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Bushrow L, Kneuertz P, Maher W, Shilo K. Large Mediastinal Mass as a Rare Presentation of Schistosomiasis. Int J Surg Pathol 2024:10668969241241643. [PMID: 38567392 DOI: 10.1177/10668969241241643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A 39-year-old woman originally from Northeast Africa sought medical attention for positional dyspnea. Computed tomography of the chest revealed an 8.5 cm hypodense anterior mediastinal mass with peripheral calcifications that raised a wide differential diagnosis including infectious and neoplastic lesions. Following surgical resection, a large cavitary necrotizing and calcified granuloma involving the thymus was identified on histopathological examination. The changes were associated with parasitic eggs that based on their morphology suggested infection due to trematode species. The diagnosis was further corroborated by identification of the increased IgG titers for Schistosoma species (ELISA Kit, NovaTec). The patient's symptoms improved following surgery and praziquantel therapy. This unique presentation emphasizes an unusual manifestation of schistosomiasis that can pose a diagnostic challenge, especially in non-endemic regions. It suggests that mediastinal involvement by schistosomiasis is likely due to an ectopic deposition of the parasitic eggs within a definitive host. Suspicion for schistosomiasis should be heightened based on patient demographics and travel to endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Bushrow
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter Kneuertz
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William Maher
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Konstantin Shilo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Tieppo EMDS, Silva GD, Silva TFFD, Araujo RSD, Oliveira MBD, Spricigo MGP, Pimentel GA, Campana IG, Castrillo BB, Mendes NT, Teixeira LS, Nunes DM, Rimkus CDM, Adoni T, Apóstolos Pereira SL, Callegaro D. Misdiagnosis in multiple sclerosis in a Brazilian reference center: Clinical, radiological, laboratory profile and failures in the diagnostic process-Cohort study. Mult Scler 2023; 29:1755-1764. [PMID: 37786965 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231199323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis remains a problem despite the well-validated McDonald 2017. For proper evaluation of errors in the diagnostic process that lead to misdiagnosis, it is adequate to incorporate patients who are already under regular follow-up at reference centers of demyelinating diseases. OBJECTIVES To evaluate multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis in patients who are on follow-up at a reference center of demyelinating diseases in Brazil. METHODS We designed an observational study including patients in regular follow-up, who were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis at our specialized outpatient clinic in the Hospital of Clinics in the University of Sao Paulo, from 1996 to 2021, and were reassessed for misdiagnosis in 2022. We evaluated demographic information, clinical profile, and complementary exams and classified participants as "established multiple sclerosis," "non-multiple sclerosis, diagnosed," and "non-multiple sclerosis, undiagnosed." Failures in the diagnostic process were assessed by the modified Diagnostic Error Evaluation and Research tool. RESULTS A total of 201 patients were included. After analysis, 191/201 (95.02%) participants were confirmed as "established multiple sclerosis," 5/201 (2.49%) were defined as "non-multiple sclerosis, diagnosed," and 5/201 (2.49%) were defined as "non-multiple sclerosis, undiagnosed." CONCLUSIONS Multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis persists in reference centers, emphasizing the need for careful interpretation of clinical findings to prevent errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Macedo de Souza Tieppo
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Diogo Silva
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás Fraga Ferreira da Silva
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Santana de Araujo
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Boaventura de Oliveira
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gondim Peixoto Spricigo
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Almeida Pimentel
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Gusmão Campana
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Batitucci Castrillo
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Trombini Mendes
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva Teixeira
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Mendes Nunes
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Medeiros Rimkus
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarso Adoni
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samira Luisa Apóstolos Pereira
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Callegaro
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Ma R, Liu Q, Liu Z, Sun X, Jiang X, Hou J, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Cheng M, Dong Z. H19/Mir-130b-3p/Cyp4a14 potentiate the effect of praziquantel on liver in the treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Acta Trop 2023; 247:107012. [PMID: 37659685 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a prevalent infectious disease caused by the parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. Praziquantel (PZQ), a safe and affordable drug, is the recommended oral treatment for schistosomiasis. The main pathologic manifestation of schistosomiasis is liver injury. However, the role and interactions of various RNA molecules in the effect of PZQ on the liver after S. japonicum infection have not been elucidated. RESULTS In this study, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group, infection group, and PZQ treatment group. Total RNA was extracted from the livers of the mice. High-throughput whole transcriptome sequencing was performed to detect the RNA expression profiles in the three groups. A co-expression gene-interaction network was established based on the significant differentially expressed genes in the PZQ treatment group; messenger RNA (mRNA) Cyp4a14 was identified as a critical hub gene. Furthermore, competitive endogenous RNA networks were constructed by predicting the specific binding relations between mRNA and long noncoding (lnc) RNA and between lncRNA and microRNA (miRNA) of Cyp4a14, suggesting the involvement of the H19/miR-130b-3p/Cyp4a14 regulatory axis. Dual luciferase reporter assay result proved the specific binding of miR-130b-3p with Cyp4a14 3'UTR. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the involvement of the H19/miR-130b-3p/Cyp4a14 axis in the effect of PZQ on the liver after S. japonicum infection. Moreover, the expression of mRNA Cyp4a14 could be regulated by the bonding of miR-130b-3p with 3'UTR of Cyp4a14. The findings of this study could provide a novel perspective to understand the host response to PZQ against S. japonicum in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Health and Disease Management, School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256600, China
| | - Zimo Liu
- Electrocardiogram Room, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Health and Disease Management, School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Xinze Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Jiangshan Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Yulong Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China.
