Effectiveness of Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Interventions for Managing the Fatigue-Sleep Disturbance-Depression Symptom Cluster in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review

Somatic acupressure for the management of the fatigue-sleep disturbance-depression symptom cluster in breast cancer survivors: a study protocol for a phase III randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

The fatigue-sleep disturbance-depression symptom cluster (FSDSC) is commonly experienced by breast cancer (BC) survivors, leading to a deteriorated quality of life (QoL). Somatic acupressure (SA) has been recommended as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for cancer-related fatigue (the core symptom of the FSDSC) in the guidelines, showing its encouraging role in relieving cancer-related sleep disorders, fatigue and depression. This phase III randomised controlled trial (RCT) is designed to evaluate the effects, safety and cost-effectiveness of SA for managing the FSDSC in BC survivors.

METHODS

This phase III RCT will be a partial-blinded, sham-controlled, three-arm, parallel clinical trial, involving a 7-week SA intervention period and a 12-week follow-up period. 108 BC survivors will be randomly allocated in a ratio of 1:1:1 to either a true SA group (self-administered acupressure plus usual care), a sham SA group (self-administered light acupressure at non-acupoints plus usual care) or a usual care group. The primary outcomes will be the effectiveness of SA on the FSDSC at both the individual symptom level and cluster symptom level. Each individual symptom will be specifically measured by the Brief Fatigue Inventory (fatigue), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (sleep disturbance) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression (depression). The cluster symptom level will be measured by using an FSDSC composite score, an averaging score of three separated 0-10 numeric rating scales for fatigue, depression and sleep disturbance. The secondary outcomes will include QoL (measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast), adverse events and cost-effectiveness. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline (week 0), immediately after intervention (week 7) and follow-up (week 19). All outcomes will be analysed based on the intention-to-treat principle using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 25) software.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approvals of this study have been granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee at Charles Darwin University (H22110) and the Clinical Trial Ethics Committee at the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (KLL-2023-594), and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (KYLL-2023-058). Findings from this trial will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at professional conferences.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT06412107.

Effect of auriculotherapy on anxiety-fatigue and sleep disturbances in cancer patients: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to map the scientific literature on the effects of auriculotherapy in the treatment of anxiety-fatigue and sleep disturbances in cancer patients, highlighting the main application protocols.

METHOD

A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. The search was conducted in twelve data sources by two independent researchers. Publications were included if they were available in full text, with no language or time restrictions. Data were analyzed descriptively, with tables and statistics reporting absolute and relative frequencies.

RESULTS

The final sample included 16 studies with a total of 669 cancer patients. Of these, 11 were randomized controlled trials published between 2015 and 2022, with a notable concentration in 2019 and 2021. Asian countries were highly represented (62,5 %), followed by Latin America (12,5 %). Breast cancer was the most common tumor type, accounting for 68,75 %. The primary auricular points used were shenmen, followed by heart, subcortex, kidney, and sympathetic. The duration of the protocols ranged from three to eight weeks. The most commonly used materials were needles, seeds, magnetic pellets, and crystal balls.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this review highlight the effects of auriculotherapy in the management of anxiety-fatigue and sleep disturbance in cancer patients, demonstrating symptom improvement and benefits that outweigh the minor side effects associated with the procedure.

Identification of Symptom Profiles in Prostate Cancer Survivors

OBJECTIVES

To identify symptom profiles (e.g., fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment) among prostate cancer survivors, examine factors associated with the identified symptom profiles, and compare quality-of-life outcomes.

SAMPLE & SETTING

98 prostate cancer survivors who completed primary treatment were enrolled in a randomized parent trial.

METHODS & VARIABLES

Established scales were used to measure symptoms and quality of life. Latent profile analysis was employed to classify patient groups based on symptom experiences. Logistic regression assessed factors associated with symptom profiles.

RESULTS

The mean age of participants was 69 years (SD = 6.8). A high-symptom group (n = 29) and a low-symptom group (n = 69) were identified. Higher perceived stress (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28; p = 0.006), poorer spiritual well-being (OR = 0.84; p = 0.006), and lower household income (OR = 0.12; p = 0.089) were associated with being classified into the high-symptom group. Patients in the high-symptom group reported worse quality of life across all domains (p < 0.05).

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING

Prostate cancer survivors experience varying degrees of symptom severity. Understanding the symptom profiles and associated factors can inform nurses about patients in need of symptom management and targeted interventions.

Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in managing symptom clusters among lung cancer patients: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Non-pharmacological interventions, as complements to pharmacological treatments, are widely employed for managing symptom clusters in patients with lung cancer. Although numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have explored the effects of these interventions, most studies have centred on the broader cancer population and specific symptom clusters. This review aims to consolidate existing non-pharmacological interventions and assess their effectiveness in managing symptom clusters among lung cancer patients.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search, encompassing eight databases from inception to October 1, 2024, was conducted. Two independent reviewers carried out the study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 2 tool and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions. The findings were synthesized narratively based on intervention type and supplemented by meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023467406).

RESULTS

This systematic review comprised 15 relevant studies involving 1,692 patients, published between 2011 and 2024. The analysis revealed the effectiveness of psychological, educational, and complementary or alternative medicine interventions in alleviating the severity of most symptom clusters. However, the efficacy of exercise-based and multimodal interventions remained inconclusive. The meta-analysis demonstrated a positive impact of non-pharmacological interventions on depression compared with the control conditions (SMD = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.46, -0.15], p < 0.01, I2 = 6%). Additionally, the educational intervention subgroup showed low heterogeneity and effectively improved fatigue (SMD = -0.50, 95% CI [-0.68, -0.33], p < 0.01, I2 = 0%).

CONCLUSIONS

Psychological and educational interventions have proven effective in managing symptom clusters in lung cancer patients. However, further research is needed to explore the effects of exercise, multimodal approaches, and complementary or alternative medicine. To enhance symptom management, future research could focus on core symptom clusters.

Nonpharmacological Interventions for Managing Symptom Clusters in Adults: A Systematic Review

Objectives: The complex effects of multiple co-occurring symptoms are a major cause of reduced quality of life; thus, it is necessary to identify symptom clusters experienced by patients and explore interventions. This study aimed to provide an overview of non-pharmacological interventions based on symptom clusters in adults to identify effective intervention strategies and methods. Methods. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. For the search databases, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, RISS, KISS, and KISTI were used. It includes English and Korean experimental studies published up to May 2023. The literature quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Quality Assessment Tool. Results. Of the 18 studies selected, 15 were randomized controlled trials and three were quasi-experimental studies, all of which were conducted on patients with cancer. The symptom clusters-based interventions in the literature are classified as movement-based, relaxation-based, integrated, and miscellaneous interventions. Integrated interventions, which were effective in all studies, might prove to be very effective for managing symptom clusters. Movement-based intervention studies, which include dance, Qigong, and Tai Chi, might be very effective in improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Conclusions. This review demonstrates that non-pharmacological interventions reduce the occurrence and severity of symptom clusters, thereby improving HRQoL. Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of these interventions in patients with various chronic conditions other than cancer.

Latent profile analysis for assessing symptom clusters in women with breast cancer

PURPOSE

To identify symptom clusters among breast cancer survivors and investigate differences in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and distress based on these discerned symptom clusters using latent profile analysis.

METHODS

We enrolled 655 adult breast cancer survivors aged 19 years and older, registered with the Cancer Survivor Integrated Supportive Center from May 2020 to July 2022. The study measured five symptoms-pain, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety, and depression-using a Visual Analogue Scale ranging from 0 to 10 points. Distress was measured using the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer, with scores ranging from 0 to 10 points. HRQoL was determined using the EuroQol-5 Dimension questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using the Jamovi and Mplus 8.8 software programs.

RESULTS

The Cluster with Few Symptoms (46.8%) was the most common, whereas the Psychological Cluster with a very high degree of depression and anxiety accounted for 20.0%, and the Moderate symptom cluster with symptoms of 3 or more points accounted for 14.4%. Distress scores were relatively high in the Psychological Cluster and the Pain-Fatigue-Insomnia Cluster, and were lowest in the Cluster with Few Symptoms (F = 103.92, p < 0.001). HRQoL scores were highest in the Cluster with Few Symptoms and lowest in the Pain-Fatigue-Insomnia Cluster (F = 177.62, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately half of breast cancer survivors who had completed the major treatment experienced persistent high symptoms such as depression and anxiety or pain, fatigue, and insomnia.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

These findings provide foundational data for developing tailored intervention strategies and programs based on symptom experiences.

Effects of yoga interventions on the fatigue-pain-sleep disturbance symptom cluster in breast cancer patients: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of yoga intervention on the fatigue-pain-sleep disturbance symptom cluster in breast cancer patients.

METHODS

Ten electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, British Nursing Index, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wan Fang database) were searched to identify randomized controlled trials from inception to October 2023. Two independent reviewers evaluated study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The findings were synthesized narratively. This systematic review has been registered (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023391269).

