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Johnston SE, McAllister S, Norden C, Keens K, Jones K, Smith G, Duncombe R, Barnett L, Krepska A. Child bereavement-what matters to the families. Part 1: Immediate and short-term communication and care. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2024; 109:163-168. [PMID: 38071541 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The death of a child is a complex and hugely significant time for a family and community. Sophisticated but sensitive management by clinicians can have both short-term and long-term impacts on how families process the death. There is a paucity of guidance for optimal child bereavement care. A description of the child death review process including key legalities is provided here, and other essential aspects such as memory making, cultural aspects and sibling involvement are explored. Useful agencies and resources are also detailed. We, as both clinicians and bereaved parents, can uniquely provide an overview of the logistics of managing such a challenging event and highlight important subtleties in communication. We attempt, using our own experiences, to provide a framework and best inform future practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne McAllister
- Department of Neonatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Catriona Norden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Craigavon Area Hospital, Portadown, UK
| | - Keta Keens
- General Practice, Holland House Surgery, Lytham, Lancashire, UK
| | - Katharine Jones
- General Practice, Woodlands and Clerklands Partnership Clerklands Surgery, Horley, UK
| | - Gillian Smith
- Department of Paediatrics, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca Duncombe
- Department of Paediatrics, Buckinghamshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Stoke Mandeville, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Laura Barnett
- General Practice, Gladstone House Surgery, Ilkeston, UK
| | - Amy Krepska
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Rajendran P, Jarasiunaite-Fedosejeva G, İsbir GG, Shorey S. Healthy siblings' perspectives about paediatric palliative care: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis. Palliat Med 2024; 38:25-41. [PMID: 38087809 DOI: 10.1177/02692163231217597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siblings of children requiring palliative care are often forgotten and overlooked, as the focus tends to be on the ill child and their parents. Limited knowledge of non-bereaved siblings' perspectives makes it challenging to provide appropriate support for them. A review of existing literature is thus needed to better understand the experiences of these siblings and to identify research gaps that may require further examination. AIM To consolidate the available qualitative evidence on the perspectives of non-bereaved healthy siblings regarding paediatric palliative care. DESIGN A qualitative systematic review using a meta-synthesis approach was conducted. DATA SOURCES Six electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global) were searched from each database's inception date until October 2022. The search included qualitative and mixed-method studies that reported the perceptions and associations of siblings of patients receiving paediatric palliative care. Data were synthesised using thematic analysis. RESULTS Eleven studies were included. The overarching theme of the review would be 'A walking shadow: Living in the darkness shaped by the dying sibling', and three key themes and nine subthemes were identified from the included articles: (1) Changing family dynamics; (2) Impact on school and socialisation and (3) Psychological impact and coping. CONCLUSION Siblings demonstrated negative psychological impacts and were affected by changing family structure and relationships. However, socialisation with society, and varied coping skills such as cognitive coping and using distraction techniques, were significant for siblings to go through this journey and even led to some positive outcomes for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshni Rajendran
- Alice Lee Center for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Gözde Gökçe İsbir
- Midwifery Department, School of Health, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Shefaly Shorey
- Alice Lee Center for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Garcia D, Olsavsky AL, Hill KN, Patterson V, Baughcum AE, Long KA, Barrera M, Gilmer MJ, Fairclough DL, Akard TF, Compas BE, Vannatta K, Gerhardt CA. Associations between parental depression, communication, and self-worth of siblings bereaved by cancer. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2023; 37:1190-1199. [PMID: 37676170 PMCID: PMC10841243 DOI: 10.1037/fam0001137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A child's death from cancer may increase the risk for poor self-worth in bereaved siblings. Furthermore, bereaved parents may experience depressive symptoms and communicate differently with their surviving children. However, limited research has examined family factors associated with self-worth in bereaved siblings. Thus, we examined: (a) differences in parental depressive symptoms, parent-child communication, and sibling self-worth between bereaved and nonbereaved families and (b) indirect effects of parental depressive symptoms and communication quality on the association between bereavement and sibling self-worth. Bereaved parents and siblings were recruited 3-12 months after a child's death from cancer. Bereaved (n = 72) and nonbereaved families of classmates (n = 58) completed home-based questionnaires upon enrollment (T1), and 48 bereaved and 45 nonbereaved families completed 1-year follow-up (T2). Relative to controls at T1 and T2, bereaved mothers, but not fathers, reported more depressive symptoms. Bereaved siblings reported poorer maternal and similar paternal communication, and similar levels of self-worth compared to controls. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal serial mediation models for mothers were significant. Bereaved mothers were at greater risk for depressive symptoms, which adversely affected sibling self-worth over time through disrupted mother-child communication. The father sample was limited, but the cross-sectional model was nonsignificant. Mothers and fathers may grieve differently and may require different therapeutic approaches. Family-centered interventions should target bereaved mothers' emotional adjustment and communication to enhance sibling self-worth. Additionally, clinicians should bolster other sources of support for bereaved siblings to promote adaptive outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Garcia
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital
| | - Anna L. Olsavsky
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital
| | | | | | - Amy E. Baughcum
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kathryn Vannatta
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital
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Kim MA, Sang J, Yi J, Sung J, Howey W. Changes in Relationships in Bereaved Families: Perspectives of Mothers Who Lost a Child to Cancer. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2023; 88:525-549. [PMID: 34565259 DOI: 10.1177/00302228211047105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The loss of a child greatly affects the dynamics of interpersonal relationships in bereaved families. This study explored the relationships in bereaved Korean families from the perspectives of mothers after the death of a child due to cancer. We conducted in-depth interviews with 15 bereaved mothers of a deceased child with childhood cancer. Thematic analysis identified 12 subthemes related to bereaved mothers' struggles in grief within three significant themes based on family relationships: (a) relationship with husband; (b) relationship with surviving child or children; and (c) relationships with extended family members. Findings highlight bereaved mothers' need to build supportive family relationships while acknowledging bereaved family members' different grieving styles and their own challenges in grieving the loss of a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ah Kim
- Department of Social Welfare, Sungkyunkwan University, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Sang
- School of Social Work and Family Sciences, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States
| | - Jaehee Yi
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jimin Sung
- Department of Social Welfare, Sungkyunkwan University, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Whitney Howey
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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D'Alton SV, Ridings L, Williams C, Phillips S. The bereavement experiences of children following sibling death: An integrative review. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 66:e82-e99. [PMID: 35660123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Sibling bereavement is one of the most distressing adverse life events during childhood but has received less attention in research than other forms of childhood bereavement. This integrative review identifies potential risk and protective factors for maladaptive coping following sibling bereavement and the influence of these factors on adjustment to loss. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Articles were limited to peer-reviewed studies, published in English in 2000 and beyond. Target population was bereaved siblings 0-18 years, and outcomes examined grief experiences by child self-report or parent-proxy report. SAMPLE The Whittemore and Knafl integrative framework was applied. Multidimensional Grief Theory guided the review with twenty-five studies synthesized across its domains: Separation Distress, Existential/Identity Crisis, and Circumstance-Related Distress. RESULTS Adjustment following sibling death is a complex process associated with a host of risk and protective factors that contribute to the bereavement process for this population. Age, sex, circumstance-related factors, continuing bonds, parental distress, and limited social support were critical influencing factors. CONCLUSION Definitive predictor variables were not identified but a combination of variables that influence the adjustment of bereaved siblings are discussed. IMPLICATIONS Future research is needed to explore the risk and protective factors of maladaptive coping to inform intervention development to promote individual and family adjustment following sibling death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon V D'Alton
- Medical University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, 99 Jonathan Lucas Street, MSC 160, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America.
| | - Leigh Ridings
- Medical University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, 99 Jonathan Lucas Street, MSC 160, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America.
| | - Conrad Williams
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Pediatrics, 125 Doughty Street, MSC 917, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America.
| | - Shannon Phillips
- Medical University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, 99 Jonathan Lucas Street, MSC 160, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America.
