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Silginer M, Papa E, Szabó E, Vasella F, Pruschy M, Stroh C, Roth P, Weiss T, Weller M. Immunological and tumor-intrinsic mechanisms mediate the synergistic growth suppression of experimental glioblastoma by radiotherapy and MET inhibition. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:41. [PMID: 36915128 PMCID: PMC10009975 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET signaling pathway has been proposed to be involved in the resistance to radiotherapy of glioblastoma via proinvasive and DNA damage response pathways.Here we assessed the role of the MET pathway in the response to radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo in syngeneic mouse glioma models. We find that the murine glioma cell lines GL-261, SMA-497, SMA-540 and SMA-560 express HGF and its receptor MET and respond to exogenous HGF with MET phosphorylation. Glioma cell viability or proliferation are unaffected by genetic or pharmacological MET inhibition using tepotinib or CRISPR/Cas9-engineered Met gene knockout and MET inhibition fails to sensitize glioma cells to irradiation in vitro. In contrast, the combination of tepotinib with radiotherapy prolongs survival of orthotopic SMA-560 or GL-261 glioma-bearing mice compared with radiotherapy or tepotinib treatment alone. Synergy is lost when such experiments are conducted in immunodeficient Rag1-/- mice, and, importantly, also when Met gene expression is disrupted in the tumor cells. Combination therapy suppresses a set of pro-inflammatory mediators including matrix metalloproteases that are upregulated by radiotherapy alone and that have been linked to poor outcome in glioblastoma. Several of these mediators are positively regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and pSMAD2 levels as a surrogate marker of TGF-β pathway activity are suppressed by combination treatment. We conclude that synergistic suppression of experimental syngeneic glioma growth by irradiation and MET inhibition requires MET expression in the tumor as well as an intact immune system. Clinical evaluation of this combined strategy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Silginer
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Eleanna Papa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emese Szabó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Vasella
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Molecular Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Roth
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Wouters R, Bevers S, Riva M, De Smet F, Coosemans A. Immunocompetent Mouse Models in the Search for Effective Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E19. [PMID: 33374542 PMCID: PMC7793150 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive intrinsic brain tumor in adults. Despite maximal therapy consisting of surgery and radio/chemotherapy, GBM remains largely incurable with a median survival of less than 15 months. GBM has a strong immunosuppressive nature with a multitude of tumor and microenvironment (TME) derived factors that prohibit an effective immune response. To date, all clinical trials failed to provide lasting clinical efficacy, despite the relatively high success rates of preclinical studies to show effectivity of immunotherapy. Various factors may explain this discrepancy, including the inability of a single mouse model to fully recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of GBM. It is therefore critical to understand the features and limitations of each model, which should probably be combined to grab the full spectrum of the disease. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge concerning immune composition, stem cell characteristics and response to standard-of-care and immunotherapeutics for the most commonly available immunocompetent mouse models of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Wouters
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- Oncoinvent, A.S., 0484 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sien Bevers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mont-Godinne Hospital, UCL Namur, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - An Coosemans
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
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3
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Adjuvant Therapy Using Mistletoe Containing Drugs Boosts the T-Cell-Mediated Killing of Glioma Cells and Prolongs the Survival of Glioma Bearing Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3928572. [PMID: 30224928 PMCID: PMC6129785 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3928572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viscum album L. extracts (VE) are applied as complementary cancer therapeutics for more than one century. Extracts contain several compounds like mistletoe lectins (ML) 1-3 and viscotoxins, but also several minor ingredients. Since ML-1 has been described as one of the main active components harboring antitumor activity, purified native or recombinant ML-1 has been also used in clinical trials in the last years. The present study examined and compared the immunoboosting effects of three ML-1 containing drugs (the extract ISCADOR Qu, the recombinant ML-1 Aviscumine, and purified native ML-1) in the context of the T-cell mediated killing of glioma cells. Additionally we examined the possible underlying T-cell stimulating mechanisms. Using cocultures of immune and glioma cells, a PCR-based microarray, quantitative RT-PCR, and an antibody-based array to measure cytokines in blood serum, immunosupporting effects were determined. A highly aggressive, orthotopic, immunocompetent syngeneic mouse glioma model was used to determine the survival of mice treated with ISCADOR Qu alone or in combination with tumor irradiation and temozolomide (TMZ). Treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) cells with ISCADOR Qu that contains a high ML concentration, but also viscotoxins and other compounds, as well as with Aviscumine or native ML-1, enhanced the expansion of cancer cell-specific T-cells as well as T-cell-mediated tumor cell lysis, but to a different degree. In GBM cells all three ML-1-containing preparations modulated the expression of immune response associated genes. In vivo, subcutaneous ISCADOR Qu injections at increasing concentration induced cytokine release in immunocompetent VM/Dk-mice. Finally, ISCADOR Qu, if applied in combination with tumor irradiation and TMZ, further prolonged the survival of glioma mice. Our findings indicate that ML-1 containing drugs enhance anti-GBM immune responses and work in synergy with radiochemotherapy. Therefore, adjuvant mistletoe therapy should be considered as an auspicious treatment option for glioma patients.
