1
|
Park HRP, Chilver MR, Quidé Y, Montalto A, Schofield PR, Williams LM, Gatt JM. Heritability of cognitive and emotion processing during functional MRI in a twin sample. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26557. [PMID: 38224545 PMCID: PMC10785190 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite compelling evidence that brain structure is heritable, the evidence for the heritability of task-evoked brain function is less robust. Findings from previous studies are inconsistent possibly reflecting small samples and methodological variations. In a large national twin sample, we systematically evaluated heritability of task-evoked brain activity derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used established standardised tasks to engage brain regions involved in cognitive and emotional functions. Heritability was evaluated across a conscious and nonconscious Facial Expressions of Emotion Task (FEET), selective attention Oddball Task, N-back task of working memory maintenance, and a Go-NoGo cognitive control task in a sample of Australian adult twins (N ranged from 136 to 226 participants depending on the task and pairs). Two methods for quantifying associations of heritability and brain activity were utilised; a multivariate independent component analysis (ICA) approach and a univariate brain region-of-interest (ROI) approach. Using ICA, we observed that a significant proportion of task-evoked brain activity was heritable, with estimates ranging from 23% to 26% for activity elicited by nonconscious facial emotion stimuli, 27% to 34% for N-back working memory maintenance and sustained attention, and 32% to 33% for selective attention in the Oddball task. Using the ROI approach, we found that activity of regions specifically implicated in emotion processing and selective attention showed significant heritability for three ROIs, including estimates of 33%-34% for the left and right amygdala in the nonconscious processing of sad faces and 29% in the medial superior prefrontal cortex for the Oddball task. Although both approaches show similar levels of heritability for the Nonconscious Faces and Oddball tasks, ICA results displayed a more extensive network of heritable brain function, including additional regions beyond the ROI analysis. Furthermore, multivariate twin modelling of both ICA networks and ROI activation suggested a mix of common genetic and unique environmental factors that contribute to the associations between networks/regions. Together, the results indicate a complex relationship between genetic factors and environmental interactions that ultimately give rise to neural activation underlying cognition and emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haeme R. P. Park
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Miranda R. Chilver
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Yann Quidé
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Arthur Montalto
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Leanne M. Williams
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of MedicineStanford UniversityCaliforniaUSA
| | - Justine M. Gatt
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Upenieks L. Does the Belief in Biblical Literalism Matter for Mental Health? Assessing Variations by Gender and Dimensions of Religiosity. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:175-202. [PMID: 34275035 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although biblical literalism is one of the most powerful ideological indicators of religiousness in the sociological study of religion, we know very little about its role vis-à-vis mental health. This is a surprising oversight, given the centrality of the Bible to both public and private religious practice in the USA. This study considers whether the belief in biblical literalism is associated with general mental health and anxiety, and whether this relationship is moderated by gender and two dimensions of religiosity: attendance and attachment to God. Data are drawn from the 2010 Baylor Religion Survey (N = 1360). Regression results suggest that stronger beliefs in biblical literalism are associated with better mental health and lower anxiety, but only among women who attend religious services weekly. However, women holding strong literalist views but falling short of weekly attendance norms reported worse mental health. There was no evidence that the relationship between biblical literalism and mental health differed by attachment to God. The implications of these results for the broader study of religion and health are discussed in light of prior research on the "dark side" of religion, recognizing that causal claims cannot be made due to the cross-sectional nature of the data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Upenieks
- Department of Sociology, Baylor University, One Bear Place, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
One of the defining characteristics of extremist movements is the adherence to an ideology highly antagonistic to the status quo and one that permits or explicitly promotes the use of violence to achieve stated goals and to address grievances. For members of extremist groups, talk is one of the most concrete manifestations of how adherents communicate their ideas to each other and the general public. These discussions, however, do not necessarily involve a direct correspondence between words and future behavior. To better understand the culture of violent talk, we investigate how white supremacist extremists use these discussions as a rhetorical device that provides them with a sense of doing and an opportunity to express their frustrations and anger. Our analysis is grounded primarily in the ethnographic data we collected on a variety of US white supremacists since 1997. Our investigation offers important insight regarding the interactional qualities of extremist culture as well as policy implications regarding the assessment process.
