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Rao M, Chang KC. Aldose reductase is a potential therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 389:110856. [PMID: 38185272 PMCID: PMC10842418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a complex process involving various inflammatory mediators and cellular responses. Aldose reductase (AR) is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway, which converts glucose to sorbitol. Beyond its metabolic role, AR has also been found to play a significant role in modulating neuroinflammation. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the involvement of AR inhibition in attenuating neuroinflammation and complications from diabetic neuropathies. Here, we review the literature regarding AR and neuropathy/neurodegeneration. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the influence of AR inhibitors on ocular inflammation, beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration, and optic nerve degeneration. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies targeting AR in neurodegeneration are explored. The understanding of AR's role in neurodegeneration may lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions for other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Krishnan A, Bhavanam S, Zochodne D. An Intimate Role for Adult Dorsal Root Ganglia Resident Cycling Cells in the Generation of Local Macrophages and Satellite Glial Cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:929-941. [PMID: 30169768 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate interactions between neurons, glial, and inflammatory cells within peripheral ganglia are physiologically important, but not well explored. Here, we show that adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain populations of self-renewing cells, collectively referred as DRG resident cycling cells (DRCCs), that are active not only in "quiescent" ganglia but also accelerate their turnover in response to distal axotomy. An unexpected proportion of DRCCs were resident macrophages. These cells closely accompanied, and aligned with recycling satellite glial cells (SGCs) that were juxtaposed to sensory neurons and possessed stem cell-like properties. Selective inhibition of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor prevented the local proliferation of macrophages. Interestingly, DRCC turnover was accompanied by apoptosis at later intervals indicating a balanced cellular milieu in the DRGs. These findings identify a complex interactive multicellular DRG microenvironment supporting self-renewal of both macrophages and SGCs and its potential implications in the overall response of adult DRGs to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine.,Alberta Diabetes Institute
| | - Sudha Bhavanam
- Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas Zochodne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine.,Alberta Diabetes Institute
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Niimi N, Sango K. Potential utility of aldose reductase-deficient Schwann cells IKARS1 for the study of axonal degeneration and regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:979-980. [PMID: 29926820 PMCID: PMC6022478 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.233436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Niimi
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Niemi JP, Filous AR, DeFrancesco A, Lindborg JA, Malhotra NA, Wilson GN, Zhou B, Crish SD, Zigmond RE. Injury-induced gp130 cytokine signaling in peripheral ganglia is reduced in diabetes mellitus. Exp Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28645526 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathy is a major diabetic complication. While the mechanism of this neuropathy is not well understood, it is believed to result in part from deficient nerve regeneration. Work from our laboratory established that gp130 family of cytokines are induced in animals after axonal injury and are involved in the induction of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and in the conditioning lesion response. Here, we examine whether a reduction of cytokine signaling occurs in diabetes. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to destroy pancreatic β cells, leading to chronic hyperglycemia. Mice were injected with either low doses of STZ (5×60mg/kg) or a single high dose (1×200mg/kg) and examined after three or one month, respectively. Both low and high dose STZ treatment resulted in sustained hyperglycemia and functional deficits associated with the presence of both sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Diabetic mice displayed significantly reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density and sudomotor function. Furthermore, low and high dose diabetic mice showed significantly reduced tactile touch sensation measured with Von Frey monofilaments. To look at the regenerative and injury-induced responses in diabetic mice, neurons in both superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and the 4th and 5th lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were unilaterally axotomized. Both high and low dose diabetic mice displayed significantly less axonal regeneration in the sciatic nerve, when measured in vivo, 48h after crush injury. Significantly reduced induction of two gp130 cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6, occurred in diabetic animals in SCG 6h after injury compared to controls. Injury-induced expression of interleukin-6 was also found to be significantly reduced in the DRG at 6h after injury in low and high dose diabetic mice. These effects were accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a downstream effector of the gp130 signaling pathway. We also found decreased induction of several gp130-dependent RAGs, including galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Together, these data suggest a novel mechanism for the decreased response of diabetic sympathetic and sensory neurons to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon P Niemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Angela R Filous
