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Budka J, Debowski D, Mai S, Narajczyk M, Hac S, Rolka K, Vrettos EI, Tzakos AG, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Evaluation of an Opioid Growth Factor Bioconjugate Targeting Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:283. [PMID: 38399336 PMCID: PMC10892429 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents a formidable challenge with high lethality and limited effective drug treatments. Its heightened metastatic potential further complicates the prognosis. Owing to the significant toxicity of current chemotherapeutics, compounds like [Met5]-enkephalin, known as opioid growth factor (OGF), have emerged in oncology clinical trials. OGF, an endogenous peptide interacting with the OGF receptor (OGFr), plays a crucial role in inhibiting cell proliferation across various cancer types. This in vitro study explores the potential anticancer efficacy of a newly synthesized OGF bioconjugate in synergy with the classic chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine (OGF-Gem). The study delves into assessing the impact of the OGF-Gem conjugate on cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle regulation, the induction of cellular senescence, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the antimetastatic potential of the OGF-Gem conjugate was demonstrated through evaluations using blood platelets and AsPC-1 cells with a light aggregometer. In summary, this article demonstrates the cytotoxic impact of the innovative OGF-Gem conjugate on pancreatic cancer cells in both 2D and 3D models. We highlight the potential of both the OGF-Gem conjugate and OGF alone in effectively inhibiting the ex vivo pancreatic tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) process, a phenomenon not observed with Gem alone. Furthermore, the confirmed hemocompatibility of OGF-Gem with platelets reinforces its promising potential. We anticipate that this conjugation strategy will open avenues for the development of potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Budka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dawid Debowski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Shaoshan Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Hac
- Department of General Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Andreas G. Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- University Research Center of Ioannina, Institute of Materials Science and Computing, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Mijit M, Kpenu E, Chowdhury NN, Gampala S, Wireman R, Liu S, Babb O, Georgiadis MM, Wan J, Fishel ML, Kelley MR. In vitro and In vivo evidence demonstrating chronic absence of Ref-1 Cysteine 65 impacts Ref-1 folding configuration, redox signaling, proliferation and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102977. [PMID: 38056311 PMCID: PMC10749280 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ref-1/APE1 (Redox Effector/Apurinic Endonuclease 1) is a multifunctional enzyme that serves as a redox factor for several transcription factors (TFs), e.g., NF-kB, HIF-1α, which in an oxidized state fail to bind DNA. Conversion of these TFs to a reduced state serves to regulate various biological responses such as cell growth, inflammation, and cellular metabolism. The redox activity involves a thiol exchange reaction for which Cys65 (C65) serves as the nucleophile. Using CRISPR editing in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, we changed C65 to Ala (C65A) in Ref-1 to evaluate alteration of Ref-1 redox dynamics as well as chronic loss of Ref-1 redox activity on cell signaling pathways, specifically those regulated by NF-kB and HIF-1α. The redox activity of Ref-1 requires partial unfolding to expose C65, which is buried in the folded structure. Labeling of Ref-1 with polyethylene glycol-maleimide (PEGm) provides a readout of reduced Cys residues in Ref-1 and thereby an assessment of partial unfolding in Ref-1. In comparing Ref-1WT vs Ref-1C65A cell lines, we found an altered distribution of oxidized versus reduced states of Ref-1. Accordingly, activation of NF-kB and HIF-1α in Ref-1C65A lines was significantly lower compared to Ref-1WT lines. The bioinformatic data revealed significant downregulation of metabolic pathways including OXPHOS in Ref-1C65A expressing clones compared to Ref-1WT line. Ref-1C65A also demonstrated reduced cell proliferation and use of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) substrates compared to Ref-1WT lines. A subcutaneous as well as PDAC orthotopic in vivo model demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor size, weight, and growth in the Ref-1C65A lines compared to the Ref-1WT lines. Moreover, mice implanted with Ref-1C65A redox deficient cells demonstrate significantly reduced metastatic burden to liver and lung compared to mice implanted with Ref-1 redox proficient cells. These results from the current study provide direct evidence that the chronic absence of Cys65 in Ref-1 results in redox inactivity of the protein in human PDAC cells, and subsequent biological results confirm a critical involvement of Ref-1 redox signaling and tumorigenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mijit
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Kpenu
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - N N Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - S Gampala
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Wireman
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Liu
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - O Babb
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M M Georgiadis
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J Wan
