatinine ratio. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the presence of abnormal metabolism of calcium and calciuria in women with osteoporotic fracture with no previously known renal lithiasis compared to women without osteoporosis and without renal lithiasis. METHODS In total, 87 women were included in the study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 with 55 postmenopausal women with osteoporotic fracture and without renal lithiasis; and Group 2 with 32 postmenopausal women without osteoporosis and without history of renal lithiasis. The following parameters of phospho-calcium metabolism were analyzed: calciuria 24-hour, oxaluria 24-hour, uricosuria 24-hour, and citraturia 24-hour. The presence of hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, and hypocitraturia was compared between groups. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The mean age was 70.1 ± 13.8 in Group 1 and 56.7 ± 6.4 in Group 2 (p = 0.0001). Women in Group 1 had higher levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05) and fasting urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (p < 0.05). The percentage of patients with hypercalciuria in Group 1 (40%) was higher compared to Group 2 (18.8%) and statistically significant (p = 0.04). There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, and hypocitraturia between groups. This study has its limitations including its cross-sectional nature at a unique centre and its low number of patients. CONCLUSION The determination of urinary calcium and fasting calcium/creatinine ratio in postmenopausal women with osteoporotic fracture without renal lithiasis may facilitate individualization of medical therapy and decreasing lithogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Arrabal-Martín
- Urology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Granada, Instituto IBS Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ochoa-Hortal Rull MÁ, Cano-García MC, Arrabal Martín M, Cano Gea R, Reyes García R, Arrabal-Polo MA. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and lithogenic factors in patients with osteoporotic fracture. Actas Urol Esp 2015; 39:279-82. [PMID: 25709002 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the attendance of mineral metabolism disorders and lithogenic factors in patients' urine with osteoporotic fracture without previously known stones MATERIAL AND METHODS 67 patients with osteoporotic fractures surgically treated in trauma service are included. The area of the fracture site, fracture mechanism and the presence of osteoporosis were the factors taken into account to diagnose osteoporotic fracture. Mineral metabolism, calciuria, oxaluria, uricosuria and citraturia in 24hours urine were analyzed. The presence of abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism was proved comparing hypercalciuria patients with normocalciuria ones. RESULTS 12 men and 55 women with mean age 68.8±14.5 years old were included. Mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 27.4±4.1kg/m2. 42% of patients showed hypercalciuria, 34% hyperoxaluria, 34% hypocitraturia and 7% hyperuricosuria. Statistically significant differences were observed only in fasting calcium/creatinine ratio (0.17 vs. 0.08; P<.0001) when comparing patients with hypercalciuria with those with normocalciuria. CONCLUSIONS Patients with osteoporotic fractures show different lithogenic factors in urine, mainly hypercalciuria, always in fasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Á Ochoa-Hortal Rull
- Servicio de Cirugía, Ortopedia y Traumatología, Hospital Rafael Méndez, Lorca, España
| | - M C Cano-García
- UGC Urología Intercentros, Hospital La Inmaculada, Huércal Overa, España
| | - M Arrabal Martín
- UGC Urología Intercentros, Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, España
| | - R Cano Gea
- Servicio de Cirugía, Ortopedia y Traumatología, Hospital Rafael Méndez, Lorca, España
| | - R Reyes García
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición Clínica, Hospital Rafael Méndez, Lorca, España
| | - M A Arrabal-Polo
- UGC Urología Intercentros, Hospital La Inmaculada, Huércal Overa, España.
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Ou SM, Chen YT, Shih CJ, Tarng DC. Increased risk of bone fracture among patients with urinary calculi: a nationwide longitudinal population-based study. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:1261-9. [PMID: 25524022 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Urinary calculi were associated with higher risk of vertebral and upper limb fracture. Therefore, patients with urinary calculi should be evaluated carefully because they may have a higher risk of subsequent fracture later in life. INTRODUCTION The contribution of urinary calculi to reduced bone mineral density has been recognized. However, the association of urinary calculi with the risk of fracture remains inconclusive. The aim of the study was to determine the risk of overall fracture and fractures at different anatomic sites in patients with urinary calculi. METHODS The records of inpatients and outpatients with urinary calculi were retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database from 2000 to 2010. Among patients with urinary calculi at the cohort entry, controls were matched using propensity scores on a 1:1 ratio. All subjects were followed up from the date of enrollment until fracture occurrence, death, or December 31, 2010. There were 46,243 Medicare beneficiaries with a diagnosis of urinary calculi and 46,243 controls without calculi enrolled. RESULTS Among these patients, 6005 patients with a diagnosis of urinary calculi and 5339 controls developed fractures during a median follow-up period of 5.3 years. Patients with urinary calculi had a higher incidence of fracture compared with controls (23.9 versus 22.1 per 1000 person-years) and a greater risk of overall fractures (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.08, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.12), mainly located at the vertebrae (aHR 1.15, 95 % CI, 1.06-1.25) and upper limb (aHR 1.07, 95 % CI, 1.01-1.14), but the risk for hip fracture was not increased (aHR 1.09, 95 % CI, 0.96-1.22). CONCLUSIONS Urinary calculus is independently associated with higher risk of subsequent fracture. Patients with urinary calculi should pay attention to the future vertebral and upper limb fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Ou
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
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Arrabal-Polo MA, Arrabal-Martin M. Stones: Bone health in patients with kidney stones. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 12:9-10. [PMID: 25487049 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Arrabal-Polo
- Urology Department, La Inmaculada Hospital, Doctora Ana Parra Avenue, 04600 Huercal-Overa, Almeria, Spain
| | - Miguel Arrabal-Martin
- Urology Department, San Cecilio University Hospital, Doctor Oloriz Avenue, 18012 Granada, Spain
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