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Gregory D, Van Puymbroeck M, Crowe B, Garst B, Amylon M. The Lived Experience of Siblings of Children With Cancer Who Attended a Peer Support Camp in the United States. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1342-1355. [PMID: 35621300 DOI: 10.1177/10497323221095478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Childhood cancer has a profound and negative impact on siblings, yet there are limited studies exploring lived experiences from their perspective. This qualitative study examined the perceptions and experiences of siblings of children with cancer who attended a peer support camp. Semi-structured interviews were conducted three to six weeks after the weeklong peer support camp with a stratified random sample of 10 siblings (six non-bereaved and four bereaved) ages 8 to 16 years. The qualitative data were analyzed using conventional content analysis and an inductive data-driven approach. Four themes emerged: social connection (subthemes: support/feeling of belonging, mentorship, and expressing feelings), personal growth, identity, and freedom to have fun and relax. These findings add to the scant body of research by providing enhanced understanding of the siblings' experiences and new insights into their perceptions of meaning and outcomes associated with participation in a peer support camp. These findings have implications for peer support camp programs and the well-being of siblings of children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Gregory
- Recreational Therapy Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marieke Van Puymbroeck
- College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Brandi Crowe
- College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Barry Garst
- College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Rasouli O, Moksnes UK, Reinfjell T, Hjemdal O, Eilertsen MEB. Impact of resilience and social support on long-term grief in cancer-bereaved siblings: an exploratory study. BMC Palliat Care 2022; 21:93. [PMID: 35641943 PMCID: PMC9158362 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-022-00978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bereavement research has mainly explored potential risk factors associated with adverse outcomes, and the role of protective factors has received less attention. More knowledge is needed about factors related to unresolved grief in bereaved siblings. This study aimed to assess grief adjustment and possible gender differences among bereaved young adults 2–10 years after losing a brother or sister to cancer. We also sought to explore how resilience and social support influenced their grief. Methods A total of 99 young adults (18–26 years) who had lost a brother or sister to cancer between the years 2009 and 2014 were invited to participate in this Norwegian nationwide study. The study-specific questionnaire was completed by 36 participants (36.4%). Social support during the sibling's illness, after the death, and during the past year, in addition to grief and resilience, were measured. Results Overall, the prevalence of unresolved grief was 47.2% among bereaved siblings, whereas 52.8% had worked through their grief. The level of having worked through grief and resilience was similar between male and female siblings. Bereaved siblings with higher Personal Competence reported lower unresolved grief. Conclusion Approximately half of the young adults experience unresolved grief 2–10 years after losing a sibling to cancer. The findings also highlight the need for long-term support for bereaved siblings to help improve their resilience and better have worked through their grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Rasouli
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Unni Karin Moksnes
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude Reinfjell
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Bradley Eilertsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Kenney AE, Tutelman PR, Fisher RS, Lipak KG, Barrera M, Gilmer MJ, Fairclough D, Akard TF, Compas BE, Davies B, Hogan NS, Vannatta K, Gerhardt CA. Impact of End-of-Life Circumstances on the Adjustment of Bereaved Siblings of Children Who Died from Cancer. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2022; 29:230-238. [PMID: 34173900 PMCID: PMC8710186 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-021-09797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of end-of-life (EoL) circumstances on grief and internalizing symptoms among bereaved siblings. Bereaved families (N = 88) were recruited from three sites 3-12 months (M = 11.57, SD = 3.48) after their child's death from cancer. One sibling per family aged 8-17 years (M = 12.41, SD = 2.64) was randomly selected to participate. Families completed measures of siblings' grief and internalizing symptoms, as well as a structured interview about circumstances surrounding the death. Mother and sibling reports of EoL circumstances were generally concordant, except there was a discrepancy between mothers and children about whether or not children expected their sibling's death (t(75) = 1.52, p = .018). Mother reports of sibling internalizing symptoms were above the normative mean (t(83) = 4.44, p ≤ .001 (M = 56.01 ± 12.48), with 39% (n = 33) in the borderline/clinical range. Sibling opportunity to say goodbye was associated with greater grief-related growth (t(79) = - 1.95, p = .05). Presence at the death and wishing they had done something differently were both associated with greater grief (t(80) = - 2.08, p = .04 and t(80) = - 2.24, p = .028, respectively) and grief-related growth (t(80) = - 2.01, p = .048 and t(80) = - 2.31, p = .024, respectively). However, findings were primarily unique to sibling report, with few mother-reported effects. The adjustment of bereaved siblings may be affected by certain modifiable circumstances surrounding the death of their brother or sister. A proportion of bereaved siblings had elevated internalizing symptoms irrespective of circumstances at EoL. Further work is needed to understand predictors of adjustment among bereaved siblings to provide better support and optimize their outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansley E. Kenney
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Rachel S. Fisher
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Keagan G. Lipak
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maru Barrera
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Jo Gilmer
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce E. Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Nancy S. Hogan
- Professor Emerita, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn Vannatta
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Gerhardt
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Akard TF, Burley S, Root MC, Dietrich MS, Cowfer B, Mooney-Doyle K. Long-Term Follow-Up of Legacy Services Offered by Children's Hospitals in the United States. Palliat Med Rep 2021; 2:218-225. [PMID: 34927145 PMCID: PMC8675220 DOI: 10.1089/pmr.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our 2012 survey of providers described legacy services offered at children's hospitals nationwide. Since then, the science related to legacy interventions has advanced, resulting in increased recognition of the importance of legacy services. Yet, legacy interventions offered by children's hospitals have not been recently described. Objective: To describe current legacy services offered by children's hospitals in the United States and compare with our previous results. Design: Descriptive cross-sectional design. Setting/Subjects: Participants included providers (N = 54) from teaching children's hospitals in the United States. Measurements: Electronic REDCap survey. Results: Similar to our prior research, 100% of respondents reported that their hospital offers legacy activities with 98% providing such services as a standard of care. Notable increased numbers of children are participating in legacy interventions compared with the previous study, now with 40% (compared with 9.5% previously) of participants reporting >50 children per year. Patients being offered legacy activities include neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients, those with life-threatening traumatic injuries, those on life support for extended periods of time, and those referred to hospice. Although not statistically significant, the percentage of hospitals offering legacy-making to children with cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and life-threatening illnesses is slightly increased from the prior time point. Conclusions: Children across developmental stages and illness contexts and their families can benefit from both the memories generated through the process of legacy services and the subsequent tangible products. Providers should continue to offer legacy opportunities to seriously ill children and their families across a wide array of settings and illness contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha Burley
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maggie C Root
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary S Dietrich
- Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Kim Mooney-Doyle
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Effectiveness of Theraplay in Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Bereaved Siblings of Children with Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sibling relationships are very significant relationships, and their termination due to death will have profound long-term effects on the life of the surviving children. Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of theraplay on internalizing and externalizing problems in bereaved siblings. Methods: This study was carried out using a single-subject multiple baseline design with follow-up. The statistical population included siblings and mothers of children aged 6 - 10 years who were on treatment at Mahak Pediatric Cancer Hospital and died one or two years ago. From this population, four mother-child pairs were selected as the study sample by convenience sampling. Each mother-child pair participated in 15 theraplay sessions once a week (45-min sessions). The assessments were carried out using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at baseline and in the intervention sessions and follow-up. Visual analysis of graphic displays of level, Reliable Change Index (RCI), and clinical significance were used to analyze the data. Data analysis and drawing the graphs were performed in Microsoft Excel 2016. Results: The results of the visual and quantitative data analysis showed a significant reduction in the four participants' internalizing problems during therapy. The reduction in the scores of this subscale in participants 1, 2, and 3 continued into the follow-up period and was noticeable. The results also showed that theraplay reduced the externalizing problems of most participants. A large proportion of these results persisted into the follow-up period. Conclusions: Theraplay appears to effectively reduce the internalizing and externalizing problems of bereaved siblings.