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - M L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - M R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Tian Q, Zhang P, Wang Y, Si Y, Yin D, Weber CR, Fishel ML, Pollok KE, Qiu B, Xiao F, Chong AS. A novel triptolide analog downregulates NF-κB and induces mitochondrial apoptosis pathways in human pancreatic cancer. eLife 2023; 12:e85862. [PMID: 37877568 PMCID: PMC10861173 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and despite advancements in disease management, the 5 -year survival rate stands at only 12%. Triptolides have potent anti-tumor activity against different types of cancers, including pancreatic cancer, however poor solubility and toxicity limit their translation into clinical use. We synthesized a novel pro-drug of triptolide, (E)-19-[(1'-benzoyloxy-1'-phenyl)-methylidene]-Triptolide (CK21), which was formulated into an emulsion for in vitro and in vivo testing in rats and mice, and used human pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids. A time-course transcriptomic profiling of tumor organoids treated with CK21 in vitro was conducted to define its mechanism of action, as well as transcriptomic profiling at a single time point post-CK21 administration in vivo. Intravenous administration of emulsified CK21 resulted in the stable release of triptolide, and potent anti-proliferative effects on human pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids in vitro, and with minimal toxicity in vivo. Time course transcriptomic profiling of tumor organoids treated with CK21 in vitro revealed <10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3 hr and ~8,000 DEGs at 12 hr. Overall inhibition of general RNA transcription was observed, and Ingenuity pathway analysis together with functional cellular assays confirmed inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, increased oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading ultimately to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced B-cell-lymphoma protein 2 (BCL2) expression, and mitochondrial-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. Thus, CK21 is a novel pro-drug of triptolide that exerts potent anti-proliferative effects on human pancreatic tumors by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, leading ultimately to mitochondrial-mediated tumor cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Tian
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Cinkate Pharmaceutical Corp, ZhangJiang DistrictShanghaiChina
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Youhui Si
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Dengping Yin
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | | | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisUnited States
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisUnited States
| | - Bo Qiu
- Cinkate Pharmaceutical Corp, ZhangJiang DistrictShanghaiChina
| | - Fei Xiao
- Cinkate Pharmaceutical Corp, ZhangJiang DistrictShanghaiChina
| | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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Li J, Qi L, Chen Q, Zhang YD, Qian X. A dual meta-learning framework based on idle data for enhancing segmentation of pancreatic cancer. Med Image Anal 2022; 78:102342. [PMID: 35354108 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Automated segmentation of pancreatic cancer is vital for clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, the small size and inconspicuous boundaries limit the segmentation performance, which is further exacerbated for deep learning techniques with the few training samples due to the high threshold of image acquisition and annotation. To alleviate this issue caused by the small-scale dataset, we collect idle multi-parametric MRIs of pancreatic cancer from different studies to construct a relatively large dataset for enhancing the CT pancreatic cancer segmentation. Therefore, we propose a deep learning segmentation model with the dual meta-learning framework for pancreatic cancer. It can integrate the common knowledge of tumors obtained from idle MRIs and salient knowledge from CT images, making high-level features more discriminative. Specifically, the random intermediate modalities between MRIs and CT are first generated to smoothly fill in the gaps in visual appearance and provide rich intermediate representations for ensuing meta-learning scheme. Subsequently, we employ intermediate modalities-based model-agnostic meta-learning to capture and transfer commonalities. At last, a meta-optimizer is utilized to adaptively learn the salient features within CT data, thus alleviating the interference due to internal differences. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrated our method achieved the promising segmentation performance, with a max Dice score of 64.94% on our private dataset, and outperformed state-of-the-art methods on a public pancreatic cancer CT dataset. The proposed method is an effective pancreatic cancer segmentation framework, which can be easily integrated into other segmentation networks and thus promises to be a potential paradigm for alleviating data scarcity challenges using idle data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Liang Qi
