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Kwan MY, Bentley D, Serper M. Body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and engagement in healthy behaviors: The conditional effect of future-self continuity. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:87-98. [PMID: 37417423 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231185685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between body dissatisfaction and negative affect is complex, with some research suggesting that this combination motivates individuals to engage in more health-related behaviors; while other studies find it increases unhealthy behavior. To bridge this gap, it may be the case that to the extent these individuals have continuity between their present and future selves, the more likely they are able to make positive health-related choices with this future self in mind. We examined individuals (n = 344; 51.74% men) aged between 18 and 72 years (M = 39.66, SD = 11.49) who endorsed high negative affect along with body dissatisfaction but either had high or low levels of future self-continuity. We found individuals experiencing body dissatisfaction and negative affect reported higher engagement in healthy behaviors only if they had a strong connection to their future self, index of moderated mediation = 0.07 (95% CI = 0.02, 0.13). These findings support targeting future-self continuity in therapeutic regimens to bolster engagement in healthy behaviors among individuals with body dissatisfaction and high negative affect.
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Gao X, Li X, Zhang F. Future Self-Continuity Predicts Health-Promoting Behaviors of Chinese Rural College Students: Evidence from Mental Imagery Intervention. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 158:179-199. [PMID: 38181206 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2023.2279532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the prediction effect of future self-continuity (FSC) on health-promoting behaviors (Health Responsibility, Physical Activity, and Nutritional Habits) and the impact of urban-rural differences in Chinese college students, further verifying the effect of mental imagery practice on enhancing FSC and promoting health-promoting behaviors among students from rural areas. Study 1 used the Future Self-Continuity Questionnaire and a sub-scale of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II to examine the relationship between FSC and health-promoting behaviors among 788 college students (430 from rural areas and others from urban areas). Study 2 was designed to examine the impact of intervention on FSC and health-promoting behaviors among Chinese rural students. The intervention activities lasting 4 wk. 162 freshmen were randomly divided into intervention or control groups to practice the mental imagery about the future self or meditation in the present once a week. FSC and health-promoting behaviors were tested for 3 times. The results demonstrated that: (1) Rural students had lower scores in FSC and health-promoting behaviors than urban students; (2) Urban-rural differences of students moderated the effect of FSC on health-promoting behaviors; (3) The mental imagery practiced increased FSC; and (4) FSC played a complete mediating role in the effect of condition (intervention or not) on health-promoting behaviors for rural college students. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between FSC and health-promoting behaviors, and suggest that mental imagery practice can increase Chinese rural college students' health-promoting behaviors by enhancing their FSC.
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Abstract
Self-continuity is the subjective sense of connection between one's past and present selves (past-present self-continuity), between one's present and future selves (present-future self-continuity), or among one's past, present, and future selves (global self-continuity). We consider the motivational character of the three forms of self-continuity, their regulatory properties, and the internal or external factors that consolidate them. We also review their consequences for attitudes and judgments or decisions, motivation, intentions and behavior, and psychological and physical health. We further detail the psychological and behavioral benefits of self-discontinuity (i.e., a sense of disconnect among temporal selves). We next turn to the brain regions that are activated synchronously with self-continuity. We consider developmental perspectives on self-continuity, discuss collective self-continuity (along with its consequences and regulatory properties), and elaborate on cultural differences in self-continuity. This inaugural Annual Reviews chapter demonstrates the breadth, excitement, and sense of synergy among self-continuity researchers and points to promising research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Emily K Hong
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; , ,
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Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Embodied Sense-of-Self Scale. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010034. [PMID: 36672015 PMCID: PMC9856127 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The Embodied Sense-of-Self Scale (ESSS) is the only validated measure for self-assessing embodiment abnormalities, which differentiate people with anomalous embodied self-representations such as schizophrenic patients from controls. The aim of the current study was to translate the ESSS from English to Italian and to examine its factor structure, reliability, and validity in the Italian context. (2) Methods: We tested the fit of the original three-factor structure (agency, ownership, and narrative identity) across a community sample (N = 269) and the reliability as well as the convergent and divergent validity of the ESSS. (3) Results: The three-factor structure of the ESSS was confirmed. However, three different factors have emerged from our analysis (self-recognition, self-consistence, and self-awareness). Higher internal consistency of the ESSS was obtained by removing six items that seemed problematic. The three ESSS scales show highly intercorrelated constructs. The measure was reliable and positively correlated with schizotypy (via the Perceptual Aberration Scale) and aberrant salience (via the Aberrant Salience Inventory), and negatively correlated with empathy (via the Italian Short Empathy Quotient scale), generalized self-efficacy (via the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale), and social self-efficacy (via the Perceived Social Self-Efficacy Scale). (4) Conclusions: The 19-item Italian version of the ESSS is a suitable measure with which to assess embodiment abnormalities in Italian samples.