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Roche R, Youngblut JM, Brooten DA. Parent and child perceptions of the child's health at 2, 4, 6, and 13 months after sibling intensive care or emergency department death. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2020; 33:793-801. [PMID: 32453089 PMCID: PMC7680088 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 50,000 US infants and children die annually, leaving surviving children and families with long-lasting effects. In most studies, children's health is rated by parents, but not the children. PURPOSE To compare the surviving children's self-rated health with parents' ratings at 2, 4, 6, and 13 months after sibling neonatal intensive care unit/pediatric intensive care unit/emergency department death death and identify the related factors. METHODS Children and their parents rated the child's health "now," "now compared with others your age," and "now versus before" the sibling's death. SAMPLE One hundred thirty-two children (58% girls, 72% school-aged, and 50% Black non-Hispanic), 70 mothers, and 26 fathers from 71 bereaved families. CONCLUSIONS Children self-rated their health: "now" as lower than their mothers at 4, 6, and 13 months and their fathers at 2, 4, and 13 months; "now compared with others your age" as lower than their mothers at each time point and fathers at 4, 6, and 13 months; and "now versus before" their sibling's death as higher than their mothers at 4, 6, and 13 months and fathers at 6 months. Ratings did not differ by age, gender, or race/ethnicity. At 6 months, children self-rated their health "now" as higher than their fathers in families with one to two surviving children but lower than their fathers in families with three to eight surviving children. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Parents often perceive their children as healthier than children perceive themselves after sibling death, especially in larger families. Talking with children separately can identify the children at risk for emotional and physical illnesses earlier, providing more timely and appropriate interventions and referrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Roche
- Florida International University Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Miami, FL
| | - JoAnne M. Youngblut
- Florida International University Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Miami, FL
| | - Dorothy A. Brooten
- Florida International University Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Miami, FL
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12
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Howard Sharp KM, Meadows EA, Keim MC, Winning AM, Barrera M, Gilmer MJ, Akard TF, Compas BE, Fairclough DL, Davies B, Hogan N, Vannatta K, Gerhardt CA. The Influence of Parent Distress and Parenting on Bereaved Siblings' Externalizing Problems. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2020; 29:1081-1093. [PMID: 33343178 PMCID: PMC7748062 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bereaved siblings experience more externalizing problems compared to non-bereaved peers and norms; however, the mechanisms explaining this phenomenon have not been empirically examined. This study tested the serial indirect effects of sibling bereavement on adolescents' externalizing problems through parent distress (i.e., internalizing symptoms) and parenting (i.e., parenting behaviors, parent-adolescent communication). METHODS During home visits, 72 bereaved adolescents (ages 10-18) whose brother/sister died from cancer and 60 comparison peers reported about their externalizing problems and their mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors (warmth, behavioral control, psychological control) and parent-adolescent communication (open communication, problematic communication). Mothers and fathers reported their own internalizing symptoms. RESULTS Bereaved siblings reported more externalizing problems (p =.048) and bereaved mothers reported more internalizing symptoms relative to the comparison group (p =.015). Serial multiple mediation models indicated that elevated externalizing problems were partially explained by both bereaved mothers' internalizing symptoms and parenting and communication (less warmth [CI: 0.04, 0.86], more psychological control [CI: 0.03, 0.66], and more problematic mother-adolescent communication [CI: 0.03, 0.79]), with a significant indirect effect also emerging for open mother-adolescent communication [CI: 0.05, 1.59]. Bereaved fathers did not significantly differ in internalizing symptoms from comparison fathers (p =.453), and no significant indirect effects emerged for fathers. CONCLUSIONS Elevated externalizing problems in bereaved siblings may result from mothers' distress and the impact on their parenting and communication. Targeting adjustment and parenting in bereaved mothers following a child's death may reduce externalizing problems in bereaved siblings. Research to evaluate family-centered interventions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katianne M Howard Sharp
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kathryn Vannatta
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Cynthia A Gerhardt
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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DeMuth M, Taggi-Pinto A, Miller EG, Alderfer MA. Bereavement Accommodations in the Classroom: Experiences and Opinions of School Staff. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2020; 90:165-171. [PMID: 31957037 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bereaved children often struggle in the school environment and school personnel often feel inadequately prepared to support them. This pilot study explored the experiences and opinions of school staff regarding approaches to addressing the needs of bereaved students in the classroom. METHODS Teachers/school personnel (N = 29) completed written open-ended questions about their experiences with bereaved students and opinions regarding a bereavement-focused accommodation (ie, 504) plan. Responses were summarized using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS Most participants (93%) reported interacting with bereaved students and: (1) providing emotional support; (2) making classroom accommodations; (3) collaborating with the family/community; and (4) referring the student for counseling. Many (72%) expressed interest in a templated bereavement plan (21% did not respond; 7% said no) with education/resources for school personnel and suggested accommodations for students. CONCLUSIONS Teachers encountering grieving students would welcome a templated bereavement plan to help meet students' needs. Such a plan would allow staff to become more knowledgeable about grief and provide guidance for developing specific strategies to accommodate grieving students both emotionally and academically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele DeMuth
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107
| | - Alison Taggi-Pinto
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803
| | - Elissa G Miller
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Chief, Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803
| | - Melissa A Alderfer
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Center Director (Delaware Valley) and Principal Research Scientist, Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited research has examined the impact of a child's death from cancer on siblings. Even less is known about how these siblings change over time. OBJECTIVE This study compared changes in siblings 1 (T1) and 2 (T2) years after the death of a brother or sister from cancer based on bereaved parent and sibling interviews. METHODS Participants across 3 institutions represented 27 families and included bereaved mothers (n = 21), fathers (n = 15), and siblings (n = 26) ranging from 8 to 17 years old. Participants completed semistructured interviews. Content analysis identified emerging themes and included frequency counts of participant responses. McNemar tests examined differences in the frequency of responses between T1 and T2 data. RESULTS Participants reported similar types of changes in bereaved siblings at both time points, including changes in sibling relationships, life perspectives, their personal lives, and school performance. A new theme of "openness" emerged at T2. Frequencies of responses differed according to mother, father, or sibling informant. Overall, participants less frequently reported changes at T2 versus T1. Compared with findings in the first year, participants reported greater sibling maturity at follow-up. CONCLUSION Overall changes in bereaved siblings continued over 2 years with less frequency over time, with the exception of increases in maturity and openness. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Providers can educate parents regarding the impact of death of a brother or sister over time. Nurses can foster open communication in surviving grieving siblings and parents as potential protective factors in families going through their grief.
