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Velasquez MR, De Lay BD, Edmondson DG, Wormser GP, Norris SJ, Cafferky K, Munzer E, Rizk CC, Keller M. A Novel Treponema pallidum Subspecies pallidum Strain Associated With a Painful Oral Lesion Is a Member of a Potentially Emerging Nichols-Related Subgroup. Sex Transm Dis 2024; 51:486-492. [PMID: 38829929 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early syphilitic lesions are typically painless; however, several recent case studies have included patients with tender lesions and no evidence of concurrent infections. Here we present the manifestations and serological and molecular findings of a patient from New York State with a painful tongue lesion. METHODS The diagnosis of syphilis was based on a combination of physical examination, serologic, pathologic, and immunohistochemical findings. DNA obtained from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy was used to characterize the infecting pathogen using polymerase chain reaction, multilocus sequence typing, and whole-genome sequencing methods. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction and multilocus sequence typing of the biopsy specimen confirmed infection with T. pallidum subspecies pallidum ( T. pallidum ) of the Nichols cluster. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of this strain (herein called NYMC01) showed that it contained 17 unique single nucleotide variations and 4 more complex genetic differences; this novel genotype matched only 2 specimens, both from a patient in Seattle, Washington. The presence of this rare genotype in 2 geographically distinct locations suggests the potential emergence and spread of a new subgroup of the Nichols cluster. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first genomic sequence obtained from a T. pallidum strain linked to a painful lesion, and the third description of whole-genome sequencing of T. pallidum from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Analysis of additional specimens may reveal that the NYMC01-related genotype represents an emerging T. pallidum subgroup and may also aid in determining whether the painful clinical presentation of primary syphilis is related to specific T. pallidum genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Velasquez
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
| | - Bridget D De Lay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Diane G Edmondson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Gary P Wormser
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
| | - Steven J Norris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Marina Keller
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
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2
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Peters RPH, Nel JS, Sadiq E, Kufa T, Smit DP, Sorour G, Garrett N, Gill K, Makhakhe L, Chandiwana NC, Moran NF, Cohen K, Wattrus C, Moosa MY. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society Guideline for the clinical management of syphilis. South Afr J HIV Med 2024; 25:1577. [PMID: 38725703 PMCID: PMC11079416 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v25i1.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Syphilis, 'the great imitator', caused by Treponema pallidum infection, remains a complex and multifaceted disease with a rich history of clinical diversity. This guideline aims to be a comprehensive guide for healthcare workers in Southern Africa, offering practical insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing, therapeutic principles, and public health responses to syphilis. Although the syphilis burden has declined over the years, recent data indicate a troubling resurgence, particularly among pregnant women and neonates. This guideline highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by syphilis, stemming from the absence of a single high-sensitivity and -specificity test. While treatment with penicillin remains the cornerstone of treatment, alternative regimens may be used for specific scenarios. We highlight the importance of thorough patient follow-up and management of sex partners to ensure optimal care of syphilis cases. In the context of public health, we emphasise the need for concerted efforts to combat the increasing burden of syphilis, especially within high-risk populations, including people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco P H Peters
- Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, East London, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeremy S Nel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eitzaz Sadiq
- Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tendesayi Kufa
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Derrick P Smit
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gillian Sorour
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Lehlohonolo Makhakhe
- Department of Dermatology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- The South African Institute of Dermatology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Nomathemba C Chandiwana
- Wits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil F Moran
- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Karen Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Camilla Wattrus
- Southern African HIV Clinicians Society (SAHCS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mahomed Yunus Moosa
- Southern African HIV Clinicians Society (SAHCS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Internal Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Abstract
Dermatologists are familiar with the classic aspects of syphilis. Our objective in this update is to display novel features of sexually acquired syphilis, its pathophysiology, natural history, atypical clinical variants, skin of color, clinical pearls, and prospects. Textbook knowledge, congenital syphilis, epidemiology, and historical data are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Navarrete
- Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Stephanie Saavedra-Portales
- Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Olandt CA, Sloane S, Campbell C, Subramony R. The Great Masquerader Strikes Again. J Emerg Med 2024; 66:232-234. [PMID: 38262783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Skyler Sloane
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California.
