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Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. Host Pathways of Hemostasis that Regulate Group A Streptococcus pyogenes Pathogenicity. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:193-201. [PMID: 31556853 PMCID: PMC7670306 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190926152914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of severe Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) infection is dysregulated hemostasis. Hemostasis is the primary pathway for regulating blood flow through events that contribute towards clot formation and its dissolution. However, a number of studies have identified components of hemostasis in regulating survival and dissemination of GAS. Several proteins have been identified on the surface of GAS and they serve to either facilitate invasion to host distal sites or regulate inflammatory responses to the pathogen. GAS M-protein, a surface-exposed virulence factor, appears to be a major target for interactions with host hemostasis proteins. These interactions mediate biochemical events both on the surface of GAS and in the solution when M-protein is released into the surrounding environment through shedding or regulated proteolytic processes that dictate the fate of this pathogen. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms associated with these interactions could lead to novel approaches for altering the course of GAS pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Ploplis
- University of Notre Dame, W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, 230 Raclin-Carmichael Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- University of Notre Dame, W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, 230 Raclin-Carmichael Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Juratli MA, Menyaev YA, Sarimollaoglu M, Melerzanov AV, Nedosekin DA, Culp WC, Suen JY, Galanzha EI, Zharov VP. Noninvasive label-free detection of circulating white and red blood clots in deep vessels with a focused photoacoustic probe. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5667-5677. [PMID: 30460154 PMCID: PMC6238938 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood clotting is a serious clinical complication of many medical procedures and disorders including surgery, catheterization, transplantation, extracorporeal circuits, infections, and cancer. This complication leads to high patient morbidity and mortality due to clot-induced pulmonary embolism, stroke, and in some cases heart attack. Despite the clear medical significance, little progress has been made in developing the methods for detection of circulating blood clots (CBCs), also called emboli. We recently demonstrated the application of in vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) with unfocused ultrasound transducers for detection of CBCs in small vessels in a mouse model. In the current study, we extend applicability of PAFC for detection of CBCs in relatively large (1.5-2 mm) and deep (up to 5-6 mm) blood vessels in rat and rabbit models using a high pulse rate 1064 nm laser and focused ultrasound transducer with a central hole for an optic fiber. Employing phantoms and chemical activation of clotting, we demonstrated PA identification of white, red, and mixed CBCs producing negative, positive, and mixed PA contrast in blood background, respectively. We confirmed that PAFC can detect both red and white CBCs induced by microsurgical procedures, such as a needle or catheter insertion, as well as stroke modeled by injection of artificial clots. Our results show great potential for a PAFC diagnostic platform with a wearable PA fiber probe for diagnosis of thrombosis and embolism in vivo that is impossible with existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A Juratli
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, 60323, Germany
| | - Yulian A Menyaev
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, 60323, Germany
| | - William C Culp
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - James Y Suen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83, Astrakhanskaya St., Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 83, Astrakhanskaya St., Saratov, 410012, Russia
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Chien JD, Furtado A, Cheng SC, Lam J, Schaeffer S, Chun K, Wintermark M. Demographics of carotid atherosclerotic plaque features imaged by computed tomography. J Neuroradiol 2013; 40:1-10. [PMID: 23428245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This was a prospective, cross-sectional study to evaluate the risk factors and symptoms associated with specific carotid wall and atherosclerotic plaque features as seen on computed tomography-angiography (CTA) studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 consecutive consenting patients admitted to the emergency department with suspected cerebrovascular ischemia, and receiving standard-of-care CTA of the brain and neck on a 64-slice CT scanner, were prospectively enrolled in the study. The carotid wall features observed on CT were quantitatively analyzed with customized software using different radiodensities for contrast-phase acquisition of the carotids. Clinical datasets, including a complete medical history and examination, were obtained by research physicians or specially trained associates blinded to any findings on CT. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the degree of association between clinical indicators and quantitative CT features of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. RESULTS Men tended to have increased carotid lumen (coefficient: 608.7; 95% CI: 356.9-860.6; P<0.001) and wall volumes (209.2; 54.5-364.0; P=0.008), and hypertension was associated with increased wall volume (260.6; 88.7-432.6; P=0.003). Advanced age was associated with increases in maximum wall thickness (0.02; 0.003-0.05; P=0.029), fibrous cap thickness (0.005; 0.001-0.008; P=0.016) and number of calcium voxels (2.7; 1.25-4.2; P<0.001), and the presence of a carotid bruit was associated with carotid stenosis length (21.0; 5.38-37.8; P=0.009). Exercise was inversely related to the number of calcium (-37.1; -71.5 - -2.7; P=0.035) and lipid (-7.9; -15.1 - -0.7; P=0.032) voxels. ACE inhibitor use was associated with fibrous cap thickness (0.1; 0.04-0.23; P=0.005). CONCLUSION Significant associations were found between clinical descriptors and carotid atherosclerotic plaque features as revealed by CT. Future studies are needed to validate our findings, and to continue investigations into whether CT features of carotid plaques can be used as biomarkers to quantify the impact of strategies aiming to correct vascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Chien
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, San Francisco, USA
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