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15
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Wind G, Jorgensen GK. "It has been fun. Super-duper fantastic": Findings from a Danish respite programme to support young carers. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:100-109. [PMID: 31476094 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of young carers' experiences and needs is low on governmental and societal levels in Denmark. This article presents findings from the first evaluation of a Danish respite programme, the Buddy Programme, which aims to provide support to young carers aged 5-15 years who experience serious, chronic or mental health problems and/or death of a parent or sibling. Over a four-six month period, volunteer students from University College Copenhagen offer young carers the opportunity of respite through participating in ordinary activities such as play and sports. In 2017-2018, based on a child-centred approach, we conducted a qualitative study with interviews focusing on how the Buddy programme affected the children. The interviews took place at programme start, halfway through, and after completion with 22 children and 21 parents, as well as single interviews with 20 Buddies assigned to families after completion. Three main themes were identified: (1) the Buddy programme as an activity, (2) how the Buddy Programme affected the children and (3) ending the Buddy programme and wanting to continue the friendship. Our findings emphasise the importance of fun and cosy activities that provide children with respite from the serious concerns that otherwise fill the lives of young carers. Being with a Buddy created a free space, allowing children to play undisturbed and to temporarily keep concerns and a guilty conscience at a distance. By offering friendship, Buddies provided opportunities for young carers to feel special, be seen, acknowledged and taken seriously as a child with valid and specific needs and interests. Our findings may help increase awareness of the needs and interests of young carers on governmental and societal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Wind
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte K Jorgensen
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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van Warmerdam J, Sutradhar R, Kurdyak P, Lau C, Pole JD, Nathan PC, Gupta S. Long-Term Mental Health Outcomes in Mothers and Siblings of Children With Cancer: A Population-Based, Matched Cohort Study. J Clin Oncol 2019; 38:51-62. [PMID: 31714869 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although a diagnosis of childhood cancer can have a profound effect on the entire family unit, its impact on the long-term mental health of family members is not well characterized. METHODS A provincial childhood cancer registry in Ontario, Canada, was linked to birth records to identify separate population-based cohorts of mothers and siblings of children diagnosed with cancer between 1998 and 2014. The mother and sibling cohorts were matched to corresponding population controls and linked to health services data. The rate of mental health-related outpatient visits (family physician, psychiatrist) and the incidence of severe psychiatric events (psychiatric emergency department visit, psychiatric hospitalization, suicide) were compared between mothers and siblings and their controls. Possible predictors of mental health outcomes were examined, including demographics, characteristics of the cancer-affected child, and cancer treatment. RESULTS We identified 4,773 mothers and 7,897 siblings of children diagnosed with cancer during the study period. Compared with controls, both groups experienced elevated rates of outpatient visits (mothers: rate ratio [RR], 1.4; P < .0001; siblings: RR, 1.1; P < .0001). The risk of severe psychiatric events was not increased in either cohort. Mother and sibling demographic factors associated with increased risk of adverse mental health included younger maternal age at cancer diagnosis, low socioeconomic status, and rural residence among mothers and older sibling age among siblings. Treatment-related variables pertaining to the cancer-affected child were not associated with mental health outcomes. Mental health outcomes clustered within families. CONCLUSION Both mothers and siblings experience elevated and prolonged need for mental health-related health care as compared with the general population. Demographic risk factors predict subpopulations at highest risk. Increased psychosocial support for family members during and after cancer therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rinku Sutradhar
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Kurdyak
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jason D Pole
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul C Nathan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumit Gupta
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Youngblut JM, Brooten D, Del-Moral T, Cantwell GP, Totapally BR, Yoo C. Black, White, and Hispanic Children's Health and Function 2-13 Months After Sibling Intensive Care Unit Death. J Pediatr 2019; 210:184-193. [PMID: 31030947 PMCID: PMC6592758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe children's anxiety, depression, behaviors, and school performance at 2-13 months after sibling neonatal/pediatric intensive care unit (NICU/PICU) or emergency department (ED) death and compare these outcomes by child age, sex, race/ethnicity, whether the child saw their sibling in the NICU/PICU/ED, and attended the sibling's funeral. STUDY DESIGN Children in 71 families were recruited for this longitudinal study from 4 children's hospitals and 14 other Florida hospitals. Children rated anxiety (Spence Children's Anxiety Scale) and depression (Children's Depression Inventory); parents rated child behaviors (Child Behavior Checklist) and reported school performance (detentions, suspensions, requested parent-teacher meetings) at 2, 4, 6, and 13 months post-sibling death. Analyses included repeated measures-ANOVA, t-tests, and 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS In total, 132 children and 96 parents participated. More children were female (58%), black (50%), and school-age (72%). Of the children, 43% had elevated anxiety and 6% had elevated depression over 13 months post-sibling death. Child-rated anxiety was higher for girls and black vs white children. Child-rated anxiety and depression were lower if they saw their sibling in the NICU/PICU/ED before and/or after the death, and/or attended the funeral. Teens were more withdrawn than school-age children at all time points. Children who did not see their deceased sibling in the NICU/PICU/ED after death had more requests for parent-teacher conferences. CONCLUSIONS Children's anxiety was more common than depression, especially in girls and black children. Children who saw their siblings in the NICU/PICU/ED before/after death and/or attended funeral services had lower anxiety and depression over the first 13 months after sibling death.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne M. Youngblut
- Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences Florida
International University, Miami
| | - Dorothy Brooten
- Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences Florida
International University, Miami
| | - Teresa Del-Moral
- Department of Neonatology, Pediatric Palliative Medicine Holtz
Children’s Hospital - University of Miami Miller School of Medicine,
Miami
| | - G. Patricia Cantwell
- Pediatric Palliative Medicine Holtz Children’s Hospital -
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami
| | - Balagangadhar R. Totapally
- Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of
Medicine and Chief, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus
Children’s Hospital, Miami
| | - Changwon Yoo
- Epidemiology and Statistics, Florida International University
Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work
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18
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Carlsen LT, Christensen SR, Olesen SP. Adaption strategies used by siblings to childhood cancer patients. Psychooncology 2019; 28:1438-1444. [PMID: 30986887 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Siblings of childhood cancer patients experience social challenges. The results presented in this article are part of a larger qualitative study aiming to generate empirical knowledge about social consequences of childhood cancer from the family's perspective. METHODS Data were collected through interviews, observational studies, and questionnaires. The study included 68 childhood cancer patients, 39 siblings, and 39 parents from a total of 78 families. Grounded theory informed the data analysis. RESULTS Major life changes caused by childhood cancer entail an emotional hierarchy regarding the accommodation of each family member's need for help. This study identified a dynamic three-variable, four-adaption model for adaption strategies among siblings towards their parents, based on the sibling's perspective: (1) receives help without asking; (2) receives help after asking; (3) receives no help despite asking; and (4) receives no help and does not ask. Three variables are elaborative to understand the dynamic in adaption strategies: the patient's prognosis, the course of the disease, and the current situation of the diagnosed child. Even though the adaptions are reported by siblings, both patients and parents are aware of and concerned about the siblings' challenges. CONCLUSIONS These results have implications for practice and have the potential to improve social and health care professionals' awareness and ability to offer support and information needed by the families and the siblings. The knowledge presented in this article should be considered basic health care information in line with other information such as treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Thoft Carlsen
- Patient Support and Community Activities, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Sociology and Social Work, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Peter Olesen
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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19
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Haylett WJ, Tilley DS. The Phenomenon of Bereaved Parenting: An Integrative Review of Literature. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2018; 82:424-445. [PMID: 30563427 DOI: 10.1177/0030222818819350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bereaved parenting, a role that entails parenting surviving children after experiencing the death of a child, is a unique but understudied phenomenon within bereavement research. Not much is known about the impact of a child's death on this crucial familial role. An integrative review of literature of 20 studies across psychology, nursing, communications, social work, and family sciences was undertaken to determine the current state of science regarding bereaved parenting. Results revealed three influential contexts: the general context of parental grief and bereavement, described as traumatic and life-changing experiences; the personal context of the resulting parental changes and coping strategies; and the relational context of the subsequent parenting of surviving children, an experience characterized by periodic conflict between personal and children's needs, emotional fluctuations, challenges with levels of protectiveness and control, and a heightened sense of responsibility within the parental role. Discussion of results and implications for research are presented.