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4
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Ferrucci M, Biagioni F, Lenzi P, Gambardella S, Ferese R, Calierno MT, Falleni A, Grimaldi A, Frati A, Esposito V, Limatola C, Fornai F. Rapamycin promotes differentiation increasing βIII-tubulin, NeuN, and NeuroD while suppressing nestin expression in glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29574-29599. [PMID: 28418837 PMCID: PMC5444688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma cells feature mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) up-regulation which relates to a variety of effects such as: lower survival, higher infiltration, high stemness and radio- and chemo-resistance. Recently, it was demonstrated that mTOR may produce a gene shift leading to altered protein expression. Therefore, in the present study we administered different doses of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to explore whether the transcription of specific genes are modified. By using a variety of methods we demonstrate that rapamycin stimulates gene transcription related to neuronal differentiation while inhibiting stemness related genes such as nestin. In these experimental conditions, cell phenotype shifts towards a pyramidal neuron-like shape owing long branches. Rapamycin suppressed cell migration when exposed to fetal bovine serum (FBS) while increasing the cell adhesion protein phospho-FAK (pFAK). The present study improves our awareness of basic mechanisms which relate mTOR activity to the biology of glioblastoma cells. These findings apply to a variety of effects which can be induced by mTOR regulation in the brain. In fact, the ability to promote neuronal differentiation might be viewed as a novel therapeutic pathway to approach neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Human Anatomy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Paola Lenzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Human Anatomy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Rosangela Ferese
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Calierno
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Falleni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frati
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Human Anatomy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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5
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Signorell RD, Papachristodoulou A, Xiao J, Arpagaus B, Casalini T, Grandjean J, Thamm J, Steiniger F, Luciani P, Brambilla D, Werner B, Martin E, Weller M, Roth P, Leroux JC. Preparation of PEGylated liposomes incorporating lipophilic lomeguatrib derivatives for the sensitization of chemo-resistant gliomas. Int J Pharm 2017; 536:388-396. [PMID: 29198811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal delivery is a well-established approach to increase the therapeutic index of drugs, mainly in the field of cancer chemotherapy. Here, we report the preparation and characterization of a new liposomal formulation of a derivative of lomeguatrib, a potent O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) inactivator. The drug had been tested in clinical trials to revert chemoresistance, but was associated with a low therapeutic index. A series of lomeguatrib conjugates with distinct alkyl chain lengths - i.e. C12, C14, C16, and C18 - was synthesized, and the MGMT depleting activity as well as cytotoxicity were determined on relevant mouse and human glioma cell lines. Drug-containing liposomes were prepared and characterized in terms of loading and in vitro release kinetics. The lipophilic lomeguatrib conjugates did not exert cytotoxic effects at 5 μM in the mouse glioma cell line and exhibited a similar MGMT depleting activity pattern as lomeguatrib. Overall, drug loading could be improved by up to 50-fold with the lipophilic conjugates, and the slowest leakage was achieved with the C18 derivative. The present data show the applicability of lipophilic lomeguatrib derivatization for incorporation into liposomes, and identify the C18 derivative as the lead compound for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea D Signorell
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandros Papachristodoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiawen Xiao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Arpagaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Casalini
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Material Technology, Department of Innovative Technology, SUPSI, 6928, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Thamm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Electron Microscopy Center, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Paola Luciani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Werner
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Martin
- Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roth
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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He J, Xiong L, Li Q, Lin L, Miao X, Yan S, Hong Z, Yang L, Wen Y, Deng X. 3D modeling of cancer stem cell niche. Oncotarget 2017; 9:1326-1345. [PMID: 29416698 PMCID: PMC5787442 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells reside in a distinct microenvironment called niche. The reciprocal interactions between cancer stem cells and niche contribute to the maintenance and enrichment of cancer stem cells. In order to simulate the interactions between cancer stem cells and niche, three-dimensional models have been developed. These in vitro culture systems recapitulate the spatial dimension, cellular heterogeneity, and the molecular networks of the tumor microenvironment and show great promise in elucidating the pathophysiology of cancer stem cells and designing more clinically relavant treatment modalites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinglong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liangwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiongying Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University Medical College, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Leping Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyun Deng
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University Medical College, Changsha, Hunan, China
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7