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alicia DeFrancesco
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jane A Lindborg
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nisha A Malhotra
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gina N Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samuel D Crish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Richard E Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Sango K, Mizukami H, Horie H, Yagihashi S. Impaired Axonal Regeneration in Diabetes. Perspective on the Underlying Mechanism from In Vivo and In Vitro Experimental Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:12. [PMID: 28203223 PMCID: PMC5285379 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury is impaired in diabetes, but its precise mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this paper, we summarize the progress of research on altered axonal regeneration in animal models of diabetes and cultured nerve tissues exposed to hyperglycemia. Impaired nerve regeneration in animal diabetes can be attributed to dysfunction of neurons and Schwann cells, unfavorable stromal environment supportive of regenerating axons, and alterations of target tissues receptive to reinnervation. In particular, there are a number of factors such as enhanced activity of the negative regulators of axonal regeneration (e.g., phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 and Rho/Rho kinase), delayed Wallerian degeneration, alterations of the extracellular matrix components, enhanced binding of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) with the receptor for AGE, and delayed muscle reinnervation that can be obstacles to functional recovery after an axonal injury. It is also noteworthy that we and others have observed excessive neurite outgrowth from peripheral sensory ganglion explants from streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice in culture and enhanced regeneration of small nerve fibers after sciatic nerve injury in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The excess of abortive neurite outgrowth may lead to misconnections of axons and target organs, which may interfere with appropriate target reinnervation and functional repair. Amelioration of perturbed nerve regeneration may be crucial for the future management of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazunori Sango,
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Cui WL, Qiu LH, Lian JY, Li JC, Hu J, Liu XL. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein enhances the vascularization of acellular nerves. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:512-8. [PMID: 27127495 PMCID: PMC4829021 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.179078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularization of acellular nerves has been shown to contribute to nerve bridging. In this study, we used a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect model in rats to determine whether cartilage oligomeric matrix protein enhances the vascularization of injured acellular nerves. The rat nerve defects were treated with acellular nerve grafting (control group) alone or acellular nerve grafting combined with intraperitoneal injection of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (experimental group). As shown through two-dimensional imaging, the vessels began to invade into the acellular nerve graft from both anastomotic ends at day 7 post-operation, and gradually covered the entire graft at day 21. The vascular density, vascular area, and the velocity of revascularization in the experimental group were all higher than those in the control group. These results indicate that cartilage oligomeric matrix protein enhances the vascularization of acellular nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Long-Hai Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Microsurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Yan Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Chun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Microsurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Microsurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Microsurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Xu XF, Zhang DD, Liao JC, Xiao L, Wang Q, Qiu W. Galanin and its receptor system promote the repair of injured sciatic nerves in diabetic rats. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1517-1526. [PMID: 27857760 PMCID: PMC5090859 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.191228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have reported that galanin can promote axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro and inhibit neuropathic pain. However, little is known about its effects on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and in vivo experimental data are lacking. We hypothesized that repeated applications of exogenous galanin over an extended time frame may also repair nerve damage in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and relieve pain in vivo. We found that neuropathic pain occurred in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and was more severe after sciatic nerve pinch injury at 14 and 28 days than in diabetic sham-operated rats. Treatment with exogenous galanin alleviated the neuropathic pain and promoted sciatic nerve regeneration more effectively in diabetic rats than in non-diabetic rats after sciatic nerve pinch injury. This was accompanied by changes in the levels of endogenous galanin, and its receptors galanin receptor 1 and galanin receptor 2 in the dorsal root ganglia and the spinal dorsal horn when compared with nerve pinch normal rats. Our results show that application of exogenous galanin daily for 28 days can promote the regeneration of injured sciatic nerves, and alleviate neuropathic pain in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Chi Liao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Xiao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Lee HC, Hsu YM, Tsai CC, Ke CJ, Yao CH, Chen YS. Improved Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Oral Lumbrokinase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:215-30. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the therapeutic effects of lumbrokinase, a group of enzymes extracted from the earthworm, on peripheral-nerve regeneration using well-defined sciatic nerve lesion paradigms in diabetic rats induced by the injection of streptozotocin (STZ). We found that lumbrokinase therapy could improve the rats' circulatory blood flow and promote the regeneration of axons in a silicone rubber conduit after nerve transection. Lumbrokinase treatment could also improve the neuromuscular functions with better nerve conductive performances. Immunohistochemical staining showed that lumbrokinase could dramatically promote calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the lamina I–II regions in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the injury and cause a marked increase in the number of macrophages recruited within the distal nerve stumps. In addition, the lumbrokinase could stimulate the secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in dissected diabetic sciatic nerve segments. In conclusion, the administration of lumbrokinase after nerve repair surgery in diabetic rats was found to have remarkable effects on promoting peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chung Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Department, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cherng-Jyh Ke
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Wufeng District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Wufeng District, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lin YC, Kao CH, Chen CC, Ke CJ, Yao CH, Chen YS. Time-course effect of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration of diabetic rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116711. [PMID: 25689049 PMCID: PMC4331087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to promote nerve regeneration in rats with experimental diabetes induced using streptozotocin (STZ). However, the time-course effect of ES on nerve regeneration of diabetic animals has not been reported in previous studies. The present study attempted to examine the effect of different timing of ES after peripheral nerve transection in diabetic rats. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. They were classified into five groups. STZ-induced diabetes was created in groups A to D. Normal animals in group E were used as the non-diabetic controls. The sciatic nerve was transected and repaired using a silicone rubber conduit across a 10-mm gap in all groups. Groups A to C received ES for 15 minutes every other day for 2 weeks. Stimulation was initiated on day 1 following the nerve repair for group A, day 8 for group B, and day 15 for group C. The diabetic control group D and the normal control group E received no ES. At 30 days after surgery in group A, histological evaluations showed a higher success percentage of regeneration across the 10-mm nerve gap, and the electrophysiological results showed significantly larger mean values of evoked muscle action potential area and amplitude of the reinnervated gastrocnemius muscle compared with group D. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE It is concluded that an immediate onset of ES may improve the functional recovery of large nerve defect in diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lin
- Lab of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hong Kao
- Lab of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chia Chen
- Lab of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Linsen (Chinese Medicine) Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cherng-Jyh Ke
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Lab of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- Lab of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Wufeng District, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Electrical stimulation improves peripheral nerve regeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72:199-205. [PMID: 22310128 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31822d233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We discuss if percutaneous electrical stimulation (ES) at 1 mA and 2 Hz after peripheral nerve transection could enhance axonal regeneration and functional recovery in diabetic animals. METHODS Four groups of adult rats (group A: normal rats; group B: normal rats with ES; group C: streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats; and group D: streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with ES) were subjected to sciatic nerve section followed by repair using silicone rubber conduits across a 10-mm gap. Rats in groups B and D received ES for 15 minutes every other day for three weeks. The groups A and C received no ES. RESULTS At four weeks after surgery in groups B and D, immunohistochemical staining showed that lamina I and II regions in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the injury were significantly calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunolabeled, and a significantly higher number of macrophages were recruited in the distal sciatic nerve compared with group C. In groups A, B, and D, electrophysiological results showed higher levels of reinnervation with significantly shorter latencies and faster nerve conductive velocities, and the histologic evaluations showed relatively larger mean values of myelinated axon densities and endoneurial areas compared with group C. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the ES may improve the recovery of a severe peripheral nerve injury in diabetic animals, which could be considered as a supplementary treatment in diabetic neurotrauma.
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Taliyan R, Sharma P. Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: An Update and Novel Pharmacological Strategies for Relief of Pain. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2010.93.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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