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Dorahy MJ, Huntjens RJC, Marsh RJ, Johnson B, Fox K, Middleton W. The Sense of Self Over Time: Assessing Diachronicity in Dissociative Identity Disorder, Psychosis and Healthy Comparison Groups. Front Psychol 2021; 12:620063. [PMID: 33633645 PMCID: PMC7902028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissociative experiences have been associated with diachronic disunity. Yet, this work is in its infancy. Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is characterized by different identity states reporting their own relatively continuous sense of self. The degree to which patients in dissociative identity states experience diachronic unity (i.e., sense of self over time) has not been empirically explored. This study examined the degree to which patients in dissociative identity states experienced diachronic unity. Participants were DID adults (n=14) assessed in adult and child identity states, adults with a psychotic illness (n=19), adults from the general population (n=55), children from the general population (n=26) and adults imagining themselves as children (n=23). They completed the Diachronic Disunity Scale (DDS), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and the Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS). Diachronic disunity was not limited to psychiatric groups, but evident to some degree in all adult and child samples. The DID adult sample experienced more dissociation and self-confusion than the psychosis and adult comparison groups, but did not differ on the diachronic measure. DID patients in their child identity states and child comparisons showed disunity and were significantly different from child simulators, who showed relatively more unity. Results suggest that DID patients in either adult or child dissociative identity states, like those in other samples, do not universally experience themselves as having a consistent sense of self over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Dorahy
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,The Cannan Institute, Belmont Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rafaële J C Huntjens
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rosemary J Marsh
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Brooke Johnson
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kate Fox
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Warwick Middleton
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,The Cannan Institute, Belmont Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Derailment within the landscape of psychopathology. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 41:21-27. [PMID: 33662865 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When perceived changes in course occur, individuals can be left feeling disconnected from who they were in the past. This sensation of being 'off-course' in life is an individual difference we call 'derailment.' In this article, we review derailment's unique contribution to the psychological literature, the role of perceived self and identity change in mental health, and the nuanced association between derailment and depression. Although depression has been emphasized in research to date, we argue for derailment's role in other types of mental illness, motivating several exciting directions for future work. For the pervasiveness of identity in our everyday lives, the study of derailment confers opportunities for better understanding the experience of psychopathology and approaching its treatment.
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Sokol Y, Ridley J, Goodman M, Landa Y, Hernandez S, Dixon L. Continuous Identity Cognitive Therapy: Feasibility and Acceptability of a Novel Intervention for Suicidal Symptoms. J Cogn Psychother 2021; 35:JCPSY-D-20-00023. [PMID: 33397785 DOI: 10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We introduce continuous identity cognitive therapy (CI-CT), a novel suicide intervention. CI-CT was developed based on evidence that suicidal individuals have difficulty viewing and experiencing continuity with their perceived future self, and having meaningful and achievable personal goals. CI-CT integrates aspects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with modality-specific techniques focusing on the individual's perceived present-to-future life story. The intervention guides the development of a meaningful life story with a vivid and positive future self. The results of an open-label pilot/feasibility trial (N = 17) for U.S. Veterans with a serious mental illness indicate that CI-CT is feasible, acceptable to Veterans, and may help with suicidality, depression, hopelessness, and future self-continuity. Reductions in clinical symptoms were associated with improvement in future self-continuity and were largely maintained at the 1-month follow-up. These results, along with high retention rates and positive Veteran feedback, support further exploration of the utility of CI-CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Sokol
- VISN 2 South Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers at James J. Peters VAMC, New York, NY, Mt. Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Josephine Ridley
- VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marianne Goodman
- VISN 2 South Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers at James J. Peters VAMC, New York, NY, Mt. Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yulia Landa
- VISN 2 South Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers at James J. Peters VAMC, New York, NY, Mt. Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Lisa Dixon
- VISN 2 South Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers at James J. Peters VAMC, New York, NY
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Parnes MF, Boals A, Brown AD, Eubank J. Heterogeneity in temporal self-appraisals following exposure to potentially traumatic life events: A latent profile analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:515-523. [PMID: 32882509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People tend to believe that they continuously improve over time. In fact, Temporal Self-Appraisal Theory ("Chump to Champ") has found that people are motivated to derogate their past selves in favor of their present selves. Studies on temporal self-appraisals following trauma is less clear, with some studies showing perceived improvement whereas other studies show appraisals of decline. METHOD Utilizing Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), we tested for discrete patterns of temporal self-appraisals in undergraduate college students (N = 740) following trauma exposure. We then explored various trauma-related characteristics as predictors of profile membership. RESULTS LPA revealed three distinct profiles of appraisal styles (Profile 1: optimistic, Profile 2: chump to champ, Profile 3: pessimistic). The optimistic profile was associated with lower levels of PTSD and depression symptoms, whereas the optimistic and chump to champ profiles were associated with greater trauma centrality. LIMITATIONS Findings are limited in that this study utilized cross-sectional data from a sample of predominantly undergraduate females, thus conclusions regarding temporal relations among study constructs cannot be made and findings may not generalize to other populations. CONCLUSION Temporal self-appraisals following trauma exposure may reflect prototypical patterns in which individual appraise adaptation to potentially traumatic stress and may confer risk for psychopathology. Such findings have implications for approaches to intervention with clinical and non-clinical populations following trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna F Parnes
- Psychology Department, Suffolk University, 73 Tremont Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
| | - Adriel Boals
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Adam D Brown
- Psychology Department, The New School for Social Research, 66 West 12th Street, New York, NY, 10011, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer Eubank
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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Chen GF, Luo HY, Wu G, Zhou C, Wang K, Feng K, Xiao ZW, Huang JJ, Gan JC, Zhao P, Liu PZ, Wang Y. Improving Mental Time Travel in Schizophrenia: Do Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future Make a Difference? COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Sokol Y, Serper M. Development and Validation of a Future Self-Continuity Questionnaire: A Preliminary Report. J Pers Assess 2019; 102:677-688. [PMID: 31107602 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2019.1611588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Sokol
- VISN 2 South Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, Washington, DC
- James J. Peters VAMC, New York, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Psychology Department, Hofstra University
| | - Mark Serper
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Psychology Department, Hofstra University
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Sokol Y, Serper M. Experimentally Increasing Self-Continuity Improves Subjective Well-Being and Protects against Self-Esteem Deterioration from an Ego-Deflating Task. IDENTITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2019.1604350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Sokol
- Psychology Department, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
- VISN 2 South Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VAMC, New York, NY, USA
- Mt. Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Serper
- Psychology Department, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Mt. Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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