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20
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Weiner JA, Woodley LK. An integrative review of sibling responses to childhood cancer. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2018; 31:109-119. [PMID: 30548360 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TOPIC Siblings of children with cancer experience extraordinary responses and changes to their lives over the course of their family's cancer journey. PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to conduct an integrative literature review to synthesize and analyze relevant findings related to the siblings' experiences of childhood cancer. SOURCES USED CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO were searched using the key terms: "sibling*" AND "pediatric*" AND "cancer" AND "experienc*" OR "experience*." Inclusion criteria for this review were research studies focused on sibling responses to having a brother or sister with cancer, published in English between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2017. CONCLUSIONS Siblings of children with cancer experience many changes to their emotions, relationships, family and home life, school life, and extracurricular activities. They have specific needs and desires including the need for information. Whereas they undergo many changes during the cancer journey, siblings often demonstrate resilience and personal growth and find ways to problem-solve and cope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Weiner
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Nursing, Undergraduate Division, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lisa K Woodley
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Nursing, Undergraduate Division, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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21
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Howard Sharp KM, Russell C, Keim M, Barrera M, Gilmer MJ, Foster Akard T, Compas BE, Fairclough DL, Davies B, Hogan N, Young-Saleme T, Vannatta K, Gerhardt CA. Grief and growth in bereaved siblings: Interactions between different sources of social support. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 33:363-371. [PMID: 30234359 DOI: 10.1037/spq0000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to characterize the relation between different sources of school-based social support (friends, peers, and teachers) and bereaved siblings' grief and grief-related growth and to examine whether nonparental sources of social support buffer the effects of low parent support on bereaved siblings. Families (N = 85) were recruited from cancer registries at 3 pediatric institutions 3-12 months after a child's death. Bereaved siblings were 8-18 years old (M = 12.39, SD = 2.65) and majority female (58%) and White (74%). During home visits, siblings reported their perceptions of social support from parental and nonparental sources using the Social Support Scale for Children, as well as grief and grief-related growth using the Hogan Sibling Inventory of Bereavement. Parent, friend, and teacher support were positively correlated with grief-related growth, whereas parent and peer support were negatively correlated with grief for adolescents. Teacher and friend support significantly moderated the association between parent support and grief such that teacher and friend support accentuated the positive effects of parent support. Friend and peer support moderated associations between parent support and grief/growth for adolescents but not children. School-based social support, namely from friends, peers, and teachers, appears to facilitate the adjustment of bereaved siblings. Findings suggest that bereaved siblings may benefit from enhanced support from teachers and friends regardless of age, with middle/high school students particularly benefitting from increased support from close friends and peers. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Russell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | | | - Maru Barrera
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children
| | | | | | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Diane L Fairclough
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health
| | | | - Nancy Hogan
- Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago
| | - Tammi Young-Saleme
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital
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22
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Hoffmann R, Kaiser J, Kersting A. Psychosocial outcomes in cancer-bereaved children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychooncology 2018; 27:2327-2338. [PMID: 30120901 DOI: 10.1002/pon.4863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to the unique importance of parental and sibling relationships and concurrently existing developmental challenges, the loss of a parent or sibling due to cancer is a highly stressful event for children and adolescents. This is the first systematic review that integrates findings on psychosocial outcomes after parental or sibling cancer bereavement. METHODS A systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and PubPsych was conducted, last in December 2017. Quantitative studies on psychosocial outcomes of children and adolescents who lost a parent or sibling due to cancer were included. RESULTS Twenty-four studies (N = 10 parental and N = 14 sibling bereavement), based on 13 projects, were included. Ten projects had cross-sectional designs. Only 2 projects used large, population-based samples and nonbereaved comparison groups. Outcomes were partially measured by single-item questions. Bereaved children and adolescents showed similar levels of depression and anxiety compared with nonbereaved or norms. Severe behavioral problems were found rarely. However, in 2 large, population-based studies, about half of the bereaved individuals reported unresolved grief. Bereaved adolescents had a higher risk for self-injury compared with the general population in one large, population-based study. Communication with health-care professionals, family, and other people; social support; distress during illness; age; gender; and time because loss were associated with psychosocial bereavement outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a high level of adjustment in cancer-bereaved children and adolescents. A modifiable risk factor for adverse psychosocial consequences is poor communication. Prospective designs, representative samples, and validated instruments, eg, for prolonged grief, are suggested for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Hoffmann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Kaiser
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Thienprayoon R, Alessandrini E, Frimpong-Manso M, Grossoehme D. Defining Provider-Prioritized Domains of Quality in Pediatric Home-Based Hospice and Palliative Care: A Study of the Ohio Pediatric Palliative Care and End-of-Life Network. J Palliat Med 2018; 21:1414-1435. [PMID: 29957100 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2018.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2017, the Ohio Pediatric Palliative Care and End-of-Life Network (OPPEN) published nine domains of high-quality care for pediatric home-based hospice and palliative care (HBHPC). Eight domains established by the National Consensus Project (NCP) were validated for pediatric HBHPC, and a ninth domain of "Continuity and Coordination of Care" was added. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish definition criteria for each of these domains. DESIGN AND SETTING Using a modified Delphi technique, providers from the OPPEN were surveyed regarding definitions drawn from the NCP domain criteria. For the ninth domain, new definition criteria were generated de novo based on qualitative responses. RESULTS Definition criteria were established for the nine domains of quality in HBHPC previously identified. In the course of analysis, Bereavement Care was established as a 10th domain of quality, and definition criteria generated. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to define domains of quality for pediatric HBHPC, and the second to leverage the infrastructure of a pediatric HPC statewide consortium toward this work. Future studies are needed to establish parent and patient-prioritized domains of quality in pediatric HBHPC, and to map indicators validated in pediatrics to these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Thienprayoon
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology (Palliative Care), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Evaline Alessandrini
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio.,3 University of Cincinnati Health , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Millicent Frimpong-Manso
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology (Palliative Care), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Daniel Grossoehme
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
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24
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Long KA, Lehmann V, Gerhardt CA, Carpenter AL, Marsland AL, Alderfer MA. Psychosocial functioning and risk factors among siblings of children with cancer: An updated systematic review. Psychooncology 2018; 27:1467-1479. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicky Lehmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychology; Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
- Center for Biobehavioral Health Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Columbus OH USA
| | - Cynthia A. Gerhardt
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychology; Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
- Center for Biobehavioral Health Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Columbus OH USA
| | | | | | - Melissa A. Alderfer
- Nemours Children's Health System/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children; Wilmington DE USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia PA USA
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25