RESULTS

A total of 1389 studies were identified, and 18 studies were included in this systematic review. Two studies reported significant alleviation of fatigue-pain-sleep disturbance symptoms, and two studies indicated a significant reduction in fatigue-sleep disturbance symptoms compared to the control group. Commonly employed yoga contents included breathing exercise and posture practice. The effective intervention components encompassed the combination of in-person sessions and home-based sessions delivery mode, with intervention sessions lasting 50-120 min each and dosages ranging from once per week to twice daily, spanning 6-16 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

Yoga intervention can be beneficial in alleviating the fatigue-pain-sleep disturbance symptom cluster in breast cancer patients. Future research should be tailored to design yoga interventions addressing different treatment stages and preferences of breast cancer patients.

Impact of pain and adverse health outcomes on long-term US testicular cancer survivors

BACKGROUND

No study has quantified the impact of pain and other adverse health outcomes on global physical and mental health in long-term US testicular cancer survivors or evaluated patient-reported functional impairment due to pain.

METHODS

Testicular cancer survivors given cisplatin-based chemotherapy completed validated surveys, including Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System v1.2 global physical and mental health, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System pain questionnaires, and others. Multivariable linear regression examined relationships between 25 adverse health outcomes with global physical and mental health and pain-interference scores. Adverse health outcomes with a β^  of more than 2 are clinically important and reported below.

RESULTS

Among 358 testicular cancer survivors (median age = 46 years, interquartile range [IQR] = 38-53 years; median time since chemotherapy = 10.7 years, IQR = 7.2-16.0 years), median adverse health outcomes number was 5 (IQR = 3-7). A total of 12% testicular cancer survivors had 10 or more adverse health outcomes, and 19% reported chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Increasing adverse health outcome numbers were associated with decreases in physical and mental health (P < .0001 each). In multivariable analyses, chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (β^ = -3.72; P = .001), diabetes (β^ = -4.41; P = .037), obesity (β^ = -2.01; P = .036), and fatigue (β^ = -8.58; P < .0001) were associated with worse global mental health, while being married or living as married benefited global mental health (β^ = 3.63; P = .0006). Risk factors for pain-related functional impairment included lower extremity location (β^ = 2.15; P = .04) and concomitant peripheral artery disease (β^ = 4.68; P < .001). Global physical health score reductions were associated with diabetes (β^ = -3.81; P = .012), balance or equilibrium problems (β^ = -3.82; P = .003), cognitive dysfunction (β^ = -4.43; P < .0001), obesity (β^ = -3.09; P < .0001), peripheral neuropathy score (β^ = -2.12; P < .0001), and depression (β^ = -3.17; P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Testicular cancer survivors suffer adverse health outcomes that negatively impact long-term global mental health, global physical health, and pain-related functional status. Clinically important factors associated with worse physical and mental health identify testicular cancer survivors requiring closer monitoring, counseling, and interventions. Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain must be addressed, given its detrimental impact on patient-reported functional status and mental health 10 or more years after treatment.

Effects of nonpharmacological interventions on symptom clusters in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Objective

To summarize nonpharmacological interventions and assess their effects on symptom clusters and quality of life (QoL) in breast cancer (BC) survivors.

Methods

Seven English and three Chinese electronic databases and three clinical trial registries were searched from January 2001 to August 2023. A narrative approach was applied to summarize the data. The primary outcome was symptom clusters measured by any patient-reported questionnaires, and the secondary outcomes were QoL and intervention-related adverse events.

Results

Six published articles, one thesis, and one ongoing trial involving 625 BC survivors were included. The fatigue-sleep disturbance-depression symptom cluster was the most frequently reported symptom cluster among BC survivors. The nonpharmacological interventions were potentially positive on symptom clusters and QoL among the BC survivors. However, some of the included studies exhibited methodological concerns (e.g., inadequate blinding and allocation concealment). The intervention protocols in only two studies were developed following a solid evidence-based approach. Adverse events related to the targeted interventions were reported in six included studies, with none performing a causality analysis.

Conclusions

The nonpharmacological interventions could be promising strategies for alleviating symptom clusters in BC survivors. Future studies should adopt rigorously designed, randomized controlled trials to generate robust evidence.

Systematic review registration

INPLASY202380028.

Exploring Guolin Qigong (Mind-Body Exercise) for Improving Cancer Related Fatigue in Cancer Survivors: A Mixed Method Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol

BACKGROUND

Cancer-related fatigue and its associated symptoms of sleep disorder and depression are prevalent in cancer survivors especially among breast, lung, and colorectal cancer survivors. While there is no gold standard for treating cancer-related fatigue currently, studies of mind-body exercises such as Qigong have reported promise in reducing symptoms. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and effect of Guolin Qigong on cancer-related fatigue and other symptoms in breast, lung and colorectal cancer survivors while exploring their perceptions and experiences of Guolin Qigong intervention.