| | - Colleen Campbell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Rachna Subramony
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
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5
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Chow EPF, Fairley CK, Kong FYS. STI pathogens in the oropharynx: update on screening and treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:35-45. [PMID: 38112085 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The rise in antimicrobial resistance in several STI pathogens such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae has become a public health threat as only one first-line treatment remains. Reducing screening interval for gonorrhoea and chlamydia in high-prevalence populations has been proposed to address antimicrobial stewardship, but this remains controversial. This review aimed to revisit the epidemiology of infections at the oropharynx and review the current screening recommendations and treatment guidelines in different populations. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence suggests that the oropharynx is the primary anatomical site for gonorrhoea transmission but maybe not for chlamydia transmission. Most international guidelines recommend 3-monthly oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and chlamydia screening for high-prevalence populations (e.g. men who have sex with men) but not low-prevalence populations (e.g. heterosexuals) given the clinical and public health benefits of screening in low-prevalence populations are still unclear. Doxycycline remains the first-line treatment for oropharyngeal chlamydia in most guidelines. However, some countries have moved from dual therapy (ceftriaxone and azithromycin) to monotherapy (ceftriaxone) for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea treatment to address antimicrobial stewardship. SUMMARY The transmission of gonorrhoea and chlamydia is still not fully understood. Further work will be required to evaluate the benefits and harms of reducing screening in high-prevalence populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P F Chow
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University
| | - Fabian Y S Kong
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Lopes-Santos G, Zanda MJ, Tjioe KC, Oliveira DT. Isolated primary syphilitic chancre in the lower lip of a teenager. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:e641-e643. [PMID: 37571874 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lopes-Santos
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo J Zanda
- Clinical Research Center, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kellen C Tjioe
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Denise Tostes Oliveira
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kondo S, Okada R, Ariizumi Y, Kurita T, Shintaku H, Asakage T. A Case of Syphilis Suspected Preoperatively as a Case of Tongue Cancer. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2023; 2023:9469814. [PMID: 37954166 PMCID: PMC10635748 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9469814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum (TP). We report a case of syphilis that was initially suspected as tongue cancer. An 86-year-old man consulted a neighborhood clinic with an approximately one-month history of pain in the right tongue. The result of scraping cytology of the tongue performed at the clinic was classified as class V, squamous cell carcinoma, and the patient was referred to our hospital. Physical examination revealed a mass on the right side of the tongue and a firm cervical mass. Biopsy revealed no evidence of malignancy; however, the imaging findings led to the suspicion of tongue cancer and lymph node metastasis. The results of blood examination revealed that the patient had syphilis, but since the patient showed few other symptoms, we decided to treat the infection after the planned surgery. We performed right partial glossectomy and neck dissection; however, the postoperative histopathology revealed no evidence of malignancy but nonspecific inflammatory changes with TP spirochetes. The incidence of syphilis has increased dramatically around the world, including Japan, during the last 20 years, and it no longer remains a rare disease. Therefore, syphilis should be included in the differential diagnosis of oral or cervical masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kondo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ariizumi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurita
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shintaku
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asakage
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ouaabbou H, Bahbah S, Chbicheb S. Traumatic ulcer of the tongue mimicking a malignant lesion: Case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 109:108460. [PMID: 37473621 PMCID: PMC10372728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE The most prevalent oral ulcers are those caused by trauma, and their etiopathogenesis has been frequently obvious. Yet, oral ulcers can be misdiagnosed and managed incorrectly. CASE PRESENTATION A 25-year-old patient presented to our service with a painful lesion on the right lateral border of the tongue that had evolved for one week. A possible traumatic factor was identified. The ulcer completely recovered once the trauma's cause was removed. An accurate diagnosis was achieved by combining a precise physical examination with clinical follow-up. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Single oral ulcers have various clinical presentations that can be confusing. Some of them may mimic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), especially when accompanied by any induration. Determining the cause of oral ulceration requires a careful medical history and a clinical examination with inspection and palpation, which may be combined with other accessory investigations if necessary. CONCLUSION This clinical case reinforces the importance of investigating local causes before moving on to systemic ones. We present differential diagnosis and management algorithm of single oral ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Ouaabbou
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Soukayna Bahbah
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Saliha Chbicheb
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
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Singh S, Poonia K, Bansal S, Kapatia G. Bilateral chancre of the tongue: An unusual presentation of primary syphilis. Int J STD AIDS 2023:9564624231163743. [PMID: 36927340 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231163743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. A characteristic lesion of primary syphilis is chancre. It can develop over genital or extra genital sites, depending on the site of contact with the infectious agent. Cases of oral syphilis have been on the rise in the previous two decades, probably because of the involvement of the oral cavity in sexual practices. We here report an unusual case of primary syphilis who presented with a painless indurated oral ulcer over the lateral borders of the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Singh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 573593AIIMS Bathinda, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kavita Poonia
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 573593AIIMS Bathinda, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shivani Bansal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 573593AIIMS Bathinda, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gargi Kapatia
- Department of Pathology, 573593AIIMS Bathinda, Bathinda, India
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10
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Ramchandani MS, Cannon CA, Marra CM. Syphilis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2023; 37:195-222. [PMID: 37005164 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Syphilis is an important public health problem in the U.S. and many high-income nations. The rates of syphilis continue to increase and there is an urgent need for medical providers of a variety of backgrounds to recognize this disease. In this review, we cover the key clinical findings of syphilis and provide an overview of the diagnosis and management of this disease in adults.
