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Zayed M, Kook SH, Jeong BH. Potential Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells for Prion Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2413. [PMID: 37830627 PMCID: PMC10571911 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders that are progressive, incurable, and deadly. The prion consists of PrPSc, the misfolded pathogenic isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). PrPC is involved in a variety of physiological functions, including cellular proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, and neural development. Prion protein is expressed on the membrane surface of a variety of stem cells (SCs), where it plays an important role in the pluripotency and self-renewal matrix, as well as in SC differentiation. SCs have been found to multiply the pathogenic form of the prion protein, implying their potential as an in vitro model for prion diseases. Furthermore, due to their capability to self-renew, differentiate, immunomodulate, and regenerate tissue, SCs are prospective cell treatments in many neurodegenerative conditions, including prion diseases. Regenerative medicine has become a new revolution in disease treatment in recent years, particularly with the introduction of SC therapy. Here, we review the data demonstrating prion diseases' biology and molecular mechanism. SC biology, therapeutic potential, and its role in understanding prion disease mechanisms are highlighted. Moreover, we summarize preclinical studies that use SCs in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zayed
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Sung-Ho Kook
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Relaño-Ginés A, Lehmann S, Brillaud E, Belondrade M, Casanova D, Hamela C, Vincent C, Poupeau S, Sarniguet J, Alvarez T, Arnaud JD, Maurel JC, Crozet C. Lithium as a disease-modifying agent for prion diseases. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:163. [PMID: 30135493 PMCID: PMC6105724 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases still remain incurable despite multiple efforts to develop a treatment. Therefore, it is important to find strategies to at least reduce the symptoms. Lithium has been considered as a neuroprotective agent for years, and the objective of this preclinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of lithium delivered as a water-in-oil microemulsion (Aonys®). This delivery system allows using low doses of lithium and to avoid the toxicity observed in chronic treatments. C57BL/6J mice were intracranially inoculated with ME7 prion-infected brain homogenates and then were treated with lithium from day 90 post inoculation until their death. Lithium was administered at traditional doses (16 mg/kg/day) by the gavage route and at lower doses (40 or 160 µg/kg/day; Aonys®) by the rectal mucosa route. Low doses of lithium (Aonys®) improved the survival of prion-inoculated mice, and also decreased vacuolization, astrogliosis, and neuronal loss compared with controls (vehicle alone). The extent of the protective effects in mice treated with low-dose lithium was comparable or even higher than what was observed in mice that received lithium at the traditional dose. These results indicate that lithium administered using this innovative delivery system could represent a potential therapeutic approach not only for prion diseases but also for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Relaño-Ginés
- 0000 0001 2097 0141grid.121334.6Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université de Montpellier U1183 Centre Hospitalo, Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France ,grid.433120.7Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Lehmann
- 0000 0001 2097 0141grid.121334.6Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université de Montpellier U1183 Centre Hospitalo, Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France ,grid.433120.7Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - E. Brillaud
- Medesis Pharma SA, Avenue du Golf, Baillargues, France
| | - M. Belondrade
- grid.433120.7Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - D. Casanova
- grid.433120.7Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Hamela
- grid.433120.7Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Vincent
- Medesis Pharma SA, Avenue du Golf, Baillargues, France
| | - S. Poupeau
- Medesis Pharma SA, Avenue du Golf, Baillargues, France
| | - J. Sarniguet
- Medesis Pharma SA, Avenue du Golf, Baillargues, France
| | - T. Alvarez
- 0000 0001 2097 0141grid.121334.6Etablissement Confiné d’Expérimentation BioCampus, Université Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Bâtiment 53, CECEMA, Montpellier, France
| | - J. D. Arnaud
- 0000 0001 2097 0141grid.121334.6Etablissement Confiné d’Expérimentation BioCampus, Université Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Bâtiment 53, CECEMA, Montpellier, France
| | - J. C. Maurel
- Medesis Pharma SA, Avenue du Golf, Baillargues, France
| | - C. Crozet
- 0000 0001 2097 0141grid.121334.6Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université de Montpellier U1183 Centre Hospitalo, Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France ,grid.433120.7Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UPR1142, Montpellier, France
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Involvement of endogenous retroviruses in prion diseases. Pathogens 2013; 2:533-43. [PMID: 25437206 PMCID: PMC4235691 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For millions of years, vertebrates have been continuously exposed to infection by retroviruses. Ancient retroviral infection of germline cells resulted in the formation and accumulation of inherited retrovirus sequences in host genomes. These inherited retroviruses are referred to as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), and recent estimates have revealed that a significant portion of animal genomes is made up of ERVs. Although various host factors have suppressed ERV activation, both positive and negative functions have been reported for some ERVs in normal and abnormal physiological conditions, such as in disease states. Similar to other complex diseases, ERV activation has been observed in prion diseases, and this review will discuss the potential involvement of ERVs in prion diseases.