| | - Mei Cheng
- Department of Health and Disease Management, School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China.
| | - Zhouyan Dong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China.
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Vasconcelos Miranda TA, Tsuchiya K, Lucato LT. Imaging of Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2023; 33:125-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mesquita SG, Lugli EB, Matera G, Fonseca CT, Caldeira RL, Webster B. Development of real-time and lateral flow recombinase polymerase amplification assays for rapid detection of Schistosoma mansoni. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1043596. [PMID: 36466644 PMCID: PMC9716991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1043596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate diagnosis followed by timely treatment is an effective strategy for the prevention of complications together with reducing schistosomiasis transmission. Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) is a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific isothermal method with low resource needs. This research aimed at the development and optimisation of a real-time (RT) and a lateral flow (LF) RPA assay for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni. Methodology Recombinase Polymerase Amplification reactions were performed at full- (as recommended) and half-volumes (to reduce costs), with RT or LF detection systems targeting the S. mansoni mitochondrial minisatellite region. The specificity was assessed using gDNA from other Schistosoma species, helminths co-endemic with S. mansoni, human stool, and urine, and Biomphalaria snail hosts. The analytical sensitivity was evaluated using serial dilutions of gDNA, synthetic copies of the target, and single eggs. The ability of both assays to detect the S. mansoni DNA in human urine and stool samples was also tested. The long-term stability of the RT-RPA reagents was evaluated by storing the reaction components in different temperature conditions for up to 3 weeks. Results The RT- and the LF-RPA (SmMIT- and SmMIT-LF-RPA, respectively) presented similar results when used full- and half-volumes, thus the latter was followed in all experiments. The SmMIT-RPA was 100% specific to S. mansoni, able to detect a single egg, with a limit of detection (LOD) of down to 1 fg of gDNA and one synthetic copy of the target. The assay was able to detect S. mansoni DNA from stool containing 1 egg/g and in spiked urine at a concentration of 10 fg/μl. SmMIT-RPA reagents were stable for up to 3 weeks when kept at 19°C, and 2 weeks when stored at 27°C. The SmMIT-LF-RPA cross-reacted with Clinostomidae, presented the LOD of 10 fg and one synthetic copy of the target, being able to detect a single egg and 1 egg/g in a stool sample. The LOD in spiked urine samples was 10 pg/μl. Conclusion The half-volume SmMIT-RPA is a promising method to be used in the field. It is specific, sensitive, robust, and tolerant to inhibitors, with a long-term stability of the reaction components and the real-time visualisation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gonçalves Mesquita
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,Wolfson Wellcome Laboratories, Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Birgitta Lugli
- Wolfson Wellcome Laboratories, Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Matera
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Microbiology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Toscano Fonseca
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia e Imunologia Parasitária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lima Caldeira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,*Correspondence: Bonnie Webster, ; Roberta Lima Caldeira,
| | - Bonnie Webster
- Wolfson Wellcome Laboratories, Department of Science, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Bonnie Webster, ; Roberta Lima Caldeira,
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Gasparotto J, Senger MR, Telles de Sá Moreira E, Brum PO, Carazza Kessler FG, Peixoto DO, Panzenhagen AC, Ong LK, Campos Soares M, Reis PA, Schirato GV, Góes Valente WC, Araújo Montoya BO, Silva FP, Fonseca Moreira JC, Dal-Pizzol F, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Gelain DP. Neurological impairment caused by Schistosoma mansoni systemic infection exhibits early features of idiopathic neurodegenerative disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100979. [PMID: 34303703 PMCID: PMC8361297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by trematodes of the Schistosoma genus, affects over 250 million people around the world. This disease has been associated with learning and memory deficits in children, whereas reduced attention levels, impaired work capacity, and cognitive deficits have been observed in adults. Strongly correlated with poverty and lack of basic sanitary conditions, this chronic endemic infection is common in Africa, South America, and parts of Asia and contributes to inhibition of social development and low quality of life in affected areas. Nonetheless, studies on the