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Radzioch E, Dąbek B, Balcerczyk-Lis M, Frąk W, Fularski P, Młynarska E, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy-From Basics through Diagnosis to Treatment. Biomedicines 2024; 12:765. [PMID: 38672121 PMCID: PMC11048005 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the development of myocardial dysfunction in patients with diabetes despite the absence of comorbidities such as hypertension, atherosclerosis or valvular defect. The cardiovascular complications of poorly controlled diabetes are very well illustrated by the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), which showed a clear association between increasing levels of glycated hemoglobin and the development of heart failure (HF). The incidence of HF in patients with diabetes is projected to increase significantly, which is why its proper diagnosis and treatment is so important. Providing appropriate therapy focusing on antidiabetic and hypolipemic treatment with the consideration of pharmacotherapy for heart failure reduces the risk of CMD and reduces the incidence of cardiovascular complications. Health-promoting changes made by patients such as a low-carbohydrate diet, regular exercise and weight reduction also appear to be important in achieving appropriate outcomes. New hope for the development of therapies for DCM is offered by novel methods using stem cells and miRNA, which, however, require more thorough research to confirm their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Radzioch
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical Univeristy of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dąbek
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical Univeristy of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Balcerczyk-Lis
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical Univeristy of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Weronika Frąk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical Univeristy of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Fularski
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical Univeristy of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical Univeristy of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical Univeristy of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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Aslam MS, Lkhagvasuren D. Enhancing Memory Using Mnemonics Acronym. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION, RESEARCH, AND ETHICS 2023:73-103. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-7828-8.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine students find pharmacology challenging because it is complicated, yet they still need to understand facts about the mechanism of actions of drugs and how to use this knowledge in clinical settings. Mnemonics are strategies that can enhance learning and memory of course material. Mnemonics are memory techniques that aid in chunking and organising material to be learnt; as a result, they improve encoding and ease retrieval. There are variety of forms that include acronyms and acrostics (also known as first-letter mnemonics), the loci method, the pegword method, the keyword approach, auditory, visual, and kinesthetic mnemonics, and a group of semantic-based mnemonic devices such as rhymes, songs, and stories.
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3
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Silva-Jr H, Araújo TS, da Silva Almeida M, Scapin SMN, Lima LMTR. Formation of subvisible particles in commercial insulin formulations. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112566. [PMID: 35623256 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The conformation and assembly of insulin are sensitive to physical and chemical variables. Insulin can misfold and form both amorphous and amyloid aggregates. Localized cutaneous amyloidosis due to insulin usage has been reported, and question remains regarding its stability in the original flasks due to storage and handling. Here we report the evaluation of the formation of aggregates in insulin formulations upon once-weekly handling and storage of the in-use cartridges at 4 °C or 37 °C for 5 weeks. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry showed no obvious chemical decomposition. No major changes in oligomeric distribution were observed by size-exclusion chromatography. Dynamic light scattering allowed the identification of particles with high hydrodynamic radius formed during storage at 4 °C and 37 °C. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the formation of amorphous material, with no clear evidence for amyloid material up to 28 days of incubation. These data support evidences for the formation of subvisible and submicrometer amorphous particulate matter in insulin formulations shortly upon use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Silva-Jr
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Talita S Araújo
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Protein Advanced Biochemistry - PAB, National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging - CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Marcius da Silva Almeida
- Protein Advanced Biochemistry - PAB, National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging - CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Institute for Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo De Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Sandra M N Scapin
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil.
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Zhang X, Shao S, Zhao X, Zhang M, Wang J. Micro-RNA-124-5p promotes insulin producing cell differentiation through regulating transcriptional factor NKX6.1. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101273. [PMID: 35592615 PMCID: PMC9111988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Differentiating human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic β cells has been proposed as a practical approach to managing diabetes. There have been several protocols attempting to generate β-like cells or insulin-producing cells (IPCs), but their low efficiency is a common issue. The expression level of Nkx6.1 is crucial for maintaining pancreatic β cell identity, while the proportion of PDX1 and Nkx6.1 double positive cells were not satisfied in the present protocols, leading to relative low efficiency in the differentiation into IPCs. This study aims to identify the mechanism underlying the regulation of Nkx6.1 during IPC differentiation and provide new insights for diabetes therapy. Methods In the current study, human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line H1 was used to perform IPC specifications. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and qPCR were conducted to analyze gene expression. In addition, insulin and C-peptide were measured through glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assays and ELISA. Results We found that the transcription factor NKX6.1, a crucial inducer of early pancreatic development and IPC generation, was downregulated by micro-RNA-124-5p (miR-124-5p) in hESCs during IPC differentiation. Also, we observed that miR-124-5p was upregulated and bound to the 3’ untranslated region (3’ UTR) of NKX6.1 in pancreatic progenitor (PP), which subsequently suppressed PP differentiation. Moreover, inhibiting miR-124-5p induced the generation of IPCs. Conclusion The current study results demonstrated an important role for miR-124-5p in regulating NKX6.1 expression, which appears to be a practical strategy for producing IPCs. miR-124-5p is upregulated during the IPCs differentiation. Inhibition of miR-124-5p enhances Nkx6.1 expresssion. miR-124-5p promotes the specification of IPCs from hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shunzi Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Xijiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Corresponding author. The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Jingbo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Corresponding author.