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that various cofactors may be required for prion replication. PrP binds to polyanions, and RNAs were shown to promote the conversion of PrP(C) into PrP(Sc) in vitro. In the present study, we investigated strain-specific differences in RNA requirement during in vitro conversion and the potential role of RNA as a strain-specifying component of infectious prions. We found that RNase treatment impairs PrP(Sc)-converting activity of 9 murine prion strains by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) in a strain-specific fashion. While the addition of RNA restored PMCA conversion efficiency, the effect of synthetic polynucleotides or DNA was strain dependent, showing a different promiscuity of prion strains in cofactor utilization. The biological properties of RML propagated by PMCA under RNA-depleted conditions were compared to those of brain-derived and PMCA material generated in the presence of RNA. Inoculation of RNA-depleted RML in Tga20 mice resulted in an increased incidence of a distinctive disease phenotype characterized by forelimb paresis. However, this abnormal phenotype was not conserved in wild-type mice or upon secondary transmission. Immunohistochemical and cell panel assay analyses of mouse brains did not reveal significant differences between mice injected with the different RML inocula. We conclude that replication under RNA-depleted conditions did not modify RML prion strain properties. Our study cannot, however, exclude small variations of RML properties that would explain the abnormal clinical phenotype observed. We hypothesize that RNA molecules may act as catalysts of prion replication and that variable capacities of distinct prion strains to utilize different cofactors may explain strain-specific dependency upon RNA.
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Piro JR, Supattapone S. Photodegradation illuminates the role of polyanions in prion infectivity. Prion 2011; 5:49-51. [PMID: 21646861 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.2.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which prion infectivity is encoded by the misfolded protein PrP (Sc ) remains a high priority within the prion field. Work from several groups has indicated cellular cofactors may be necessary to form infectious prions in vitro. The identity of endogenous prion conversion cofactors is currently unknown, but may include polyanions and/or lipid molecules. In a recent study, we manufactured infectious hamster prions containing purified PrP (Sc) , co-purified lipid, and a synthetic photocleavable polyanion. The polyanion was incorporated into infectious PrP (Sc) complexes, and then specifically degraded by exposure to ultraviolet light. Light-induced in situ degradation of the incorporated polyanion had no effect on the specific infectivity of the samples as determined by end-point dilution sPMCA and scrapie incubation time assays. Furthermore, prion strain properties were not changed by polyanion degradation, suggesting that intact polyanions are not required to maintain the infectious properties of hamster prions. Here, we review these results and discuss the potential roles cofactors might play in encoding prion infectivity and/or strain properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Piro
- Departments of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
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Piro JR, Harris BT, Supattapone S. In situ photodegradation of incorporated polyanion does not alter prion infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002001. [PMID: 21304885 PMCID: PMC3033378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded polyanions ≥40 bases in length facilitate the formation of hamster scrapie prions in vitro, and polyanions co-localize with PrPSc aggregates in vivo[1], [2]. To test the hypothesis that intact polyanionic molecules might serve as a structural backbone essential for maintaining the infectious conformation(s) of PrPSc, we produced synthetic prions using a photocleavable, 100-base oligonucleotide (PC-oligo). In serial Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (sPMCA) reactions using purified PrPC substrate, PC-oligo was incorporated into physical complexes with PrPSc molecules that were resistant to benzonase digestion. Exposure of these nuclease-resistant prion complexes to long wave ultraviolet light (315 nm) induced degradation of PC-oligo into 5 base fragments. Light-induced photolysis of incorporated PC-oligo did not alter the infectivity of in vitro-generated prions, as determined by bioassay in hamsters and brain homogenate sPMCA assays. Neuropathological analysis also revealed no significant differences in the neurotropism of prions containing intact versus degraded PC-oligo. These results show that polyanions >5 bases in length are not required for maintaining the infectious properties of in vitro-generated scrapie prions, and indicate that such properties are maintained either by short polyanion remnants, other co-purified cofactors, or by PrPSc molecules alone. Prions are unorthodox infectious agents whose composition remains undetermined. Previous experiments have shown that long, negatively charged polymers such as nucleic acid and carbohydrate molecules promote the formation of purified prions in test tube chemical reactions. Various classes of negatively charged polymers have also been found to co-exist within prion complexes in the brains of infected animals. These observations suggest that negatively charged polymers might act as a structural support necessary for prion infectivity. We tested this possibility by chemically synthesizing a negatively charged polymer that can be degraded by exposure to ultraviolet light. Prions containing this light-sensitive polymer remained infectious after light exposure, indicating that negatively charged polymers are not necessary to maintain the structural shapes of infectious prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Piro
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brent T. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jeong BH, Jeon YC, Lee YJ, Cho HJ, Park SJ, Chung DI, Kim J, Kim SH, Kim HT, Choi EK, Choi KC, Carp RI, Kim YS. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with the V203I mutation and M129V polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) and a 17 kDa prion protein fragment. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 36:558-63. [PMID: 20497338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Deleault NR, Kascsak R, Geoghegan JC, Supattapone S. Species-dependent differences in cofactor utilization for formation of the protease-resistant prion protein in vitro. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3928-34. [PMID: 20377181 DOI: 10.1021/bi100370b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cofactor preferences for in vitro propagation of the protease-resistant isoforms of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) from various rodent species were investigated using the serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) technique. Whereas RNA molecules facilitate hamster PrP(Sc) propagation, RNA and several other polyanions do not promote the propagation of mouse and vole PrP(Sc) molecules. Pretreatment of crude Prnp(0/0) (PrP knockout) brain homogenate with RNase A or micrococcal nuclease inhibited hamster but not mouse PrP(Sc) propagation in a reconstituted system. Mouse PrP(Sc) propagation could be reconstituted by mixing PrP(C) substrate with homogenates prepared from either brain or liver, but not from several other tissues that were tested. These results reveal species-specific differences in cofactor utilization for PrP(Sc) propagation in vitro and also demonstrate the existence of an endogenous cofactor present in brain tissue not composed of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Deleault
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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