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Wang X, Liu J, Wei J, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Yue T, Yuan Y. Protective Mechanism of Eurotium amstelodami from Fuzhuan Brick Tea against Colitis and Gut-Derived Liver Injury Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:1178. [PMID: 38674869 PMCID: PMC11054642 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The study explored the potential protective impact of the probiotic fungus Eurotium amstelodami in Fuzhuan brick tea on ulcerative colitis, along with the underlying mechanism. A spore suspension of E. amstelodami was administered to C57BL/6 mice to alleviate DSS-induced colitis. The findings indicated that administering E. amstelodami evidently enhanced the ultrastructure of colonic epithelium, showing characteristics such as enhanced TJ length, reduced microvilli damage, and enlarged intercellular space. After HLL supplementation, the activation of the liver inflammation pathway, including TLR4/NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome caused by DSS, was significantly suppressed, and bile acid metabolism, linking liver and gut, was enhanced, manifested by restoration of bile acid receptor (FXR, TGR5) level. The dysbiosis of the gut microbes in colitis mice was also restored by HLL intervention, characterized by the enrichment of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and Faecalibaculum) and fungi (Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Wallemia, Eurotium, and Cladosporium), which was closely associated with lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism, and was negatively correlated with inflammatory gene expression. Hence, the recovery of gut microbial community structure, implicated deeply in the inflammatory index and metabolites profile, might play a crucial role in the therapeutic mechanism of HLL on colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Health Management, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China; (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Healthy and Wellness Industry, Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Jinhu Liu
- College of Health Management, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China; (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Healthy and Wellness Industry, Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Jianping Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- Shangluo Characteristic Industry and Leisure Agriculture Guidance Center, Shangluo 726000, China;
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (T.Y.)
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2
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Sun X, Zhang Y, Cheng G, Zhu T, Zhang Z, Xiong L, Hu H, Liu H. Berberine improves DSS-induced colitis in mice by modulating the fecal-bacteria-related bile acid metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115430. [PMID: 37683590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) has been confirmed as a disease with a high incidence and low cure rate worldwide. In severe cases, UC can develop into colon cancer. Modern research has confirmed that berberine (BBR) can treat UC by inhibiting the expressions of inflammatory factors. However, the contribution of gut microbiota and flora metabolites in treating UC with BBR remains unclear. In this study, the ameliorative effects of BBR on gut microbiota dysbiosis and flora metabolites were investigated in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC rodent model. We found that BBR significantly improved the pathological phenotype, attenuated intestinal barrier disruption, and mitigated colonic inflammation in DSS mice. By 16 S rDNA sequencing, BBR alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis in UC mice. Moreover, the gut microbiota depletion experiment confirmed that the therapeutic effect of BBR was inextricably correlated with the gut microbiota. Besides, the flora metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and 5-hydroxytryptamine) were studied using HPLC-MS. The results suggested that BBR ameliorated the bile acid imbalance induced by DSS in the liver and gut. Furthermore, BBR treatment repaired gut barrier damage. The above results revealed that BBR alleviated DSS-induced UC in mice by restoring the disturbed gut microbiota, elevating unconjugated and secondary bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract, and activating the FXR and TGR5 signal pathway. This study provides novel insights into the mechanism of BBR in treating UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, PR China
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Lei Xiong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Haiming Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
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3
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Zhou M, Wang D, Li X, Cao Y, Yi C, Wiredu Ocansey DK, Zhou Y, Mao F. Farnesoid-X receptor as a therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1016836. [PMID: 36278234 PMCID: PMC9583386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1016836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR), as a nuclear receptor activated by bile acids, is a vital molecule involved in bile acid metabolism. Due to its expression in immune cells, FXR has a significant effect on the function of immune cells and the release of chemokines when immune cells sense changes in bile acids. In addition to its regulation by ligands, FXR is also controlled by post-translational modification (PTM) activities such as acetylation, SUMOylation, and methylation. Due to the high expression of FXR in the liver and intestine, it significantly influences intestinal homeostasis under the action of enterohepatic circulation. Thus, FXR protects the intestinal barrier, resists bacterial infection, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits inflammatory reactions, and also acts as a tumor suppressor to impair the multiplication and invasion of tumor cells. These potentials provide new perspectives on the treatment of intestinal conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its associated colorectal cancer (CRC). Moreover, FXR agonists on the market have certain organizational heterogeneity and may be used in combination with other drugs to achieve a greater therapeutic effect. This review summarizes current data on the role of FXR in bile acid metabolism, regulation of immune cells, and effects of the PTM of FXR. The functions of FXR in intestinal homeostasis and potential application in the treatment of IBD and CRC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengxue Yi