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Chen J, Williams P, Perez-Nieves M, Piras De Oliveira C, Spaepen E, Osumili B, Poon JL, Schloot NC, Thun B, Blüher M. Satisfaction, Preference and Injection Habits of Switching to 200 Units/ml Insulin Lispro Pen from 100 Units/ml: A Patient Survey in Germany. Diabetes Ther 2021; 12:2939-2953. [PMID: 34542865 PMCID: PMC8519973 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-021-01150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study was designed to assess patient satisfaction, preferences and injection habits for patients using insulin lispro 200 units/ml pen (IL200) compared to their previously used disposable 100 units/ml mealtime insulin pen ("MTI-100 pen") in Germany. METHODS A site-based, cross-sectional study involving a self-reported survey and medical record extraction in patients with diabetes currently using IL200 for between 3 and 12 months and had previously used any disposable MTI-100 pen. RESULTS Of 114 patients included, 83.3% were satisfied with IL200 and 3.5% were dissatisfied; 70.2% preferred IL200 over their previous MTI-100 pen and 4.4% preferred their previous MTI-100 pen. The main reasons for IL200 preference were the amount of insulin the pen carries, longer use before discarding, number of non-empty pens discarded, injection volume and frequency replacing pens. Patients discarded (median) 4 IL200 pens per month with 5.3% discarding more than 10 units in their last pen. When insufficient insulin remained to complete a dose, 74.6% injected the remainder and completed with a new pen, 19.3% discarded the pen with remaining insulin, 7.0% saved it for future use and 1.8% left the dose incomplete. CONCLUSIONS Satisfaction and preference for IL200 was high in this sample of patients using IL200 for 3-12 months. Reasons were consistent with IL200 features, explaining the better patient experience and potential resource saving transitioning from a disposable MTI-100 pen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieling Chen
- Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Paul Williams
- IQVIA, Real-World Solutions, 17 bis place des Reflets, Tour D2, TSA 64567, 92099, La Defense Cedex, France.
| | | | | | - Erik Spaepen
- HaaPACS GmbH, Bahnhofstraße 19C, 69198, Schriesheim, Germany
| | - Beatrice Osumili
- Eli Lilly and Company Limited, 8 Arlington Square West, Downshire Way, Bracknell, RG12 1PU, UK
| | | | - Nanette C Schloot
- Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Werner-Reimers-Str. 2, 61352, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany
| | - Barbara Thun
- IQVIA Commercial GmbH & Co. OHG, Real-World Solutions, Landshuter Allee 10, 80637, München, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Endokrinologie, Nephrologie, Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Amyloidogenicity of peptides targeting diabetes and obesity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 209:112157. [PMID: 34715595 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of insulin, a century ago, the repertoire of therapeutic polypeptides targeting diabetes - and now also obesity - have increased substantially. The focus on quality has shifted from impure and unstable preparations of animal insulin to highly pure, homologous recombinant insulin, along with other peptide-based hormones and analogs such as amylin analogs (pramlintide, davalintide, cagrilintide), glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1, liraglutide, exenatide, semaglutide). Proper formulation, storage, manipulation and usage by professionals and patients are required in order to avoid agglomeration into high molecular weight products (HMWP), either amorphous or amyloid, which could result in potential loss of biological activity and short- or long-term immune reaction and silent inactivation. In this narrative review, we present perspective of the aggregation of therapeutic polypeptides used in diabetes and other metabolic diseases, covering the nature and mechanisms, analytical techniques, physical and chemical stability, strategies aimed to hamper the formation of HMWP, and perspectives on future biopharmaceutical developments.