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Eaton Russell C, Widger K, Beaune L, Neville A, Cadell S, Steele R, Rapoport A, Rugg M, Barrera M. Siblings' voices: A prospective investigation of experiences with a dying child. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 42:184-194. [PMID: 28541834 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1334009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sibling relationships reflect a unique childhood bond, thus the impact on a sibling when a child is seriously ill or dying is profound. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal, qualitative study over 2 years using interpretive descriptive methodology to understand siblings' perspectives when a brother or sister was dying at home or in hospital. The insights from the 10 siblings revealed complex experiences, both personal and with the ill child, their families, and peers. These experiences were paradoxically sources of strain and of support, revealing the importance of validation and normalization in assisting siblings to successfully navigate the experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceilidh Eaton Russell
- a Dr. Jay Children's Grief Centre , Research & Evaluation , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Kimberley Widger
- b Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
- c The Hospital for Sick Children , Paediatric Advanced Care Team , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Laura Beaune
- d Department of Social Work , The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Alexandra Neville
- e Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Susan Cadell
- f School of Social Work , Renison University College , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Rose Steele
- g School of Nursing, Faculty of Health , York University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Adam Rapoport
- h Paediatric Advanced Care Team , The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
- i Department of Family and Community Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
- j Emily's House Children's Hospice , Paediatric Advanced Care Team , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Maria Rugg
- k St. Joseph's Health Centre , Medicine and Seniors Care , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Maru Barrera
- l Department of Psychology, Division of Hematology/Oncology , The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
- m Institute of Medical Sciences and DLSPH , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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26
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Verberne LM, Schouten-van Meeteren AY, Bosman DK, Colenbrander DA, Jagt CT, Grootenhuis MA, van Delden JJ, Kars MC. Parental experiences with a paediatric palliative care team: A qualitative study. Palliat Med 2017; 31:956-963. [PMID: 28659021 DOI: 10.1177/0269216317692682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents of children with a life-limiting disease have to rely on themselves at home while adequate paediatric palliative care is lacking. In several countries, paediatric palliative care teams are introduced to ensure continuity and quality of care and to support the child and the family. Yet, little is known about how parents experience such multidisciplinary teams. AIM To obtain insight into the support provided by a new paediatric palliative care team from the parents' perspective. DESIGN An interpretative qualitative interview study using thematic analysis was performed. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS A total of 47 single or repeated interviews were undertaken with 42 parents of 24 children supported by a multidisciplinary paediatric palliative care team located at a university children's hospital. The children suffered from malignant or non-malignant diseases. RESULTS In advance, parents had limited expectations of the paediatric palliative care team. Some had difficulty accepting the need for palliative care for their child. Once parents experienced what the team achieved for their child and family, they valued the team's involvement. Valuable elements were as follows: (1) process-related aspects such as continuity, coordination of care, and providing one reliable point of contact; (2) practical support; and (3) the team members' sensitive and reliable attitude. As a point of improvement, parents suggested more concrete clarification upfront of the content of the team's support. CONCLUSION Parents feel supported by the paediatric palliative care team. The three elements valued by parents probably form the structure that underlies quality of paediatric palliative care. New teams should cover these three valuable elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Verberne
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Diederik K Bosman
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derk A Colenbrander
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charissa T Jagt
- 2 Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martha A Grootenhuis
- 4 Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,5 Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Jm van Delden
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke C Kars
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Mooney-Doyle K, Deatrick JA, Ulrich CM, Meghani SH, Feudtner C. Parenting in Childhood Life-Threatening Illness: A Mixed-Methods Study. J Palliat Med 2017; 21:208-215. [PMID: 28972873 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2017.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting children with life-threatening illness (LTI) and their healthy siblings requires parents to consider their various needs. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We conducted a concurrent, cross-sectional mixed-methods study to describe challenges parents face prioritizing tasks and goals for each child with qualitative data, compare parents' tasks and goals for children with LTI and healthy siblings with quantitative data, and describe parenting in terms of the process of prioritizing tasks and goals for all children in the family. RESULTS Participants included 31 parents of children with LTI who have healthy siblings and were admitted to a children's hospital. Qualitative interviews revealed how parents managed children's needs and their perceptions of the toll it takes. Quantitative data revealed that parents prioritized "making sure my child feels loved" highest for ill and healthy children. Other goals for healthy siblings focused on maintaining emotional connection and regularity within the family and for ill children focused on illness management. Mixed-methods analysis revealed that parents engaged in a process decision making and traded-off competing demands by considering needs which ultimately transformed the meaning of parenting. DISCUSSION Future research can further examine trade-offs and associated effects, how to support parent problem-solving and decision-making around trade-offs, and how to best offer social services alongside illness-directed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Mooney-Doyle
- 1 Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janet A Deatrick
- 2 Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Connie M Ulrich
- 3 Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Center for Medical Ethics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Salimah H Meghani
- 4 Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chris Feudtner
- 5 Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Advanced Care Team, Department of Medical Ethics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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28
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Rosenberg AR, Wolfe J. Approaching the third decade of paediatric palliative oncology investigation: historical progress and future directions. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2017; 1:56-67. [PMID: 29333484 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(17)30014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric palliative care (PPC) endeavours to alleviate the suffering and improve the quality of life of children with serious illnesses and their families. In the past two decades since WHO defined PPC and called for its inclusion in paediatric oncology care, rigorous investigation has provided important insights. For example, the first decade of research focused on end-of-life experiences of the child and the family, underscoring the high prevalence of symptom burden, the barriers to parent-provider concordance with regards to prognosis, as well as the need for bereavement supports. The second decade expanded PPC oncology investigation to include the entire cancer continuum and the voices of patients. Other studies identified the need for support of parents, siblings, and racial and ethnic minority groups. Promising interventions designed to improve outcomes were tested in randomised clinical trials. Future research will build on these findings and pose novel questions about how to continue to reduce the burdens of paediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby R Rosenberg
- Seattle Children's Hospital Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle, WA, USA (A R Rosenberg MD); Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA (A R Rosenberg); Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA (A R Rosenberg); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, and Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (J Wolfe MD); Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (J Wolfe); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (J Wolfe)
| | - Joanne Wolfe
- Seattle Children's Hospital Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle, WA, USA (A R Rosenberg MD); Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA (A R Rosenberg); Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA (A R Rosenberg); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, and Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (J Wolfe MD); Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (J Wolfe); and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (J Wolfe)
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29
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Carreño Moreno S, Chaparro Díaz L, López Rangel R. Encontrar sentido para continuar viviendo el reto al perder un hijo por cáncer infantil: revisión integrativa. PERSONA Y BIOÉTICA 2017. [DOI: 10.5294/pebi.2017.21.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
La experiencia de perder un hijo por cáncer representa para los padres una carga emocional de alto impacto individual, familiar y social que no finaliza con la muerte. Esta revisión integrativa tuvo como objetivo identificar aspectos clave en la experiencia de perder un hijo como consecuencia del cáncer infantil. Los resultados mostraron un patrón (búsqueda de sentido) que rodea seis momentos del proceso de duelo, que pueden ser elementos de intervención para acompañar el proceso de afrontamiento de los padres. Se concluye que este patrón es un fenómeno importante para el desarrollo del área de cuidado paliativo al final de la vida y posterior.