- School of Medical Technology, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Zhou, ; Fei Mao,
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Zhou, ; Fei Mao,
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4
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Sun L, Sun Z, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Jia Z. Role of nuclear receptor PXR in immune cells and inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:969399. [PMID: 36119030 PMCID: PMC9481241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.969399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), a prototypical member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been implicated in various processes including metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. The immune system is made up of many interdependent parts, including lymphoid organs, cells, and cytokines, which play important roles in identifying, repelling, and eliminating pathogens and other foreign chemicals. An impaired immune system could contribute to various physical dysfunction, including severe infections, allergic diseases, autoimmune disorders, and other inflammatory diseases. Recent studies revealed the involvement of PXR in the pathogenesis of immune disorders and inflammatory responses. Thus, the aim of this work is to review and discuss the advances in research associated with PXR on immunity and inflammatory diseases and to provide insights into the development of therapeutic interventions of immune disorders and inflammatory diseases by targeting PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Sun
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Sun
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Zhang, ; Zhanjun Jia,
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Zhang, ; Zhanjun Jia,
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5
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Fiaschini N, Negroni A, Palone F, Vitali R, Colantoni E, Laudadio I, Mancuso M, Cucchiara S, Stronati L. Colonic inflammation accelerates the progression of liver disease: A protective role of dipotassium glycyrrhizate. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:1084-1093. [PMID: 34903499 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its more severe and progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing worldwide. Gut inflammation seems to concur to the pathogenesis of NASH. No drugs are currently approved for NASH treatment. AIMS To investigate if inflamed gut directly contributes to the progression of NASH through gut epithelial and vascular barrier impairment and to evaluate the efficacy of dipotassium glycyrrhizate (DPG) to improve the liver disease. METHODS A NASH model was set up by feeding mice, for 8 and 13 weeks, with high fat diet with high fructose and glucose (HFD-FG) supplemented periodically with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. A group was also treated with DPG by gavage. Histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis were performed. RESULTS DSS-induced colitis increased steatosis, inflammatory (IL-6, TNFα, NLRP3, MCP-1) as well as fibrotic (TGF-β, α-SMA) mediator expression in HFD-FG mice. Beneficial effect of DPG was associated with restoration of intestinal epithelial and vascular barriers, evaluated respectively by ZO-1 and PV-1 expression, that are known to limit bacterial translocation. CONCLUSION Colonic inflammation strongly contributes to the progression of NASH, likely by favouring bacterial translocation. DPG treatment could represent a novel strategy to reduce liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Fiaschini
- Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences Department, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Negroni
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Roberta Vitali
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Laudadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Cucchiara
- Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences Department, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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6
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The Multi-Omics Analysis Revealed Microbiological Regulation of Rabbit Colon with Diarrhea Fed an Antibiotic-Free Diet. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121497. [PMID: 35739834 PMCID: PMC9219479 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea symptoms appeared after antibiotics were banned from animal feed based on the law of the Chinese government in 2020. The colon and its contents were collected and analyzed from diarrheal and healthy rabbits using three omics analyses. The result of the microbial genomic analysis showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria increased significantly (p-value < 0.01). Transcriptomes analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are abundant in the IL-17 signaling pathway and are highly expressed in the pro-inflammatory pathway. The metabolome analysis investigated differential metabolites (DMs) that were mainly enriched in tryptophan metabolism and bile secretion, which were closely related to the absorption and immune function of the colon. The results of correlation analysis showed that Bacteroidetes was positively correlated with 4-Morpholinobenzoic acid, and 4-Morpholinobenzoic acid could aggravate inflammation through its influence on the bile secretion pathway. The enriched DMs L-Tryptophan in the tryptophan metabolism pathway will lead to the functional disorder of inhibiting inflammation by affecting the protein digestion and absorption pathway. Thus, the colonic epithelial cells were damaged, affecting the function of the colon and leading to diarrhea in rabbits. Therefore, the study provided an idea for feed development and a theoretical basis for maintaining intestinal tract fitness in rabbits.