mechanisms involved in the neurological impairment caused by schistosomiasis are scarce. Here, we used a murine model of infection with Schistosoma mansoni in which parasites do not invade the central nervous system to evaluate the consequences of systemic infection on neurologic function. We observed that systemic infection with S. mansoni led to astrocyte and microglia activation, expression of oxidative stress-induced transcription factor Nrf2, oxidative damage, Tau phosphorylation, and amyloid-β peptide accumulation in the prefrontal cortex of infected animals. We also found impairment in spatial learning and memory as evaluated by the Morris water maze task. Administration of anthelmintic (praziquantel) and antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine) treatments was effective in inhibiting most of these phenotypes, and the combination of both treatments had a synergistic effect to prevent such changes. These data demonstrate new perspectives toward the understanding of the pathology and possible therapeutic approaches to counteract long-term effects of systemic schistosomiasis on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juciano Gasparotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mario Roberto Senger
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emilio Telles de Sá Moreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ozorio Brum
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávio Gabriel Carazza Kessler
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oppermann Peixoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alana Castro Panzenhagen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- Monash University Malaysia, School of Pharmacy, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Australia, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Marlene Campos Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alves Reis
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Viegas Schirato
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Walter César Góes Valente
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bogar Omar Araújo Montoya
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Floriano P Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Fonseca Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Roriz SJ, Pereira TA, Vaz de Melo Trindade G, Caporali JFDM, Lambertucci JR. Quality of Life Assessment Among Patients Living With Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis and Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:629484. [PMID: 34141713 PMCID: PMC8203918 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.629484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem in tropical areas of the world. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurement is being widely used to evaluate the impact of a disease or treatment in several aspects of daily life. However, few studies evaluated the impact of severe forms of schistosomiasis on HRQOL of affected individuals and compared them to healthy controls with a similar socio-demographic background. Our aims were to evaluate the HRQOL in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HS) and schistosomal myeloradiculopathy (SMR) and healthy volunteers (HV) and determine if clinical complications of the disease are associated with HRQOL scores. We interviewed and evaluated the HRQOL in 49 patients with HS, 22 patients with SMR, and 26 HV from an outpatient clinic of the Federal University of Minas Gerais University Hospital using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. SMR and HS patients had a significantly lower overall quality of life score when comparing with the HV control group (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively). Multivariate ordinal regression model adjusted for sex, age, and educational level indicated that HS and SMR patients have three and five times more chances of having a lower quality of life than healthy volunteers (Odds Ratio 3.13 and 5.04, respectively). There was no association between complications of HS disease and quality of life scores. In contrast, worse quality of life was observed in SMR patients that presented back or leg pain, leg paresthesia, and bladder dysfunction. In conclusion, HS and SMR significantly impact the overall quality of life of the affected individuals, reinforcing the importance of efforts to control and eradicate this debilitating disease and suggesting that multidisciplinary clinical management of schistosomiasis patients would be more appropriate and could potentially improve patient's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Júnia Roriz
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago Almeida Pereira
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Guilherme Vaz de Melo Trindade
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Júlia Fonseca de Morais Caporali
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Lambertucci
- Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Bruscky IS, Bruscky DMV, de Melo FL, Medeiros ZM, Correia CDC. Cerebral mansoni schistosomiasis: a systematic review of 33 cases published from 1989 to 2019. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1410-1413. [PMID: 34037805 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the epidemiology, clinical presentation and outcomes of individuals affected by cerebral schistosomiasis. METHODS This systematic review was planned in accordance with current guidelines for performing comprehensive systematic reviews and meta-analysis, including the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. RESULTS Most of patients presented with seizures (48.5%), which is a non-specific symptom despite its high prevalence. There was no specific clinical manifestation that could help the diagnosis, which was made in 69.7% by histopathological analysis of brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS Seizures are a non-specific symptom to diagnose patients with cerebral schistosomiasis and accurate clinical indicators need to be derived through further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Silvestre Bruscky
- University of Pernambuco, 310 Arnobio Marques Street, Santo Amaro, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 50100-130
| | | | | | - Zulma Maria Medeiros
- University of Pernambuco, 310 Arnobio Marques Street, Santo Amaro, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 50100-130
| | - Carolina da Cunha Correia
- University of Pernambuco, 310 Arnobio Marques Street, Santo Amaro, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 50100-130
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de Wilton A, Aggarwal D, Jäger HR, Manji H, Chiodini PL. Delayed diagnosis of spinal cord schistosomiasis in a non-endemic country: A tertiary referral centre experience. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009161. [PMID: 33571228 PMCID: PMC7904161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroschistosomiasis is a severe complication of schistosomiasis, triggered by the local immune reaction to egg deposition, with spinal cord involvement the most well recognised form. Early treatment with praziquantel and high dose steroids leads to a reduction of neurological sequelae. The rarity of this condition in returning travellers to high income countries can result in delayed diagnosis and treatment. We aimed to evaluate the diagnosis and management of neuroschistosomiasis in a UK national referral centre. Materials/Methods A retrospective review of confirmed clinical cases of spinal schistosomiasis referred to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, UK, between January 2016 and January 2020 was undertaken. Electronic referral records were interrogated and patient demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data collected. Results Four cases of neuroschistosomiasis were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 28 (range 21 to 50) with three male patients. All patients had epidemiological risk factors for schistosomiasis based on travel history and freshwater exposure; two in Uganda (River Nile), one in Malawi and one in Nigeria. All patients presented with features of transverse myelitis including back pain, leg weakness, paraesthesia and urinary dysfunction. The mean time from presentation to health services to definitive treatment was 42.5 days (range 16–74 days). Diagnosis was confirmed with CSF serology for schistosomiasis in all cases. Radiological features on MRI spine included enhancement focused predominantly in the lower thoracic spinal cord in three cases and the conus in one patient. All patients received a minimum of three days of oral praziquantel and high dose steroids. At three-month follow-up, one patient had complete resolution of symptoms and three had residual deficit; one patient was left with urinary and faecal incontinence, another had urinary retention, and the final patient has persistent leg pains and constipation. Conclusion We observed a marked delay in diagnosis of neuroschistosomiasis in a non-endemic country. We advocate undertaking a thorough travel history, early use of imaging and CSF schistosomal serology to ensure early diagnosis of neuroschistosomiasis in patients presenting with consistent symptoms. If schistosomal diagnostics are not immediately available, presumptive treatment under the guidance of a tropical medicine specialist should be considered to minimize the risk of residual disability. We advocate for consensus guidelines to be produced and reporting to be performed in a uniform way for patients with spinal schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic neglected tropical disease causing morbidity and mortality in several tropical regions. The most commonly described complications of schistosomiasis include urinary tract and gastrointestinal pathology. However, ectopic migration of parasitic worms and their eggs into the central nervous system can lead to profound and life altering disability. This phenomenon, referred to as ‘Neuroschistosomiasis’ is a rarely reported in non-endemic countries. However, occurrence is increasingly recognised in non-endemic regions due to the increase in global travel. We report the clinical and radiological characteristics of four patients who developed neuroschistosomiasis following tropical freshwater exposure. The report informs diagnosis of schistosomiasis, diagnostic features including subtle radiological findings typical of schistosomiasis, and management of neuroschistosomiasis. The report further highlights the delays in diagnosis of these patients, and the importance of travel history and seeking specialist parasitological advice when patients present with spinal cord syndromes following relevant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus de Wilton
