Barrett Esophagus and Intestinal Metaplasia of the Gastroesophageal Junction in Children: A Clinicopathologic Study

Eosinophilic esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus and esophageal neoplasms in the pediatric patient: a narrative review

There are several esophageal disorders that can occur in the pediatric population. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an eosinophil predominant inflammatory disease of the esophagus that was first characterized in the early 1900's. EoE is the most common pediatric esophageal inflammatory condition after gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Longstanding GERD is a known risk factor for the development of Barrett's esophagus (BE) in both children and adults. BE is associated with the development of dysplasia and, if left undiagnosed, may progress to the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). EAC and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) comprise the majority of childhood esophageal malignant neoplasms. The prevalence of EoE continues to rise within the pediatric population. On the other hand, both BE and esophageal neoplasms remain extremely rare in children. The relationship between a chronic inflammatory condition like EoE to BE and/or esophageal neoplasms remains unclear. The current research of these disease entities is prioritized to further understanding the disease pathogenesis and disease progression, exploring new diagnostic modalities, and developing novel treatments or less invasive therapeutic options. The focus of the following narrative review is to provide a summary of the current clinical practices, future research and their implications on these various esophageal disorders.

Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal cancer following oesophageal atresia repair: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Concern exists that patients born with oesophageal atresia (OA) may be at high risk for Barrett's oesophagus (BO), a known malignant precursor to the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Screening endoscopy has a role in early BO identification but is not universal in this population. This study aimed to determine prevalence of BO after OA repair surgery, to quantify the magnitude of this association and inform the need for screening and surveillance.

METHODS

A systematic review, undertaken according to PRISMA guidelines, was preregistered on PROSPERO (CRD42017081001). PubMed and EMBASE were interrogated using a standardized search strategy on 31 July 2020. Included papers, published in English, reported either: one or more patients with either BO (gastric/intestinal metaplasia) or oesophageal cancer in patients born with OA; or long-term (greater than 2 years) follow-up after OA surgery with or without endoscopic screening or surveillance.

RESULTS

Some 134 studies were identified, including 19 case reports or series and 115 single- or multi-centre cohort studies. There were 13 cases of oesophageal cancer (9 squamous cell carcinoma, 4 adenocarcinoma) with a mean age at diagnosis of 40.5 (range 20-47) years. From 6282 patients under long-term follow-up, 317 patients with BO were reported. Overall prevalence of BO was 5.0 (95 per cent c.i. 4.5 to 5.6) per cent, with a mean age at detection of 13.8 years (range 8 months to 56 years). Prevalence of BO in series reporting endoscopic screening or surveillance was 12.8 (95 per cent c.i. 11.3 to 14.5) per cent.

CONCLUSION

Despite a limited number of cancers, the prevalence of BO in patients born with OA is relatively high. While limited by the quality of available evidence, this review suggests endoscopic screening and surveillance may be warranted, but uncertainties remain over the design and effectiveness of any putative programme.

Therapeutic Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Pediatric Gastroenterology

This paper seeks to give a broad overview of pediatric upper gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies that we are now able to treat endoscopically, acquired or congenital, and we hope this delivers the reader an impression of what is increasingly available to pediatric endoscopists and their patients.

Trends in gastroesophageal reflux disease in Japanese children and adolescents

BACKGROUND

Although the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been increasing in Japan, little is known about the prevalence and severity of GERD in pediatric patients. This study compared the prevalence and severity of endoscopically proven GERD in pediatric patients seen at an endoscopy center in Japan over a 15-year period.

METHODS

This was a retrospective chart review of Japanese children aged 5-18 years undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy for upper gastrointestinal symptoms or anemia between 2005 and 2019. The prevalence and severity of reflux esophagitis and endoscopic Barrett's esophagus were compared between the periods 2005-2012 and 2013-2019.

RESULTS

A total of 564 patients were evaluated: 315 from 2005 to 2012 (mean ± SD) age 13.8 ± 3.0 (range, 5-18 years; 147 boys; and 249 from 2013 to 2019 (mean ± SD) 14.7 ± 2.8 (range, 5-18) years; 108 boys. Demographics and clinical features were similar between the two groups. The proportion with erosive esophagitis or endoscopic Barrett's esophagus increased significantly between the two periods (9.8% to 18.1% for GERD, P = 0.0045 and 2.5% to 9.6% for Barrett's esophagus, P = 0.0003). The proportion of GERD patients with endoscopic Barrett's esophagus also significantly increased between the two periods (24/45 [53.3%]) vs (8/31 [25.8%]), P = 0.017].

CONCLUSION

The prevalence and severity of endoscopically proven GERDs has significantly increased over the past 15 years at an endoscopy center in Japan. Detailed population-based studies are needed to assess whether this is occurring throughout Japan.