Collapse
|
4
|
Curcio CSS, Moreira-Almeida A. Who Does Believe in life After Death? Brazilian Data from Clinical and Non-clinical Samples. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2019; 58:1217-1234. [PMID: 30353309 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-018-0723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Belief in afterlife is frequent, but little is known about how it relates to religiousness/spirituality (R/S) and socio-demographic variables. To investigate how the beliefs in afterlife and that "there is something beyond matter" are associated with socio-demographic, health, and R/S dimensions in a sample of medical inpatients and their companions. In multivariate analysis, afterlife belief correlated positively to educational level, religious affiliation, belief in something beyond matter, and private religious practices. Believe in something beyond matter correlated positively to afterlife belief and being spiritual. Educational level, rates of spirituality, religious affiliation, and private religious practices seem to influence the belief of afterlife and in a non-materialist cosmology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Schumann Silva Curcio
- Research Center in Spirituality and Health, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Eduardo Sathler, 2 Casa P15, Neo Residencial, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36035-720, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Moreira-Almeida
- Research Center in Spirituality and Health, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Eduardo Sathler, 2 Casa P15, Neo Residencial, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36035-720, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernandes S. Tinnitus: still 'A Ghost in the Machine' or a Darwinian survival phenomenon? Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:175-181. [PMID: 28858532 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1374958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The causation of tinnitus continues to intrigue. Despite the plethora of publications there is no definitive path available to concentrate our efforts, in alleviating the symptom. Several mechanical theories are available in standard tinnitus literature with varying empiricism. Purpose/aim of the study: To investigate a possible way forward. MATERIALS AND METHODS Employing a forensic methodology ("crime scene analysis" technique) and utilizing available evidence from the related sciences, inductive and abstract reasoning, a pragmatic model incorporating the known features of tinnitus is available. RESULTS A plausible evolutionary explanation of the origins and functions for the causation of tinnitus is offered with a possible link to its evasive nature, in our search for a cause. CONCLUSION The functional value of tinnitus may be provided by our evolutionary history. It is possible that tinnitus was a protective adaptive phenomenon in earlier forms but in our current environment merely contributes to nuisance value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Fernandes
- a Department of Health Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tenke CE, Kayser J, Svob C, Miller L, Alvarenga JE, Abraham K, Warner V, Wickramaratne P, Weissman MM, Bruder GE. Association of posterior EEG alpha with prioritization of religion or spirituality: A replication and extension at 20-year follow-up. Biol Psychol 2017; 124:79-86. [PMID: 28119066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A prior report (Tenke et al., 2013 Biol. Psychol. 94:426-432) found that participants who rated religion or spirituality (R/S) highly important had greater posterior alpha after 10 years compared to those who did not. Participants who subsequently lowered their rating also had prominent alpha, while those who increased their rating did not. Here we report EEG findings 20 years after initial assessment. Clinical evaluations and R/S ratings were obtained from 73 (52 new) participants in a longitudinal study of family risk for depression. Frequency PCA of current source density transformed EEG concisely quantified posterior alpha. Those who initially rated R/S as highly important had greater alpha compared to those who did not, even if their R/S rating later increased. Furthermore, changes in religious denomination were associated with decreased alpha. Results suggest the possibility of a critical stage in the ontogenesis of R/S that is linked to posterior resting alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Tenke
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Division of Epidemiology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Jürgen Kayser
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Division of Epidemiology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Connie Svob
- Division of Epidemiology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lisa Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Columbia University, Teachers College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jorge E Alvarenga
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karen Abraham
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Virginia Warner
- Division of Epidemiology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Division of Epidemiology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Division of Epidemiology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gerard E Bruder
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Division of Epidemiology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nuzum D, Meaney S, O'Donoghue K. The Place of Faith for Consultant Obstetricians Following Stillbirth: A Qualitative Exploratory Study. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2016; 55:1519-1528. [PMID: 26093617 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stillbirth remains among the most challenging areas in obstetric practice. The objectives of this study were to explore the impact of stillbirth on the faith of obstetricians. Semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with obstetricians focusing on the impact of stillbirth on their faith. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Stillbirth was identified as one of the most difficult experiences, and most consultants were unable to engage with their personal beliefs when dealing with death at work. The major study themes were conflict of personal faith and incongruence between personal faith and professional practice. This study highlights a gap in how obstetricians see their own faith and feeling able to respond to the faith needs of bereaved parents. Participating obstetricians did not demonstrate that spirituality was an integrated part of their professional life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nuzum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Sarah Meaney