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Schneider H, Lohmann B, Wirsching HG, Hasenbach K, Rushing EJ, Frei K, Pruschy M, Tabatabai G, Weller M. Age-associated and therapy-induced alterations in the cellular microenvironment of experimental gliomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87124-87135. [PMID: 29152068 PMCID: PMC5675620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis associated with advanced age in patients with glioblastoma remains poorly understood. Glioblastoma in the elderly has been particularly associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent angiogenesis, and early uncontrolled studies suggested that the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab (BEV), an antibody to VEGF, might be preferentially active in this patient population. Accordingly, we explored host age-dependent differences in survival and benefit from radiotherapy (RT) or BEV in syngeneic mouse glioma models. Survival was inferior in older mice in the SMA-540 and and less so in SMA-560, but not in the SMA-497 or GL-261 models. Detailed flow cytometric studies revealed increased myeloid and decreased effector T cell population frequencies in SMA-540 tumors of old compared to young mice, but no such difference in the SMA-497 model. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from young to old mice had no effect, whereas survival was reduced with BMT from old to young mice. BEV significantly decreased vessel densities in gliomas of old, but not young mice. Accordingly, old, but not young SMA-540 tumor-bearing mice benefited from BEV alone or in combination with RT. End-stage tumors of old BEV- and BEV/RT-treated mice exhibited increased infiltration of T helper and cytotoxic T cells compared to tumors of young mice. The SMA-540 model may provide a valuable tool to evaluate the influence of host age on glioblastoma progression and treatment response. The biological host factors that modulate glioma growth in old as opposed to young mice remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birthe Lohmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Georg Wirsching
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathy Hasenbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Frei
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Molecular Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center of Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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9
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Seystahl K, Papachristodoulou A, Burghardt I, Schneider H, Hasenbach K, Janicot M, Roth P, Weller M. Biological Role and Therapeutic Targeting of TGF-β 3 in Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1177-1186. [PMID: 28377490 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β contributes to the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma by promoting invasiveness and angiogenesis and creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. So far, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 isoforms have been considered to act in a similar fashion without isoform-specific function in glioblastoma. A pathogenic role for TGF-β3 in glioblastoma has not been defined yet. Here, we studied the expression and functional role of endogenous and exogenous TGF-β3 in glioblastoma models. TGF-β3 mRNA is expressed in human and murine long-term glioma cell lines as well as in human glioma-initiating cell cultures with expression levels lower than TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 in most cell lines. Inhibition of TGF-β3 mRNA expression by ISTH2020 or ISTH2023, two different isoform-specific phosphorothioate locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotide gapmers, blocks downstream SMAD2 and SMAD1/5 phosphorylation in human LN-308 cells, without affecting TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 mRNA expression or protein levels. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-β3 expression reduces invasiveness in vitro Interestingly, depletion of TGF-β3 also attenuates signaling evoked by TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 In orthotopic syngeneic (SMA-560) and xenograft (LN-308) in vivo glioma models, expression of TGF-β3 as well as of the downstream target, plasminogen-activator-inhibitor (PAI)-1, was reduced, while TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels were unaffected following systemic treatment with TGF-β3 -specific antisense oligonucleotides. We conclude that TGF-β3 might function as a gatekeeper controlling downstream signaling despite high expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 isoforms. Targeting TGF-β3in vivo may represent a promising strategy interfering with aberrant TGF-β signaling in glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(6); 1177-86. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Seystahl
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandros Papachristodoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Burghardt
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Schneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathy Hasenbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Isarna Therapeutics GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Roth
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Qureshi-Baig K, Ullmann P, Haan S, Letellier E. Tumor-Initiating Cells: a criTICal review of isolation approaches and new challenges in targeting strategies. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28209178 PMCID: PMC5314476 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancers contain a subpopulation of highly tumorigenic cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Targeting TICs may be essential to achieve cure, because of their self-renewal and tumorigenic properties as well as their resistance to conventional therapies. Despite significant advances in TIC biology, their isolation and identification remain largely disputed and incompletely established. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in isolation and culturing approaches of TICs, with focus on colorectal cancer (CRC). We feature recent findings on TIC-relevant signaling pathways and the metabolic identity of TICs, as well as their current clinical implications. Lastly, we highlight the influence of inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity on TIC function and targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Qureshi-Baig