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Dinesh Aggarwal
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hadi Manji
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter L. Chiodini
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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El Beltagi A, Salem K, Hanoun M. Neuro-schistosomiasis with palm tree contrast enhancement pattern, a report of three cases, and review of literature. BJR Case Rep 2021; 7:20200053. [PMID: 33614113 PMCID: PMC7869123 DOI: 10.1259/bjrcr.20200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe three cases of neuroschistosomiasis, two cases with cerebral schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma japonicum, with multiple pseudotumoral lesions presented with seizures and hemiparesis respectively, and a spinal cord conus medullaris schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni presented with conus medullaris syndrome. In the two cases with cerebral schistosomiasis imaging with CT revealed multiple areas of brain edema, and gyriform calcifications in both cerebral hemispheres, which suggested cerebral parasitemia, chronic venous hypertension, multifocal cerebral vascular malformation, or a forme fruste Sturge Weber syndrome. Further MRI revealed corresponding blooming, T2W (weighted) -FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) ibright signal intensity and enhancing lesions. In the third case with spinal cord involvement MRI revealed signal abnormality on T1W and T2W images with patchy and punctate post i.v. contrast enhancement of the conus medullaris. Excision biopsy and histopathological examination were undertaken for the first brain case and spinal cord case and showed multiple schistosomal granulomas in different evolution phases. In the second brain case, the diagnosis was suggested based on our experience with prior cases, positive laboratory tests, and urinary bladder wall biopsy. Neuroschistosomiasis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple cerebral calcifications, and multiple nodular and linear like lesions with characteristic arborized enhancement pattern, especially for patients coming from endemic areas for Schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Beltagi
- Division Neuroradiology, Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Salem
- Division Neuroradiology, Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Hanoun
- Division Neuroradiology, Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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11
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Schistosomiasis-from immunopathology to vaccines. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:355-371. [PMID: 32076812 PMCID: PMC7223304 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. The transmission cycle involves human (or other mammalian) water contact with surface water contaminated by faeces or urine, as well as specific freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. The main disease-causing species are S. haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum. According to the World Health Organisation, over 250 million people are infected worldwide, leading to considerable morbidity and the estimated loss of 1.9 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a likely underestimated figure. Schistosomiasis is characterised by focal epidemiology and an over-dispersed population distribution, with higher infection rates in children. Complex immune mechanisms lead to the slow acquisition of immune resistance, but innate factors also play a part. Acute schistosomiasis, a feverish syndrome, is most evident in travellers following a primary infection. Chronic schistosomiasis affects mainly individuals with long-standing infections residing in poor rural areas. Immunopathological reactions against schistosome eggs trapped in host tissues lead to inflammatory and obstructive disease in the urinary system (S. haematobium) or intestinal disease, hepatosplenic inflammation and liver fibrosis (S. mansoni and S. japonicum). An effective drug—praziquantel—is available for treatment but, despite intensive efforts, no schistosomiasis vaccines have yet been accepted for public use. In this review, we briefly introduce the schistosome parasites and the immunopathogenic manifestations resulting from schistosomiasis. We then explore aspects of the immunology and host-parasite interplay in schistosome infections paying special attention to the current status of schistosomiasis vaccine development highlighting the advancement of a new controlled human challenge infection model for testing schistosomiasis vaccines.