METHODS

This is an open-label randomized controlled trial with 60 participants divided into 2 study groups in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group will receive 12 weeks of Guolin Qigong intervention with a 4-week follow-up while control will receive usual care under waitlist. The primary outcome will be feasibility measured based on recruitment and retention rates, class attendance, home practice adherence, nature, and quantum of missing data as well as safety. The secondary subjective outcomes of fatigue, sleep quality and depression will be measured at Week-1 (baseline), Week-6 (mid-intervention), Week-12 (post-intervention), and Week-16 (4 weeks post-intervention) while an objective 24-hour urine cortisol will be measured at Week-1 (baseline) and Week-12 (post-intervention). We will conduct a semi-structured interview individually with participants within 3 months after Week-16 (4 weeks post-intervention) to obtain a more comprehensive view of practice adherence.

DISCUSSION

This is the first mixed-method study to investigate the feasibility and effect of Guolin Qigong on breast, lung, and colorectal cancer survivors to provide a comprehensive understanding of Guolin Qigong's intervention impact and participants' perspectives. The interdisciplinary collaboration between Western Medicine and Chinese Medicine expertise of this study ensures robust study design, enhanced participant care, rigorous data analysis, and meaningful interpretation of results. This innovative research contributes to the field of oncology and may guide future evidence-based mind-body interventions to improve cancer survivorship.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study has been registered with ANZCTR (ACTRN12622000688785p), was approved by Medical Research Ethic Committee of University Malaya Medical Centre (MREC ID NO: 2022323-11092) and recognized by Western Sydney University Human Research Ethics Committee (RH15124).

Predictive Models of Psychological Distress, Quality of Life, and Adherence to Medication in Breast Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review

Purpose

An interplay of clinical and psychosocial variables affects breast cancer patients' experiences and clinical trajectories. Several studies investigated the role of socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors in predicting relevant outcomes in breast cancer care, thus developing predictive models. Our aim is to summarize predictive models for specific psychological and behavioral outcomes: psychological distress, quality of life, and medication adherence. Specifically, we aim to map the determinants of the outcomes of interest, offering a thorough overview of these models.

Methods

Databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase) have been searched to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria: a breast cancer patients' sample, development/validation of a predictive model for selected psychological/behavioral outcomes (ie, psychological distress, quality of life, and medication adherence), and availability of English full-text.

Results

Twenty-one papers describing predictive models for psychological distress, quality of life, and adherence to medication in breast cancer were included. The models were developed using different statistical approaches. It has been shown that treatment-related factors (eg, side-effects, type of surgery or treatment received), socio-demographic (eg, younger age, lower income, and inactive occupational status), clinical (eg, advanced stage of disease, comorbidities, physical symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia, and pain) and psychological variables (eg, anxiety, depression, body image dissatisfaction) might predict poorer outcomes.

Conclusion

Predictive models of distress, quality of life, and adherence, although heterogeneous, showed good predictive values, as indicated by the reported performance measures and metrics. Many of the predictors are easily available in patients' health records, whereas others (eg, coping strategies, perceived social support, illness perceptions) might be introduced in routine assessment practices. The possibility to assess such factors is a relevant resource for clinicians and researchers involved in developing and implementing psychological interventions for breast cancer patients.

Somatic acupressure for the fatigue-sleep disturbance-depression symptom cluster in breast cancer survivors: A phase II randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of the somatic acupressure (SA) for managing the fatigue-sleep disturbance-depression symptom cluster (FSDSC) among breast cancer (BC) survivors and its preliminary effects.

METHODS

In this Phase II randomized controlled trial (RCT), 51 participants were randomised evenly into the true SA group, sham SA group, and usual care group. All the participants received usual care. The two SA groups performed additional true or sham self-acupressure daily for seven weeks. The primary outcomes related to the assessment of participants' recruitment and compliance with study questionnaires and interventions. Clinical outcomes assessed the preliminary effects of SA on fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, and quality of life. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to capture participants' experiences of participating in this study. The statistical effects of the intervention on the outcomes were modelled in repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted generalized estimating equations.

RESULTS

Forty-five participants completed the SA intervention. No adverse events were reported. Over 85% of the participants could sustain for 25 days or more and 15 min or more per session, but the adherence to the intervention requirement was yet to improve. The group by time effect of the FSDSC and depression were significant (p < 0.05). Qualitative findings showed that participants positively viewed SA as a beneficial strategy for symptom management.

CONCLUSIONS

The SA intervention protocol and the trial procedures were feasible. The results demonstrated signs of improvements in targeted outcomes, and a full-scale RCT is warranted to validate the effects of SA on the FSDSC.