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Pit Ullmann
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Haan
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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11
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Ylivinkka I, Sihto H, Tynninen O, Hu Y, Laakso A, Kivisaari R, Laakkonen P, Keski-Oja J, Hyytiäinen M. Motility of glioblastoma cells is driven by netrin-1 induced gain of stemness. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2017; 36:9. [PMID: 28069038 PMCID: PMC5223529 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is an untreatable brain cancer. The tumors contain a population of stem-like cells which are highly invasive and resistant to therapies. These cells are the main reason for the lethality of glioblastoma. Extracellular guidance molecule netrin-1 promotes the invasiveness and survival of various cancer cell types. We have previously found that netrin-1 activates Notch signaling, and Notch signaling associates with cell stemness. Therefore, we have here investigated the effects of netrin-1 on glioblastoma pathogenesis and glioblastoma cell stemness. METHODS Glioma tissue microarrays were stained with immunohistochemistry and the results were used to evaluate the association between netrin-1 and survival of glioma patients. The localization of netrin-1 was analyzed utilizing fresh frozen glioblastoma tissues. The glioma cell invasion was investigated using ex vivo glioma tissue cultures and newly established primary cell cultures in 3D in vitro invasion assays. Intracranial mouse xenograft models were utilized to investigate the effects of netrin-1 on glioblastoma growth and invasion in vivo. RESULTS Netrin-1 expression associated with poor patient prognosis in grade II-III gliomas. In addition, its expression correlated with the stem-like cell marker nestin. Netrin-1 overexpression in cultured cells led to increased formation of stem-like cell spheroids. In glioblastoma tumor biopsies netrin-1 localized to hypoxic tumor areas known to be rich in the stem-like cells. In xenograft mouse models netrin-1 expression altered the phenotype of non-invasive glioblastoma cells into diffusively invading and increased the expression of glioma stem-like cell markers. Furthermore, a distinct invasion pattern where netrin-1 positive cells were following the invasive stem-like cells was detected both in mouse models and ex vivo human glioblastoma tissue cultures. Inhibition of netrin-1 signaling targeted especially the stem-like cells and inhibited their infiltrative growth. CONCLUSIONS Our findings describe netrin-1 as an important regulator of glioblastoma cell stemness and motility. Netrin-1 activates Notch signaling in glioblastoma cells resulting in subsequent gain of stemness and enhanced invasiveness of these cells. Moreover, inhibition of netrin-1 signaling may offer a way to target stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ylivinkka
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,The Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Sihto
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Tynninen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yizhou Hu
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Laakso
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Kivisaari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Keski-Oja
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,The Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Hyytiäinen
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, B530b2, PL 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Schneider H, Szabo E, Machado RAC, Broggini-Tenzer A, Walter A, Lobell M, Heldmann D, Süssmeier F, Grünewald S, Weller M. Novel TIE-2 inhibitor BAY-826 displays in vivo efficacy in experimental syngeneic murine glioma models. J Neurochem 2016; 140:170-182. [PMID: 27787897 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling axis in glioblastoma inevitably leads to tumor recurrence and a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, other angiogenic pathways, like the angiopoietin/tunica interna endothelial cell kinase (TIE) signaling axis, have become additional targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we explored whether targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase TIE-2 using a novel, highly potent, orally available small molecule TIE-2 inhibitor (BAY-826) improves tumor control in syngeneic mouse glioma models. BAY-826 inhibits TIE-2 phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo as demonstrated by suppression of Angiopoietin-1- or Na3 VO4 -induced TIE-2 phosphorylation in glioma cells or extracts of lungs from BAY-826-treated mice. There was a trend toward prolonged survival upon single-agent treatment in two of four models (SMA-497 and SMA-540) and there was a significant survival benefit in one model (SMA-560). Co-treatment with BAY-826 and irradiation was ineffective in one model (SMA-497), but provided synergistic prolongation of survival in another (SMA-560). Decreased vessel densities and increased leukocyte infiltration were observed, but might be independent processes as the effect was also observed in single treatment modalities. These data demonstrate that TIE-2 inhibition may improve tumor response to treatment in highly vascularized tumors such as glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emese Szabo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raquel A C Machado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Broggini-Tenzer
- Laboratory for Molecular Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Walter
- GTRG Oncology II, Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Lobell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dieter Heldmann
- GTRG Oncology II, Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Süssmeier
- Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sylvia Grünewald