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12
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Zaqout A, Abid FB, Murshed K, Al-Bozom I, Al-Rumaihi G, Al Soub H, Al Maslamani M, Al Khal A. Cerebral schistosomiasis: Case series from Qatar. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 86:167-170. [PMID: 31295550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the third most widespread devastating parasitic disease worldwide and has a high mortality burden. Neuroschistosomiasis is one of the rare and most severe clinical presentations of the disease. It is caused by granuloma formation around eggs that lodge in the central nervous system, with Schistosoma japonicum usually causing most reported cerebral disease. Three unusual presentations of schistosomiasis in Qatar are described herein. The three patients were young males who presented with seizures and tumor-like lesions on brain imaging. The diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy, which showed necrotizing granulomas containing Schistosoma eggs. These cases raise awareness of neuroschistosomiasis as a potential cause of tumor-like brain lesions in migrants and returning travelers from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zaqout
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Fatma Ben Abid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Khaled Murshed
- Histopathology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Issam Al-Bozom
- Histopathology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ghaya Al-Rumaihi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hussam Al Soub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Muna Al Maslamani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Abdullatif Al Khal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
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13
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia and, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa. Infective larvae grow in an intermediate host (fresh-water snails) before penetrating the skin of the definitive human host. Mature adult worms reside in the mesenteric (Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum) or pelvic (Schistosoma haematobium) veins, where female worms lay eggs, which are secreted in stool or urine. Eggs trapped in the surrounding tissues and organs, such as the liver and bladder, cause inflammatory immune responses (including granulomas) that result in intestinal, hepato-splenic or urogenital disease. Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum, and sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations living in endemic areas are needed. The anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel is safe and efficacious against adult worms of all the six Schistosoma spp. infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the emergence of drug resistance is a concern. Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P McManus
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Moussa Sacko
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Research, Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgitte J Vennervald
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Pierce ES. How did Lou Gehrig get Lou Gehrig's disease? Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in manure, soil, dirt, dust and grass and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease) clusters in football, rugby and soccer players. Med Hypotheses 2018; 119:1-5. [PMID: 30122477 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several suspected infectious causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or motor neurone disease including HIV-1 and species of Brucella, Cyanobacteria and Schistosoma. The increased rates and clusters of ALS in amateur and professional outdoor sports players including rugby, football and soccer players suggest a microorganism present in the grass, dirt and dust they play on and in may be a causative factor. The probable zoonosis Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is heavily excreted in an infected domestic ruminant's feces or manure and is extensively distributed throughout the soil in countries where MAP infection of domestic livestock is longstanding. Like other zoonotic pathogens, MAP can be transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized pathogen-contaminated soil, by direct contact of pathogen-contaminated grass, dirt and dust with mucus membranes lining the nose or mouth or through abrasions and cuts in the skin. Outdoor sports players may develop ALS after multiple oral, nasal or subcutaneous doses of MAP present in the dirt, dust and grass of their playing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S Pierce
- 13212 East Blossey Avenue, Spokane Valley, Washington 99216-2807, USA.
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15
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Nacife MBPESL, Siqueira LMV, Martins R, Vianna VN, Barbosa KF, Masioli CZ, Silva JCD, Machado-Coelho GLL. Prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni in indigenous Maxakali villages, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e26. [PMID: 29972467 PMCID: PMC6029851 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections are a common health problem among Amerindian populations and schistosomiasis represents one of the most prevalent diseases in Maxakali people. The Kato-Katz is the diagnostic method recommended by WHO for epidemiological studies; however, one of the technique's limitations is the failure to detect parasites in individuals with low parasite load. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni in indigenous Maxakali villages, evaluating the TF-Test® performance for diagnosis compared to the Kato-Katz technique. Stool samples from 545 individuals were processed by the TF-Test® (1 sample) and Kato-Katz (1 slide). The positivity rate for S. mansoni by Kato-Katz was 45.7%. The rate by the TF-Test® was 33.2%, and 51.9% by the combined parasitological techniques. The amplitude of parasite load was 24 to 4,056 eggs per gram of feces (epg), with a geometric mean of 139 epg. The co-positivity, co-negativity, and accuracy values by TF-Test® in relation to Kato-Katz were 59.0%, 88.5%, and 75.0%, respectively. The agreement between these techniques was moderate (k=0.486) as determined by the kappa index. Thus, the results of this study demonstrated that the performance of Kato-Katz was superior (p <0.05) to that of TF-Test® in the detection of S. mansoni. The combination of TF-Test® and Kato-Katz resulted in an increased positivity rate of S. mansoni, demonstrating the high risk of infection to which indigenous populations are exposed and the importance of the implementation of control strategies in Maxakali villages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliane Maria Vidal Siqueira