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Meseli SE, Pelit S. Syphilis and dentists: The data about knowledge and awareness of clinicians in Turkey. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:408-415. [PMID: 36821515 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231155678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Background: Syphilis may give pathognomonic signs in oral cavity. In order to emerge an awareness about dentists' role in syphilis management, it was aimed to obtain the data from them about their knowledge.Methods: This survey-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with 709 dentists practicing in Turkey. Participants answered 16 statements about syphilis "Transmission Routes," "Extra-oral Clinical Features," "Oral Findings," and "Diagnosis & Treatment" with options yes/no/I do not know. Moreover, they responded to two 5-point Likert type questions about their comfort level and frequency of taking sexual anamnesis. The statistical significance was set at p ≤ .05.Results: The mean age (years) and female/male ratio of the participants were 35.7 ± 10.2 and 449/260, respectively. The average of the correct answers in the survey was 10.38 ± 3.3. "Transmission Routes" had the highest ratio (50.6%) in terms of all questions in a single category that were answered correctly among groups. Dentists practicing at faculties had the highest number of correct answers (p = .003). The total number of correct answers and the number of correct answers in each category were positively related to both the level of comfort and the frequency of taking patient's sexual anamnesis (Oral Findings p = .002; others p ≤ .001).Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that dentists practicing in Turkey lack a significant level of knowledge about syphilis. This highlights the need for further training and education programs for dentists in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman E Meseli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontology Department, 187981Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Pelit
- Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Medical Microbiology Department, 448249University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Oral Manifestations of Syphilis: Report of Four Cases. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060612. [PMID: 35745466 PMCID: PMC9231211 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum. Syphilis can present with an array of oral manifestations at different stages of disease progression. This article reports on four cases of syphilis with oral manifestations diagnosed by oral health professionals. Case 1: 18-year-old female presented with multiple ulcerations and patches involving the hard palate, uvula, retromolar area, and papillary nodules on the tongue. Case 2: 25-year-old male presented with a solitary, exophytic lesion on the anterior tongue. Case 3: 17-year-old female presented with multiple pigmented macules on the palms of hands and soles of feet, as well as multiple exophytic, sessile, soft tissue masses throughout the oral cavity. Case 4: 14-year-old female presented with a solitary, exophytic, verrucous lesion in the incisive papilla area, as well as multiple, coalescing patches involving the soft palate, uvula, and tonsillar areas. All patients were managed by biopsy and serological investigations. Treatment of syphilis was performed at infectious disease clinics with 2.4 million units (MUs) benzathine benzylpenicillin intramuscular (IM) weekly. Oral health professionals need to have knowledge of the oral manifestations of syphilis to ensure that patients are accurately identified and appropriately treated.
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Hayder F, Marrakchi S, Bahloul E, Charfi S, Sellami K, Turki H. Great imitator with exclusive oral manifestations. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05569. [PMID: 35356175 PMCID: PMC8941973 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral manifestations in syphilis are frequent through the different stages of the disease. Exclusive oral localization in secondary syphilis (SS) is yet uncommon. Delays in diagnosis are frequent in these patients. We describe a case of SS limited to the buccal mucosa with both serological and histological confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Hayder
- Dermatology Department Hedi Chaker Hospital Sfax Tunisia
| | | | - Emna Bahloul
- Dermatology Department Hedi Chaker Hospital Sfax Tunisia
| | - Slim Charfi
- Anatomic and Cell pathology Department Habib Bourguiba Hospital Sfax Tunisia
| | | | - Hamida Turki
- Dermatology Department Hedi Chaker Hospital Sfax Tunisia
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