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30
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Gerhardt CA. Commentary: Dennis D. Drotar Distinguished Research Award: Academic and Personal Reflections on Childhood Cancer Research Across the Illness Spectrum. J Pediatr Psychol 2016; 41:1045-1052. [PMID: 27680081 PMCID: PMC5061976 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Gerhardt
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics and Psychology, The Ohio State University
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31
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Greenwald N, Barrera M, Neville A, Hancock K. Feasibility of group intervention for bereaved siblings after pediatric cancer death. J Psychosoc Oncol 2016; 35:220-238. [PMID: 27786614 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2016.1252823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the feasibility (acceptability, recruitment, retention rates, treatment fidelity, and outcome measures) of implementing a manualized group intervention for bereaved siblings after pediatric cancer death. A convenience sample of 10 siblings participated. The intervention consisted of eight 2-hour sessions that focused on strategies for coping with grief, relationships, and emotional growth. Positive outcomes were obtained with respect to acceptability, recruitment, retention rates, and treatment fidelity. Preliminary outcomes were mixed. Parent pre- and post-intervention outcomes suggested improvements in siblings' overall emotional and social quality of life. Siblings' self-reports reflected no improvements. These data support the feasibility of conducting this intervention and suggest beneficial outcomes based on parental reports. Further research is recommended to evaluate the group intervention efficacy with a large sample using a randomized controlled trial to address the needs of bereaved siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Greenwald
- a The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Maru Barrera
- a The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Alexandra Neville
- a The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Department of Psychology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Kelly Hancock
- a The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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32
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Facebook advertisements recruit parents of children with cancer for an online survey of web-based research preferences. Cancer Nurs 2016; 38:155-61. [PMID: 24945264 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies involving samples of children with life-threatening illnesses and their families face significant challenges, including inadequate sample sizes and limited diversity. Social media recruitment and Web-based research methods may help address such challenges yet have not been explored in pediatric cancer populations. OBJECTIVE This study examined the feasibility of using Facebook advertisements to recruit parent caregivers of children and teenagers with cancer. We also explored the feasibility of Web-based video recording in pediatric palliative care populations by surveying parents of children with cancer regarding (a) their preferences for research methods and (b) technological capabilities of their computers and phones. METHODS Facebook's paid advertising program was used to recruit parent caregivers of children currently living with cancer to complete an electronic survey about research preferences and technological capabilities. RESULTS The advertising campaign generated 3 897 981 impressions, which resulted in 1050 clicks at a total cost of $1129.88. Of 284 screened individuals, 106 were eligible. Forty-five caregivers of children with cancer completed the entire electronic survey. Parents preferred and had technological capabilities for Web-based and electronic research methods. Participant survey responses are reported. CONCLUSION Facebook was a useful, cost-effective method to recruit a diverse sample of parent caregivers of children with cancer. Web-based video recording and data collection may be feasible and desirable in samples of children with cancer and their families. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Web-based methods (eg, Facebook, Skype) may enhance communication and access between nurses and pediatric oncology patients and their families.
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33
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Roche RM, Brooten D, Youngblut JM. Parent & Child Perceptions of Child Health after Sibling Death. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING & CLINICAL PRACTICES 2016; 3:185. [PMID: 27683673 PMCID: PMC5036584 DOI: 10.15344/2394-4978/2016/185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding children's health after a sibling's death and what factors may affect it is important for treatment and clinical care. This study compared children's and their parents' perceptions of children's health and identified relationships of children's age, gender, race/ethnicity, anxiety, and depression and sibling's cause of death to these perceptions at 2 and 4 months after sibling death. METHODS 64 children and 48 parents rated the child's health "now" and "now vs before" the sibling's death in an ICU or ER or at home shortly after withdrawal of life-prolonging technology. Children completed the Child Depression Inventory and Spence Children's Anxiety Scale. Sibling cause of death was collected from hospital records. RESULTS At 2 and 4 months, 45% to 54% of mothers' and 53% to 84% of fathers' ratings of their child's health "now" were higher than their children's ratings. Child health ratings were lower for: children with greater depression; fathers whose children reported greater anxiety; mothers whose child died of a chronic condition. Children's ratings of their health "now vs before" their sibling's death did not differ significantly from mothers' or fathers' ratings at 2 or 4 months. Black fathers were more likely to rate the child's health better "now vs before" the death; there were no significant differences by child gender and cause of death in child's health "now vs before" the death. CONCLUSIONS Children's responses to a sibling's death may not be visually apparent or become known by asking parents. Parents often perceive their children as healthier than children perceive themselves at 2 and 4 months after sibling death, so talking with children separately is important. Children's perceptions of their health may be influenced by depression, fathers' perceptions by children's anxiety, and mother's perceptions by the cause of sibling death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M. Roche
- Cystic Fibrosis/Asthma Center Coordinator, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
- Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Florida International University Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dorothy Brooten
- Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Florida International University Miami, Florida, USA
| | - JoAnne M. Youngblut
- Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Florida International University Miami, Florida, USA
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34
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Bolton JM, Au W, Chateau D, Walld R, Leslie WD, Enns J, Martens PJ, Katz LY, Logsetty S, Sareen J. Bereavement after sibling death: a population-based longitudinal case-control study. World Psychiatry 2016; 15:59-66. [PMID: 26833610 PMCID: PMC4780295 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine mental disorders and treatment use among bereaved siblings in the general population. Siblings (N=7243) of all deceased children in the population of Manitoba, Canada who died between 1984 and 2009 were matched 1:3 to control siblings (N=21,729) who did not have a sibling die in the study period. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare the two sibling groups in the two years before and after the index child's death on physician-diagnosed mental disorders and treatment utilization, with adjustment for confounding factors including pre-existing mental illness. Analyses were stratified by age of the bereaved (<13 vs. 13+). Results revealed that, in the two years after the death of the child, bereaved siblings had significantly higher rates of mental disorders than control siblings, even after adjusting for pre-existing mental illness. When comparing the effect of a child's death on younger versus older siblings, the rise in depression rates from pre-death to post-death was significantly higher for siblings aged under 13 (p<0.0001), increasing more than 7-fold (adjusted relative rate, ARR=7.25, 95% CI: 3.65-14.43). Bereaved siblings aged 13+ had substantial morbidity in the two years after the death: 25% were diagnosed with a mental disorder (vs. 17% of controls), and they had higher rates of almost all mental disorder outcomes compared to controls, including twice the rate of suicide attempts (ARR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.29-3.12). Siblings in the bereaved cohort had higher rates of alcohol and drug use disorders already before the death of their sibling. In conclusion, the death of a child is associated with considerable mental disorder burden among surviving siblings. Pre-existing health problems and social disadvantage do not fully account for the increase in mental disorder rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Bolton
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Department of PsychologyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Manitoba Centre for Health PolicyWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Wendy Au
- Manitoba Centre for Health PolicyWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Dan Chateau
- Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Manitoba Centre for Health PolicyWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Randy Walld
- Manitoba Centre for Health PolicyWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - William D. Leslie
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Department of RadiologyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Jessica Enns
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Patricia J. Martens
- Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Manitoba Centre for Health PolicyWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Laurence Y. Katz
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Department of PsychologyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Manitoba Centre for Health PolicyWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Sarvesh Logsetty
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Department of PsychologyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
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35
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Lövgren M, Bylund-Grenklo T, Jalmsell L, Wallin AE, Kreicbergs U. Bereaved Siblings’ Advice to Health Care Professionals Working With Children With Cancer and Their Families. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2015; 33:297-305. [DOI: 10.1177/1043454215616605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Jalmsell
- Visby Lasarett, Visby, Sweden
- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ulrika Kreicbergs
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ersta Sköndal University College, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Lichtenthal WG, Sweeney CR, Roberts KE, Corner GW, Donovan LA, Prigerson HG, Wiener L. Bereavement Follow-Up After the Death of a Child as a Standard of Care in Pediatric Oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62 Suppl 5:S834-69. [PMID: 26700929 PMCID: PMC4692196 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
After a child's death to cancer, families commonly want continued connection with the healthcare team that cared for their child, yet bereavement follow-up is often sporadic. A comprehensive literature search found that many bereaved parents experience poor psychological outcomes during bereavement and that parents want follow-up and benefit from continued connection with their child's healthcare providers. Evidence suggests that the standard of care should consist of at least one meaningful contact between the healthcare team and bereaved parents to identify those at risk for negative psychosocial sequelae and to provide resources for bereavement support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Lichtenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corinne R. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ