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingzhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaohua Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Pancreatic cancer segmentation in unregistered multi-parametric MRI with adversarial learning and multi-scale supervision. Neurocomputing 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2021.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hauck PM, Wolf ER, Olivos DJ, Batuello CN, McElyea KC, McAtarsney CP, Cournoyer RM, Sandusky GE, Mayo LD. Early-Stage Metastasis Requires Mdm2 and Not p53 Gain of Function. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1598-1607. [PMID: 28784612 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis of cancer cells to distant organ systems is a complex process that is initiated with the programming of cells in the primary tumor. The formation of distant metastatic foci is correlated with poor prognosis and limited effective treatment options. We and others have correlated Mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2) with metastasis; however, the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. Here, it is reported that shRNA-mediated silencing of Mdm2 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration. In vivo analysis demonstrates that silencing Mdm2 in both post-EMT and basal/triple-negative breast cancers resulted in decreased primary tumor vasculature, circulating tumor cells, and metastatic lung foci. Combined, these results demonstrate the importance of Mdm2 in orchestrating the initial stages of migration and metastasis.Implication: Mdm2 is the major factor in the initiation of metastasis. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1598-607. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Hauck
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eric R Wolf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David J Olivos
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Christopher N Batuello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kyle C McElyea
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ciarán P McAtarsney
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - R Michael Cournoyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George E Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lindsey D Mayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Indianapolis, Indiana. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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De Souza R, Spence T, Huang H, Allen C. Preclinical imaging and translational animal models of cancer for accelerated clinical implementation of nanotechnologies and macromolecular agents. J Control Release 2015; 219:313-330. [PMID: 26409122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of animal models of cancer have performed poorly in terms of predicting clinical performance of new therapeutics, which are most often first evaluated in patients with advanced, metastatic disease. The development and use of metastatic models of cancer may enhance clinical translatability of preclinical studies focused on the development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and macromolecular therapeutics, potentially accelerating their clinical implementation. It is recognized that the development and use of such models are not without challenge. Preclinical imaging tools offer a solution by allowing temporal and spatial characterization of metastatic lesions. This paper provides a review of imaging methods applicable for evaluation of novel therapeutics in clinically relevant models of advanced cancer. An overview of currently utilized models of oncology in small animals is followed by image-based development and characterization of visceral metastatic cancer models. Examples of imaging tools employed for metastatic lesion detection, evaluation of anti-tumor and anti-metastatic potential and biodistribution of novel therapies, as well as the co-development and/or use of imageable surrogates of response, are also discussed. While the focus is on development of macromolecular and nanotechnology-based therapeutics, examples with small molecules are included in some cases to illustrate concepts and approaches that can be applied in the assessment of nanotechnologies or macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel De Souza
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
| | - Tara Spence
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Huang Huang
- DLVR Therapeutics, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Lee J, Condello S, Yakubov B, Emerson R, Caperell-Grant A, Hitomi K, Xie J, Matei D. Tissue Transglutaminase Mediated Tumor-Stroma Interaction Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4482-93. [PMID: 26041746 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aggressive pancreatic cancer is commonly associated with a dense desmoplastic stroma, which forms a protective niche for cancer cells. The objective of the study was to determine the functions of tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme that cross-links proteins through transamidation and is abundantly expressed by pancreatic cancer cells in the pancreatic stroma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Orthotopic pancreatic xenografts and coculture systems tested the mechanisms by which the enzyme modulates tumor-stroma interactions. RESULTS We show that TG2 secreted by cancer cells effectively molds the stroma by cross-linking collagen, which, in turn, activates fibroblasts and stimulates their proliferation. The stiff fibrotic stromal reaction conveys mechanical cues to cancer cells, leading to activation of the YAP/TAZ transcription factors, promoting cell proliferation and tumor growth. Stable knockdown of TG2 in pancreatic cancer cells leads to decreased size of pancreatic xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that TG2 secreted in the tumor microenvironment orchestrates the cross-talk between cancer cells and stroma fundamentally affecting tumor growth. Our study supports TG2 inhibition in the pancreatic stroma as a novel strategy to block pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Salvatore Condello
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bakhtiyor Yakubov
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert Emerson
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrea Caperell-Grant
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jingwu Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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