- GTRG Oncology II, Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Mangani D, Weller M, Seyed Sadr E, Willscher E, Seystahl K, Reifenberger G, Tabatabai G, Binder H, Schneider H. Limited role for transforming growth factor-β pathway activation-mediated escape from VEGF inhibition in murine glioma models. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1610-1621. [PMID: 27286797 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathways regulate key biological features of glioblastoma. Here we explore whether the TGF-β pathway, which promotes angiogenesis, invasiveness, and immunosuppression, acts as an escape pathway from VEGF inhibition. METHODS The role of the TGF-β pathway in escape from VEGF inhibition was assessed in vitro and in vivo and by gene expression profiling in syngeneic mouse glioma models. RESULTS We found that TGF-β is an upstream regulator of VEGF, whereas VEGF pathway activity does not alter the TGF-β pathway in vitro. In vivo, single-agent activity was observed for the VEGF antibody B20-4.1.1 in 3 and for the TGF-β receptor 1 antagonist LY2157299 in 2 of 4 models. Reduction of tumor volume and blood vessel density, but not induction of hypoxia, correlated with benefit from B20-4.1.1. Reduction of phosphorylated (p)SMAD2 by LY2157299 was seen in all models but did not predict survival. Resistance to B20 was associated with anti-angiogenesis escape pathway gene expression, whereas resistance to LY2157299 was associated with different immune response gene signatures in SMA-497 and GL-261 on transcriptomic profiling. The combination of B20 with LY2157299 was ineffective in SMA-497 but provided prolongation of survival in GL-261, associated with early suppression of pSMAD2 in tumor and host immune cells, prolonged suppression of angiogenesis, and delayed accumulation of tumor infiltrating microglia/macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the biological heterogeneity of murine glioma models and illustrates that cotargeting of the VEGF and TGF-β pathways might lead to improved tumor control only in subsets of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mangani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Michael Weller
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Emad Seyed Sadr
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Edith Willscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Katharina Seystahl
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Hans Binder
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
| | - Hannah Schneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (D.M., M.W., E.S.S., K.S., G.T., H.S.); Center for Neuroscience, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W., G.T.); Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (E.W., H.B.); Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site, Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany (G.R.)
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Qureshi-Baig K, Ullmann P, Rodriguez F, Frasquilho S, Nazarov PV, Haan S, Letellier E. What Do We Learn from Spheroid Culture Systems? Insights from Tumorspheres Derived from Primary Colon Cancer Tissue. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146052. [PMID: 26745821 PMCID: PMC4706382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their self-renewal and tumorigenic properties, tumor-initiating cells (TICs) have been hypothesized to be important targets for colorectal cancer (CRC). However the study of TICs is hampered by the fact that the identification and culturing of TICs is still a subject of extensive debate. Floating three-dimensional spheroid cultures (SC) that grow in serum-free medium supplemented with growth factors are supposed to be enriched in TICs. We generated SC from fresh clinical tumor specimens and compared them to SC isolated from CRC cell-lines as well as to adherent differentiated counterparts. Patient-derived SC display self-renewal capacity and can induce serial transplantable tumors in immuno-deficient mice, which phenotypically resemble the tumor of origin. In addition, the original tumor tissue and established SC retain several similar CRC-relevant mutations. Primary SC express key stemness proteins such as SOX2, OCT4, NANOG and LGR5 and importantly show increased chemoresistance ability compared to their adherent differentiated counterparts and to cell line-derived SC. Strikingly, cells derived from spheroid or adherent differentiating culture conditions displayed similar self-renewal capacity and equally formed tumors in immune-deficient mice, suggesting that self-renewal and tumor-initiation capacity of TICs is not restricted to phenotypically immature spheroid cells, which we describe to be highly plastic and able to reacquire stem-cell traits even after long differentiation processes. Finally, we identified two genes among a sphere gene expression signature that predict disease relapse in CRC patients. Here we propose that SC derived from fresh patient tumor tissue present interesting phenotypic features that may have clinical relevance for chemoresistance and disease relapse and therefore represent a valuable tool to test for new CRC-therapies that overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Qureshi-Baig
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Pit Ullmann
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Fabien Rodriguez
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Sónia Frasquilho
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, 6 rue Nicolas Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Petr V. Nazarov
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Genomics Research Unit, 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Haan
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Luxembourg
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Kang SG, Cheong JH, Huh YM, Kim EH, Kim SH, Chang JH. Potential use of glioblastoma tumorsphere: clinical credentialing. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:402-7. [PMID: 25628248 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago, cancer stem cells (CSCs) were introduced as target cells for an innovative cancer treatment. Particularly, there have been a lot of biological researches on glioblastoma (GBM) CSCs. However, as there is a comprehensive change in the concept of CSCs, it is required to review how the different CSCs for patients can be clinically used, or clinical credentialing, and summarize the possibilities of clinical credentialing. In this regard, this review aims to introduce the tumorsphere obtained from GBM specimen and summarize the clinical dilemma and clinically applicable areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea,
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