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Liu J, Ting JP, Al-Azzam S, Ding Y, Afshar S. Therapeutic Advances in Diabetes, Autoimmune, and Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062805. [PMID: 33802091 PMCID: PMC8001105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, 170 small molecules, 60 antibody-based entities, 12 peptides, and 15 gene- or cell-therapies have been approved by FDA for diverse disease indications. Recent advancement in medicine is facilitated by identification of new targets and mechanisms of actions, advancement in discovery and development platforms, and the emergence of novel technologies. Early disease detection, precision intervention, and personalized treatments have revolutionized patient care in the last decade. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current and emerging therapeutic modalities developed in the recent years. We focus on nine diseases in three major therapeutics areas, diabetes, autoimmune, and neurological disorders. The pathogenesis of each disease at physiological and molecular levels is discussed and recently approved drugs as well as drugs in the clinic are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsha Liu
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Joey Paolo Ting
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shams Al-Azzam
- Professional Scientific Services, Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Lancaster, PA 17605, USA;
| | - Yun Ding
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Tashiro Y, Han Q, Tan Y, Sugisawa N, Yamamoto J, Nishino H, Inubushi S, Sun YU, Zhu G, Lim H, Aoki T, Murakami M, Bouvet M, Hoffman RM. Oral Recombinant Methioninase Inhibits Diabetes Onset in Mice on a High-fat Diet. In Vivo 2021; 34:973-978. [PMID: 32354882 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We have recently shown that oral recombinant methionase (o-rMETase) prevents obesity in mice on a high-fat (HF) diet. The present study aimed to determine if o-rMETase can inhibit the onset of diabetes in mice on a HF diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice on a HF diet were divided into two groups: 1) HF+phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group; 2) HF+o-rMETase group. RESULTS The blood glucose level in the HF+PBS group increased to average of 201 mg/dl during the experimental period of 8 weeks. In contrast, the blood glucose level in the HF+o-rMETase group maintained an average of 126 mg/dl (p<0.01, HF+PBS vs. HF+o-rMETase). The glucose tolerance test showed a significant increase in tolerance in the HF+o-rMETase group at 120 min after glucose injection compared to the HF+PBS group (p=0.04). Visceral adipose tissue was significantly less in the HF+o-rMETase group than the HF+PBS group (p=0.05). There was no difference in insulin levels, cholesterol or triglycerides between the HF+PBS and HF+o-rMETase groups. CONCLUSION o-rMETase inhibited the onset of diabetes as well as prevented obesity on a high-fat diet, offering a possibility of a new and easy-to-use alternative to severe dieting or insulin injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Tashiro
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Norihiko Sugisawa
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Hiroto Nishino
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Sachiko Inubushi
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Y U Sun
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Hyein Lim
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Murakami
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A. .,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
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Chen J, Perez-Nieves M, Piras De Oliveira C, Spaepen E, Osumili B, Poon JL, Schloot N, Lara N, Garcia Alvarez L, Roset M. An assessment of physician reasons for prescribing Insulin Lispro 200 units/ml in Germany. Postgrad Med 2020; 132:727-736. [PMID: 33108957 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1805968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand physicians' reasons for prescribing Insulin Lispro 200 units/ml (IL200) and their experience with IL200 treatment in Germany. METHODS The survey consisted of 28 questions on physician's profile, average IL200 patients' characteristics and rationales for prescribing IL200. Questions were rated on a scale of 0 ('not at all important'/'strongly disagree') to 4 ('absolutely important'/'strongly agree'). RESULTS The surveyed physicians had a mean (SD) experience of 18.1 (7.0) years managing diabetes, consulted an average of 226.8 patients with diabetes/month and prescribed IL200 to 56.1% of their patients on mealtime insulin (MTI). About 80.0% of IL200 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus, were overweight/obese, and received >20 units/day of MTI. More than 70.0% of physicians rated patient's insulin dose, pattern of self-measured glucose levels, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (clinical); adherence, hypoglycemia knowledge, motivation to improve lifestyle, desire to reduce injection volume and emotional struggle with controlling HbA1c (behavioral) as 'very important'/'absolutely important' factors when prescribing IL200. CONCLUSION Physicians considered IL200 a promising treatment option that reduces the injection burden for patients on MTI. Physicians adopted a patient-centered perspective by aligning IL200 prescribing decisions with each patient's medical needs and non-clinical preferences, with an aim to encourage treatment adherence through resorting to IL200's advantageous attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieling Chen
- Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Magaly Perez-Nieves
- Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Erik Spaepen
- Global Medical Affairs, HaaPACS GmbH , Schriesheim, Germany
| | - Beatrice Osumili
- Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, International, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd , Windesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Jiat-Ling Poon
- Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nanette Schloot
- Medical Affairs, Lilly Deutschland GmbH , Bad Homburg Vor Der Höhe, Germany
| | - Nuria Lara
- Real World Evidence Solutions, IQVIA, Real-World Evidence Solutions , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Garcia Alvarez
- Real World Evidence Solutions, IQVIA, Real-World Evidence Solutions , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Roset
- Real World Evidence Solutions, IQVIA, Real-World Evidence Solutions , Barcelona, Spain
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Khursheed R, Singh SK, Wadhwa S, Kapoor B, Gulati M, Kumar R, Ramanunny AK, Awasthi A, Dua K. Treatment strategies against diabetes: Success so far and challenges ahead. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Alcántara
- Organic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés R. Alcántara
- Biotransformations Group, Organic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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