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7
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Zhu T, Hu B, Ye C, Hu H, Yin M, Zhang Z, Li S, Liu Y, Liu H. Bletilla striata Oligosaccharides Improve Ulcerative Colitis by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Metabolites in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:867525. [PMID: 35548331 PMCID: PMC9081565 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.867525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of Bletilla striata oligosaccharides (BO) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). A UC mouse model was induced by 3% Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and BO (200 mg/kg/d) were administered for intervention. The results show that BO effectively inhibited the release of intestinal inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Also, BO profoundly elevated the secretion of mucins and the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins to attenuate dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. The 16S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography/gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC/GC-MS) analysis of mouse feces revealed that BO regulated the disturbance of gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites. By using the in vitro fermentation broth of BO and gut microbiota-depleted mice treated with antibiotics, we confirmed the protection of BO against UC. In conclusion, BO played a role in improving UC by modulating gut microbial composition and intestinal metabolites, which provided new therapeutic strategies for UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Baifei Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Ye
- Wuhan Customs Technology Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiming Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuiqing Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yanju Liu, ; Hongtao Liu,
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yanju Liu, ; Hongtao Liu,
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8
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The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)-Derived Compounds in Intestinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084121. [PMID: 35456938 PMCID: PMC9025446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and colorectal cancer (CRC), are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Epidemiological data have shown that IBD patients are at an increased risk for the development of CRC. IBD-associated cancer develops against a background of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, and their products contribute to cancer development and progression. Therefore, the discovery of novel drugs for the treatment of intestinal diseases is urgently needed. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been largely used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine. Licorice and its derived compounds possess antiallergic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. These pharmacological properties aid in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological potential of bioactive compounds derived from Licorice and addresses their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We also discuss how the mechanisms of action in these compounds can influence their effectiveness and lead to therapeutic effects on intestinal disorders.
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9
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Ishimwe JA, Dola T, Ertuglu LA, Kirabo A. Bile acids and salt-sensitive hypertension: a role of the gut-liver axis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H636-H646. [PMID: 35245132 PMCID: PMC8957326 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00027.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) affects 50% of the hypertensive and 25% of the normotensive populations. Importantly, SSBP is associated with increased risk for mortality in both populations independent of blood pressure. Despite its deleterious effects, the pathogenesis of SSBP is not fully understood. Emerging evidence suggests a novel role of bile acids in salt-sensitive hypertension and that they may play a crucial role in regulating inflammation and fluid volume homeostasis. Mechanistic evidence implicates alterations in the gut microbiome, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the farnesoid X receptor, and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 in bile acid-mediated effects on cardiovascular function. The mechanistic interplay between excess dietary sodium-induced alterations in the gut microbiome and immune cell activation, bile acid signaling, and whether such interplay may contribute to the etiology of SSBP is still yet to be defined. The main goal of this review is to discuss the potential role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease with a focus on salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne A Ishimwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thanvi Dola
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lale A Ertuglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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10
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Anderson KM, Gayer CP. The Pathophysiology of Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) in the GI Tract: Inflammation, Barrier Function and Innate Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113206. [PMID: 34831429 PMCID: PMC8624027 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Farnesoid-X Receptor, FXR, is a nuclear bile acid receptor. Its originally described function is in bile acid synthesis and regulation within the liver. More recently, however, FXR has been increasingly appreciated for its breadth of function and expression across multiple organ systems, including the intestine. While FXR’s role within the liver continues to be investigated, increasing literature indicates that FXR has important roles in responding to inflammation, maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier function, and regulating immunity within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Given the complicated and multi-factorial nature of intestinal barrier dysfunction, it is not surprising that FXR’s role appears equally complicated and not without conflicting data in different model systems. Recent work has suggested translational applications of FXR modulation in GI pathology; however, a better understanding of FXR physiology is necessary for these treatments to gain widespread use in human disease. This review aims to discuss current scientific work on the role of FXR within the GI tract, specifically in its role in intestinal inflammation, barrier function, and immune response, while also exploring areas of controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemp M. Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Christopher P. Gayer