| | - Kailey E. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey W. Corner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leigh A. Donovan
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Holly G. Prigerson
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lori Wiener
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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37
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Gerhardt CA, Lehmann V, Long KA, Alderfer MA. Supporting Siblings as a Standard of Care in Pediatric Oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62 Suppl 5:S750-804. [PMID: 26700924 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, evidence is provided for supporting siblings as a standard of care in pediatric oncology. Using Medline, PsycInfo, and CINAHL, a systematic search of articles published over the past two decades about siblings of children with cancer was conducted. A total of 125 articles, which were primarily descriptive studies, were evaluated by the four investigators using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. There is moderate-quality evidence, as well as support from community stakeholders, to justify a strong recommendation that siblings of children with cancer should be provided with psychosocial services and that parents and professionals are advised about how to meet siblings' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Gerhardt
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vicky Lehmann
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kristin A Long
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa A Alderfer
- Nemours Children's Health System, Wilmington DE and Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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38
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Humphrey LM, Hill DL, Carroll KW, Rourke M, Kang TI, Feudtner C. Psychological Well-Being and Family Environment of Siblings of Children with Life Threatening Illness. J Palliat Med 2015; 18:981-4. [PMID: 26393493 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2015.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychological well-being of siblings of children with life threatening illness remains largely uncharted. Pediatric cancer research suggests that a supportive family environment may protect the psychological well-being of siblings. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that (1) siblings of pediatric palliative care patients would show clinical/behavioral scores that were elevated but that rates of serious psychopathology would be comparable to the general population of children their age; and (2) higher family functioning scores would be associated with lower clinical scores and higher adaptive scores for these siblings. METHODS We conducted an observational study with families in which a patient receiving palliative care had one or more siblings between the ages of 6 and 11. Parents completed the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) to assess the siblings' psychological well-being and the Family Assessment Device (FAD) to assess the family environment. RESULTS Twenty-four parents reported data for 30 siblings. Only three siblings scored in the clinical range on a BASC-2 composite clinical scale, and 11 siblings scored in the at-risk range on one or more composite scales. Higher FAD scores predicted significantly higher externalization composite clinical scores (7.54, 95% CI: 1.12, 13.97, p < 0.05) and significantly higher behavioral composite scores (7.88, 95% CI: 1.55, 14.21, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Siblings of pediatric palliative care patients are not experiencing lower psychological well-being than the general population. The prediction that a positive family environment would be associated with higher levels of psychological health was supported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas L Hill
- 2 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen W Carroll
- 2 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Rourke
- 3 Widener University , Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Tammy I Kang
- 2 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chris Feudtner
- 2 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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39
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Lövgren M, Jalmsell L, Eilegård Wallin A, Steineck G, Kreicbergs U. Siblings' experiences of their brother's or sister's cancer death: a nationwide follow-up 2-9 years later. Psychooncology 2015; 25:435-40. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Lövgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; The Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
- School of Education, Health and Society; Dalarna University; Falun Sweden
| | - Li Jalmsell
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Oncological Unit; Visby Lasarett; Visby Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Steineck
- Department of Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Oncology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Kreicbergs
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; The Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
- Ersta Sköndal University College; Palliative Research Centre; Stockholm Sweden
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40
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van der Geest IMM, Darlington ASE, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. Re: Long-term psychosocial outcomes among bereaved siblings of children with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2015; 49:e6-7. [PMID: 25659522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana M M van der Geest
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Rosenberg AR, Postier A, Osenga K, Kreicbergs U, Neville B, Dussel V, Wolfe J. Long-term psychosocial outcomes among bereaved siblings of children with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2015; 49:55-65. [PMID: 24880001 PMCID: PMC4280260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The death of a child from cancer affects the entire family. Little is known about the long-term psychosocial outcomes of bereaved siblings. OBJECTIVES To describe 1) the prevalence of risky health behaviors, psychological distress, and social support among bereaved siblings and 2) potentially modifiable factors associated with poor outcomes. METHODS Bereaved siblings were eligible for this dual-center, cross-sectional, survey-based study if they were 16 years or older and their parents had enrolled in one of three prior studies about caring for children with cancer at the end of life. Linear regression models identified associations between personal perspectives before, during, and after the family's cancer experience and outcomes (health behaviors, psychological distress, and social support). RESULTS Fifty-eight siblings completed surveys (62% response rate). They were approximately 12 years bereaved, with a mean age of 26 years at the time of the survey (SD 7.8). Anxiety, depression, and illicit substance use increased during the year after their brother/sister's death but then returned to baseline. Siblings who reported dissatisfaction with communication, poor preparation for death, missed opportunities to say goodbye, and/or a perceived negative impact of the cancer experience on relationships tended to have higher distress and lower social support scores (P < 0.001-0.031). Almost all siblings reported that their loss still affected them; half stated that the experience impacted current educational and career goals. CONCLUSION How siblings experience the death of a child with cancer may impact their long-term psychosocial well-being. Sibling-directed communication and concurrent supportive care during the cancer experience and the year after the sibling death may mitigate poor long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby R Rosenberg
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle, Washington, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrea Postier
- Department of Pain Medicine, Palliative Care and Integrative Medicine, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kaci Osenga
- Department of Pain Medicine, Palliative Care and Integrative Medicine, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ulrika Kreicbergs
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bridget Neville
- Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veronica Dussel
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joanne Wolfe
- Center for Outcomes and Policy Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Eilertsen MEB, Eilegård A, Steineck G, Nyberg T, Kreicbergs U. Impact of Social Support on Bereaved Siblings’ Anxiety. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2013; 30:301-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1043454213513838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose:To assess adolescent and young adult siblings’ perception of social support prior to and following the loss of their brother or sister to cancer, 2 to 9 years earlier, and their anxiety at follow-up. Method: In 2009, 174 (73%) bereaved siblings (12-25 years) participated in a nationwide, long-term follow-up study in Sweden using an anonymous study-specific questionnaire. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to measure self-assessed anxiety. Results: Siblings had a higher risk of anxiety if they perceived their need for social support was unsatisfied during their brother or sisters’ last month before death, relative risk (RR) = 3.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8-7.3); time after death, RR = 2.9 (95% CI = 1.5-5.6); and at follow-up, RR = 3.8 (95% CI = 2.0-7.2). Furthermore, a higher risk for anxiety was shown for siblings if they did not perceive that their parents and neighbors cared for them after their brother or sisters’ death, RR = 2.7 (95% CI = 1.3-5.5), RR = 5.4 (95% CI = 1.3-21.9), respectively. Conclusion: Bereaved siblings had a greater probability to report self-assessed anxiety if they perceived that their need for social support was not satisfied prior to and following death. Information from both nurses and other health care professionals to families about the impact of social support may contribute to lessen the siblings’ risk of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunnar Steineck
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ulrika Kreicbergs
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sophiahemmet University College, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kelley CG, Lipson AR, Daly B, Douglas SL. Using a psychosocial registry as a data source for nurses. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2013; 17:444-6. [PMID: 23899986 DOI: 10.1188/13.cjon.444-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nurses at the bedside strive to base their practice on the best available information derived from evidence. However, issues related to patient care often arise for which evidence is either difficult to attain or not available. This can be particularly true for nurses who care for patients with diverse diagnoses because most studies focus on patients with a single cancer diagnosis. For example, evidence about quality of life (QOL) as perceived by the patient is a concern for clinicians but is of particular importance to nurses at the bedside. A great deal of study has been performed on the QOL of patients with cancer; however, most of these reports focus on narrow or limited samples, typically one specific cancer type. Having access to a registry that enrolls patients with diverse types of cancer and collects QOL data could be very useful to practicing bedside nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol G Kelley
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH, USA.
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