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Keelin O'Donoghue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mollica RF, Chernoff MC, Berthold SM, Lavelle J, Lyoo IK, Renshaw P. The mental health sequelae of traumatic head injury in South Vietnamese ex-political detainees who survived torture. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1626-38. [PMID: 24962448 PMCID: PMC4163535 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship between traumatic head injury (THI) and psychiatric morbidity in torture survivors. We examine the relationship between THI and depression, PTSD, post-concussive syndrome (PCS), disability and poor health status in Vietnamese ex-political detainees who survived incarceration in Vietnamese re-education camps. A community sample of ex-political detainees (n=337) and a non-THI, non-ex-detainee comparison group (n=82) were surveyed. Seventy-eight percent of the ex-political detainees had experienced THI; 90.6% of the ex-political detainees and 3.6% of the comparison group had experienced 7 or more trauma events. Depression and PTSD were greater in ex-detainees than in the comparison group (40.9% vs 23.2% and 13.4% vs 0%). Dose-effect relationships for THI and trauma/torture in the ex-political detainee group were significant. Logistic regression in the pooled sample of ex-detainees and the comparison group confirmed the independent impact of THI from trauma/torture on psychiatric morbidity (OR for PTSD=22.4; 95% CI: 3.0-165.8). These results demonstrate important effects of THI on depression and PTSD in Vietnamese ex-detainees who have survived torture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F. Mollica
- Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Miriam C. Chernoff
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S. Megan Berthold
- University of Connecticut, School of Social Work, West Hartford, Connecticut
| | - James Lavelle
- Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Ewha W. University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ewha Brain Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Perry Renshaw
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Silton NR, Flannelly KJ, Galek K, Ellison CG. Beliefs about God and mental health among American adults. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2014; 53:1285-1296. [PMID: 23572240 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-013-9712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the association between beliefs about God and psychiatric symptoms in the context of Evolutionary Threat Assessment System Theory, using data from the 2010 Baylor Religion Survey of US Adults (N = 1,426). Three beliefs about God were tested separately in ordinary least squares regression models to predict five classes of psychiatric symptoms: general anxiety, social anxiety, paranoia, obsession, and compulsion. Belief in a punitive God was positively associated with four psychiatric symptoms, while belief in a benevolent God was negatively associated with four psychiatric symptoms, controlling for demographic characteristics, religiousness, and strength of belief in God. Belief in a deistic God and one's overall belief in God were not significantly related to any psychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nava R Silton
- Department of Psychology, Marymount Manhattan College, 221 E. 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gaudette H, Jankowski KRB. Spiritual Coping and Anxiety in Palliative Care Patients: A Pilot Study. J Health Care Chaplain 2013; 19:131-9. [DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2013.823785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
van ‘t Riet J, Ruiter RA. Defensive reactions to health-promoting information: an overview and implications for future research. Health Psychol Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2011.606782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
12
|
Flannelly KJ, Ellison CG, Galek K, Silton NR. Belief in life-after-death, beliefs about the world, and psychiatric symptoms. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2012; 51:651-662. [PMID: 22565398 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-012-9608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Data from the 2010 Baylor Religion Survey were analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) to test five hypotheses: (1) that religious commitment is positively related to belief in life-after-death; that belief in life-after-death is (2) positively related to belief in an equitable world, and (3) negatively related to belief in a cynical world; (4) that belief in a cynical world has a pernicious association with psychiatric symptoms; and (5) that belief in an equitable world has a salubrious association with psychiatric symptoms. As hypothesized, religious commitment was positively related to belief in life-after-death (β = .74). In turn, belief in life-after-death was negatively associated with belief in a cynical world (β = -.16) and positively associated with belief in an equitable world (β = .36), as hypothesized. SEM further confirmed that belief in a cynical world had a significant pernicious association with all five classes of psychiatric symptoms (β's = .11 to .30). Belief in an equitable world had a weaker and less consistent salubrious association with psychiatric symptoms. The results are discussed in the context of ETAS theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Flannelly
- The Spears Research Institute, HealthCare Chaplaincy, 307 East 60th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lo CC, Tenorio KA, Cheng TC. Racial differences in co-occurring substance use and serious psychological distress: the roles of marriage and religiosity. Subst Use Misuse 2012; 47:734-44. [PMID: 22506867 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.666312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The study examined how marriage and religiosity can protect members of certain racial/ethnic groups against co-occurring substance use and serious psychological distress. Using the national dataset 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we analyzed data via multinomial logistic regression, observing several important results. Our findings generally support the deprivation-compensation thesis, in that religiosity elevates the mental health of racial/ethnic minority individuals more than that of Whites. We also found, however, that race/ethnicity moderates effects of education and poverty on the co-occurring behaviors, with Whites' mental health benefiting more from wealth and education than Blacks' or Hispanics' mental health did.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia C Lo