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-323-361-4974
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11
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Li L, Cheng L, Li Z, Li C, Hong Y, Gu Z. Butyrylated starch protects mice from DSS-induced colitis: combined effects of butyrate release and prebiotic supply. Food Funct 2021; 12:11290-11302. [PMID: 34635904 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01913a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate has recently emerged as a promising substance for the therapy of colitis. To overcome the shortcomings implicated in the existing delivery systems of butyrate, we utilized butyrylated starch to specifically deliver butyrate to the colon. Herein, we describe the stable loading of butyrate via chemical bonds with a heterogeneous distribution throughout the particle. Butyrylated starch supply increased butyrate as well as total short-chain fatty acid contents at the end of the intervention period. Moreover, butyrylated starch showed multiple effects on the suppression of DSS-induced colitis. From the observation of the gut-liver axis, reduced hepatic inflammation and hepatocyte damage further confirmed alleviated colonic inflammation. Given that butyrylated starch has the combined effects of specific release of butyrate in the colon and extra supply of fermentable substrates for gut microbiota, this work provides an effective strategy for the assistant therapy of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjin Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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12
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Yang T, Yang H, Heng C, Wang H, Chen S, Hu Y, Jiang Z, Yu Q, Wang Z, Qian S, Wang J, Wang T, Du L, Lu Q, Yin X. Amelioration of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by sodium butyrate is linked to the modulation of intestinal tight junctions in db/db mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:10675-10689. [PMID: 33216087 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01954b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microenvironment, a potential factor that contributes to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has a close relationship with intestinal tight junctions (TJs). Here, we show that the disruption of intestinal TJs in the intestines of 16-week-old db/db mice and in high glucose (HG)-cultured Caco-2 cells can both be improved by sodium butyrate (NaB) in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Accompanying the improved intestinal TJs, NaB not only relieved intestine inflammation of db/db mice and HG and LPS co-cultured Caco-2 cells but also restored intestinal Takeda G-protein-coupled (TGR5) expression, resulting in up-regulated serum GLP-1 levels. Subsequently, the GLP-1 analogue Exendin-4 was used to examine the improvement of lipid accumulation in HG and free fatty acid (FFA) co-cultured HepG2 cells. Finally, we used 16-week-old db/db mice to examine the hepatoprotective effects of NaB and its producing strain Clostridium butyricum. Our data showed that NaB and Clostridium butyricum treatment significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose and serum transaminase and markedly reduced T2DM-induced histological alterations of the liver, together with improved liver inflammation and lipid accumulation. These findings suggest that NaB and Clostridium butyricum are a potential adjuvant treatment strategy for T2DM-induced NAFLD; their hepatoprotective effect was linked to the modulation of intestinal TJs, causing the restoration of glucose and lipid metabolism and the improvement of inflammation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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13
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Myronovych A, Bhattacharjee J, Salazar-Gonzalez RM, Tan B, Mowery S, Ferguson D, Ryan KK, Zhang W, Zhao X, Oehrle M, Setchell KD, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA, Kohli R. Assessment of the role of FGF15 in mediating the metabolic outcomes of murine Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG). Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G669-G684. [PMID: 32967428 PMCID: PMC7792670 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00175.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is the best current therapy for remission of obesity and its co-morbidities. It is understood to alter the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in vivo. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in human and its murine orthologue Fgf15 plays a pivotal role in this bile acid driven enterohepatic signaling. The present study evaluated the metabolic outcomes of VSG in Fgf15 deficient mice. 6-8 weeks old male wildtype mice (WT) and Fgf15 deficient mice (KO) were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. At 8th week of diet, both WT and KO mice were randomly distributed to VSG or sham surgery. Post-surgery, mice were observed for 8 weeks while fed a HFD and then euthanized to collect tissues for experimental analysis. Fgf15 deficient (KO) mice lost weight post VSG, but glucose tolerance in KO mice did not improve post VSG compared to WT mice. Enteroids derived from WT and KO mice proliferated with bile acid exposure in vitro. Post VSG both WT and KO mice had similarly altered bile acid enterohepatic flux, however Fgf15 deficient mice post VSG had increased hepatic accumulation of free and esterified cholesterol leading to lipotoxicity related ER stress, inflammasome activation, and increased Fgf21 expression. Intact Fgf15 mediated enterohepatic bile acid signaling, but not changes in bile acid flux, appear to be important for the metabolic improvements post-murine bariatric surgery. These novel data introduce a potential point of distinction between bile acids acting as ligands compared to their canonical downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brandon Tan
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Sarah Mowery
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Danielle Ferguson
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | | | - Wujuan Zhang
- Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Melissa Oehrle
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, United States
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