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Martins
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valeska Natiely Vianna
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Keila Furbino Barbosa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cássio Zumerle Masioli
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Dang-Trinh MA, Angeles JMM, Moendeg KJ, Macalanda AMC, Higuchi L, Oto C, Kirinoki M, Chigusa Y, Kawazu SI. Utilization of real time PCR for the assessment of egg burden in the organs of Schistosoma japonicum experimentally infected mice. Exp Parasitol 2018; 189:61-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Wei Y, Huang N, Chen S, Chen D, Li X, Xu J, Yang Z. The diagnosis and treatment introspection of the first imported case of atypical cerebral schistosomiasis in Guangzhou city. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006171. [PMID: 29543824 PMCID: PMC5854235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Wei
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Na Huang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Shouyi Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Dehao Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Zhicong Yang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
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18
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Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) Triggered by Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS): A Promising Tool to Assess Spinal Cord Function in Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004672. [PMID: 27128806 PMCID: PMC4851389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy (SMR), the most severe and disabling ectopic form of Schistosoma mansoni infection, is caused by embolized ova eliciting local inflammation in the spinal cord and nerve roots. The treatment involves the use of praziquantel and long-term corticotherapy. The assessment of therapeutic response relies on neurological examination. Supplementary electrophysiological exams may improve prediction and monitoring of functional outcome. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is a simple, safe, low-cost and noninvasive electrophysiological technique that has been used to test the vestibulospinal tract in motor myelopathies. This paper reports the results of VEMP with GVS in patients with SMR. Methods A cross-sectional comparative study enrolled 22 patients with definite SMR and 22 healthy controls that were submitted to clinical, neurological examination and GVS. Galvanic stimulus was applied in the mastoid bones in a transcranial configuration for testing VEMP, which was recorded by electromyography (EMG) in the gastrocnemii muscles. The VEMP variables of interest were blindly measured by two independent examiners. They were the short-latency (SL) and the medium-latency (ML) components of the biphasic EMG wave. Results VEMP showed the components SL (p = 0.001) and ML (p<0.001) delayed in SMR compared to controls. The delay of SL (p = 0.010) and of ML (p = 0.020) was associated with gait dysfunction. Conclusion VEMP triggered by GVS identified alterations in patients with SMR and provided additional functional information that justifies its use as a supplementary test in motor myelopathies. Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy is a rare and severe form of schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni, a blood-dwelling worm that lives in the intestinal veins of infected people. The parasite produces eggs that travel in the blood flow and can be trapped in different organs, including the spinal cord. Local inflammation leads to myeloradiculopathy, whose classical symptoms are back pain, numbness and weakness of the legs, erectile dysfunction and urinary retention. Precocious and long-duration therapy with high dose of corticosteroids is necessary to avoid severe sequelae, such as disability to walk. The recommended duration of the treatment varies from three weeks to six months. The physician usually decides when to stop steroids based on physical examination. A neurophysiology exam could improve the evaluation of therapeutic response and the diagnosis of recurrences. Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) with Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), which is a simple, non-invasive and inexpensive exam, could be used in this context. We assessed the characteristics of VEMP with GVS in patients and found that it was altered in comparison to controls, demonstrating that this exam is a promising tool to add electrophysiological information on the spine to the physical examination.
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Sah VK, Wang L, Min X, Rizal R, Feng Z, Ke Z, Deng M, Li L, Li H. Human schistosomiasis: A diagnostic imaging focused review of a neglected disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrid.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Yin J, Shen Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Cao J. The formation of egg granulomas in the spleens of mice with late Schistosoma japonicum infection alters splenic morphology. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:375. [PMID: 26178192 PMCID: PMC4504070 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Splenomegaly is a characteristic symptom of schistosome infection. Unlike the well known hepatic pathology of schistosomiasis, splenomegaly has received little scientific research and is generally considered to be a non-specific congestion caused by increased blood pressure within the venous sinuses. Moreover, to date, few studies have reported the deposition of schistosome eggs in the spleen. In a previous study, however, we observed that prolonged S. japonicum infections destroyed the structure of the lymphoid follicles in the spleen of mice at 8 weeks post-infection and found that eggs were frequently deposited in the spleen. These prior observations suggested a relationship between granulomas and splenic morphology which we investigate further in this study. Methods C57BL/6 mice were infected percutaneously with twenty cercariae of S. japonicum and sacrificed at different times post-infection. The number of eggs present in the homogenates of spleens and livers was quantified by light microscopy. Splenic pathology was observed by immunohistochemistry staining of paraffin-embedded sections. At 18 weeks post-infection the infected mice were divided into two groups (granulomatous