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hinds AL, Woody EZ, Van Ameringen M, Schmidt LA, Szechtman H. When too much is not enough: obsessive-compulsive disorder as a pathology of stopping, rather than starting. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30586. [PMID: 22291994 PMCID: PMC3266914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), individuals feel compelled to repeatedly perform security-related behaviors, even though these behaviours seem excessive and unwarranted to them. The present research investigated two alternative ways of explaining such behavior: (1) a dysfunction of activation—a starting problem—in which the level of excitation in response to stimuli suggesting potential danger is abnormally strong; versus (2) a dysfunction of termination—a stopping problem—in which the satiety-like process for shutting down security-related thoughts and actions is abnormally weak. Method In two experiments, 70 patients with OCD (57 with washing compulsions, 13 with checking compulsions) and 72 controls were exposed to contamination cues—immersing a hand in wet diapers —and later allowed to wash their hands, first limited to 30 s and then for as long as desired. The intensity of activation of security motivation was measured objectively by change in respiratory sinus arrythmia. Subjective ratings (e.g., contamination) and behavioral measures (e.g., duration of hand washing) were also collected. Results Compared to controls, OCD patients with washing compulsions did not differ significantly in their levels of initial activation to the threat of contamination; however, they were significantly less able to reduce this activation by engaging in the corrective behavior of hand-washing. Further, the deactivating effect of hand-washing in OCD patients with checking compulsions was similar to that for controls, indicating that the dysfunction of termination in OCD is specific to the patient's symptom profile. Conclusions These results are the first to show that OCD is characterized by a reduced ability of security-related behavior to terminate motivation evoked by potential danger, rather than a heightened initial sensitivity to potential threat. They lend support to the security-motivation theory of OCD (Szechtman & Woody, 2004) and have important implications both for research into the biological mechanisms underlying OCD and for the development of new treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Hinds
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik Z. Woody
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Van Ameringen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis A. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Threat detection: Behavioral practices in animals and humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:999-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
17
|
Adaptation to potential threat: The evolution, neurobiology, and psychopathology of the security motivation system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1019-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
18
|
Hinds AL, Woody EZ, Drandic A, Schmidt LA, Van Ameringen M, Coroneos M, Szechtman H. The psychology of potential threat: Properties of the security motivation system. Biol Psychol 2010; 85:331-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Flannelly KJ, Galek K. Religion, evolution, and mental health: attachment theory and ETAS theory. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2010; 49:337-350. [PMID: 19291405 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-009-9247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the historical origins of Attachment Theory and Evolutionary Threat Assessment Systems Theory (ETAS Theory), their evolutionary basis and their application in research on religion and mental health. Attachment Theory has been most commonly applied to religion and mental health in research on God as an attachment figure, which has shown that secure attachment to God is positively associated with psychological well-being. Its broader application to religion and mental health is comprehensively discussed by Kirkpatrick (2005). ETAS Theory explains why certain religious beliefs--including beliefs about God and life-after-death--should have an adverse association, an advantageous association, or no association at all with mental health. Moreover, it makes specific predictions to this effect, which have been confirmed, in part. The authors advocate the application of ETAS Theory in research on religion and mental health because it explains how religious and other beliefs related to the dangerousness of the world can directly affect psychiatric symptoms through their affects on specific brain structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Flannelly
- The Spears Research Institute, HealthCare Chaplaincy, 307 E. 60th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Flannelly KJ, Galek K, Ellison CG, Koenig HG. Beliefs about God, psychiatric symptoms, and evolutionary psychiatry. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2010; 49:246-261. [PMID: 19326216 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-009-9244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the association between specific beliefs about God and psychiatric symptoms among a representative sample of 1,306 U.S. adults. Three pairs of beliefs about God served as the independent variables: Close and Loving, Approving and Forgiving, and Creating and Judging. The dependent variables were measures of General Anxiety, Depression, Obsessive-Compulsion, Paranoid Ideation, Social Anxiety, and Somatization. As hypothesized, the strength of participants' belief in a Close and Loving God had a significant salutary association with overall psychiatric symptomology, and the strength of this association was significantly stronger than that of the other beliefs, which had little association with the psychiatric symptomology. The authors discuss the findings in the context of evolutionary psychiatry, and the relevance of Evolutionary Threat Assessment Systems Theory in research on religious beliefs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Flannelly
- The Spears Research Institute, HealthCare Chaplaincy, 307 E. 60th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lack of sleep affects the evaluation of emotional stimuli. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:104-8. [PMID: 20117179 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
22
|
Galek K, Porter M. A Brief Review of Religious Beliefs in Research on Mental Health and ETAS Theory. J Health Care Chaplain 2010; 16:58-64. [DOI: 10.1080/08854720903489246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
23
|
Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Asha MR, Jagannatha Rao KS, Vasudevaraju P. The biochemistry of belief. Indian J Psychiatry 2009; 51:239-41. [PMID: 20048445 PMCID: PMC2802367 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.58285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T S Sathyanarayana Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS University, JSS Medical College Hospital, M.G. Road, Mysore - 570 020, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Weaver AJ, Flannelly KJ, Liu CC. Chaplaincy Research: Its Value, Its Quality, and Its Future. J Health Care Chaplain 2008; 14:3-19. [DOI: 10.1080/08854720802053796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|