The effectiveness of exercise on the symptoms in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant treatment: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Background

Exercise has the potential to reduce symptoms for breast cancer patients during adjuvant treatment, and high-quality systematic reviews are essential for guiding clinical practice. The objective of this umbrella review is to examine current research evidence concerning the effectiveness of exercise on symptom management in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant treatment.

Methods

An umbrella review was conducted. We searched for eligible systematic reviews through 11 databases until August 13rd, 2023. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts, assessing the full-text studies based on inclusion criteria. We used AMSTAR-2 to appraise the quality of the meta-analyses. The results would be presented with narrative summaries if the replication rate of the original study for a symptom was higher than 5% (calculated via the Corrected Covered Area, CCA). The protocol was documented in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42023403990).

Results

Of the 807 systematic reviews identified, 15 met the inclusion criteria, and 7 symptoms were the main focus. The main form of exercise mentioned was aerobic combined resistance exercise. The results of the quality assessment were mostly critically low (10/15). The repetition rate calculated by CCA showed moderate to very high repetition rates (10% to 18.6%). The findings of the included reviews indicated that the effects of exercise on relieving symptoms during breast cancer adjuvant treatment were mixed.

Conclusions

Research is still needed to confirm the majority of studies' recommendations for exercise during adjuvant treatment for breast cancer patients, as it is crucial for managing symptoms in the rehabilitation process. To increase the efficiency of exercise in symptom management, future studies may focus more on the application of bridge symptoms, symptom networks, and ecological instantaneous assessment.

A multi-modal intervention for managing the fatigue-sleep disturbance-depressed mood symptom cluster in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A pilot study

Objective

To examine the feasibility and acceptability of a multi-modal intervention for managing the cancer-related fatigue-sleep disturbance-depressed mood (F-S-D) symptom cluster in patients with breast cancer (BC) and receiving chemotherapy in Hong Kong, and the preliminary effects of such intervention on the occurrence of the F-S-D symptom cluster in these patients.

Methods

This study was a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Patients with BC scheduled for chemotherapy were recruited. Intervention participants received a weekly nurse-led multi-modal intervention lasting 7 weeks. The feasibility parameters and adverse events were assessed using logbook records. Acceptability was evaluated using a program evaluation questionnaire. F-S-D symptoms and quality of life (QOL) were measured at baseline (T0), upon intervention completion (T1), and 3 months after intervention completion (T2). Generalized estimating equation analyses were used.

Results

Fifty participants were enrolled. The eligibility and enrollment rates were 11% and 87.7%, respectively. The rate of adherence to the intervention was 96%. No adverse events were reported. All participants were satisfied with the intervention, which had significant effects in terms of reducing the occurrence of the F-S-D symptom cluster at T2 (P ​= ​0.035) and improving QOL at T1 and T2 (T1: P ​= ​0.035; T2: P ​= ​0.012).

Conclusions

The multi-modal intervention is a feasible, acceptable, and safe intervention that demonstrated preliminary positive effects in managing the F-S-D symptom cluster and improving QOL in patients with BC and receiving chemotherapy in Hong Kong. This study provides key insights into F-S-D symptom cluster management in patients with BC.

Trial registration

ChiCTR2100047819 (Chinese Clinical Trial Register).

The effect of light therapy on sleep quality in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

Sleep problem is one of the major issues of cancer patients and may have detrimental effects on the ongoing treatment and recovery of patients. However, the evidence for the effect of light therapy on sleep problems in this population remained scarce. This study aimed to examine the effect of light therapy on self-reported and physiological measures of sleep quality of cancer patients. It also aimed to quantify the magnitude of the effect using a meta-analytical approach.

Methods

Six databases were searched for randomized control trials (RCTs). The primary outcome was the sleep quality using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) measurement of self-reported scores, and the secondary outcomes included total sleep time and sleep efficiency measured by actigraphy. Meta-analyses were performed with the random effects model using the RevMan software. The standardized mean difference (SMD) of the PSQI scores and other measures with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for assessing the treatment effect (CRD42023370947).

Results

Nine RCTs were identified and included in the study. Light therapy significantly improved the self-reported sleep quality with a reduction of the pooled PSQI score (SMD = -0.72; 95% CI: -1.24 to -0.21; p = 0.006). Regarding total sleep time (p = 0.72) and sleep efficiency (p = 0.47), no significant effects of light therapy were found.

Conclusion

Light therapy could improve self-reported sleep quality in cancer patients. However, due to the heterogeneity and small sample size of the included trials, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Trials with better designs and larger sample sizes are suggested to be conducted for a more definitive conclusion.Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=370947.