spleens and non-granulomatous spleens). Serum antibodies and cytokines in the antigen- or mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte cultures were then determined by ELISA. Results We found that eggs deposition in the spleens of infected mice occurred frequently but only occasionally led to granulomas formation. The lymphoid follicles within the granulomatous spleens maintained their structural integrity until 20 weeks post-infection, unlike the lymphoid follicles in spleens without egg granulomas. Mice with granulomatous spleens accompanied by lymphoid follicles exhibited a germinal center (GC)-like structure and had enhanced humoral immune responses. Splenocytes from granulomatous spleens also showed significantly elevated levels of Th2 cytokines during late infection stages. Conclusions Our results highlight that lymphoid follicles, which are not completely destroyed or are re-established in the spleen, can change the local immune environment and lead to changes in the splenic morphology of mice with chronic schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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Lambertucci JR. Revisiting the concept of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and its challenges using traditional and new tools. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:130-6. [PMID: 24861284 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0186-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different aspects of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis are revisited here. Manson's schistosomiasis causes periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension in approximately 6% of infected subjects, usually with preservation of their hepatic function. The assessment of liver involvement is of major importance in determining the prognosis and risk of complications from schistosomiasis, such as upper digestive bleeding secondary to variceal rupture. For many years, the diagnosis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and liver fibrosis was made by abdominal palpation and the finding of liver and/or spleen enlargement. However, there is no consensus regarding the clinical parameters of the liver and spleen to be considered in this physical evaluation. For the last three decades, abdominal ultrasound (US) has become the best imaging technique to evaluate liver fibrosis caused by schistosomiasis mansoni. However, US is a subjective procedure and is therefore examiner-dependent. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings have provided valuable information in addition to ultrasound and clinical examination. The combination of a comprehensive history and physical examination, basic laboratory tests (a stool examination for Schistosoma mansoni eggs and a blood cell count), biomarkers for liver fibrosis/portal hypertension and imaging methods seem to offer the best approach for evaluating patients with this disease. In situations where research is involved or in patients with severe disease, MRI may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto Lambertucci
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
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Abstract
Rhizobiales (formerly named Rickettsiales) cause in rare instances meningitis and meningovasculitis, respectively. In case of history of exposure, infection by Rhizobiales needs to be considered since both diagnosis and therapy may be extremely difficult and pathogen-specific. The same applies to protozoa; in this chapter, Babesia species, free-living amoebae and Entamoeba histolytica infection, including severe meningitis and brain abscess, infection by Trypanosoma species (South American and African trypanosomiasis) are discussed with respect to history, epidemiology, clinical signs, and symptoms as well as differential diagnosis and therapy. Parasitic flatworms and roundworms, potentially able to invade the central nervous system, trematodes (flukes), cestodes (in particular, Cysticercus cellulosae), but also nematodes (in particular, Strongyloides spp. in the immunocompromised) are of worldwide importance. In contrast, filarial worms, Toxocara spp., Trichinella spp., Gnathostoma and Angiostrongylus spp. are seen only in certain geographically confined areas. Even more regionally confined are infestations of the central nervous system by metazoa, in particular, tongue worms (=arthropods) or larvae of flies (=maggots). The aim of this chapter is (1) to alert the neurologist to these infections, and (2) to enable the attending emergency neurologist to take a knowledgeable history, with an emphasis on epidemiology, clinical signs, and symptoms as well as therapeutic management possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Schmutzhard
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lambertucci JR, Drummond SC, Voieta I, Chaves BA, Prata PH, de Queiróz LC, Pereira PPN, Botelho PP, Otoni A, Vilela JF, Antunes CM. Reply to Soentjens et al. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 58:305-6. [PMID: 24149080 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Knopp S, Becker SL, Ingram KJ, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis in children in the era of intensified control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:1237-58. [PMID: 24127662 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.844066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the current era of intensified and integrated control against schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases, there is a need to carefully rethink and take into consideration disease-specific issues pertaining to the diagnosis, prevention, control and local elimination. Here, we present a comprehensive overview about schistosomiasis including recent trends in the number of people treated with praziquantel and the latest developments in diagnosis and control. Particular emphasis is placed on children. Identified research needs are offered for consideration; namely, expanding our knowledge about schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children, assessing and quantifying the impact of schistosomiasis on infectious and noncommunicable diseases, developing new antischistosomal drugs and child-friendly formulations, designing and implementing setting-specific control packages and developing highly sensitive, but simple diagnostic tools that are able to detect very light infections in young children and in people living in areas targeted for schistosomiasis elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Knopp
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
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