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Wolffsohn JS, Berkow D, Chan KY, Chaurasiya SK, Fadel D, Haddad M, Imane T, Jones L, Sheppard AL, Vianya-Estopa M, Walsh K, Woods J, Zeri F, Morgan PB. BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Evaluation and diagnosis. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102156. [PMID: 38641525 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
It is important to be able to measure the range of clear focus in clinical practice to advise on presbyopia correction techniques and to optimise the correction power. Both subjective and objective techniques are necessary: subjective techniques (such as patient reported outcome questionnaires and defocus curves) assess the impact of presbyopia on a patient and how the combination of residual objective accommodation and their natural DoF work for them; objective techniques (such as autorefraction, corneal topography and lens imaging) allow the clinician to understand how well a technique is working optically and whether it is the right choice or how adjustments can be made to optimise performance. Techniques to assess visual performance and adverse effects must be carefully conducted to gain a reliable end-point, considering the target size, contrast and illumination. Objective techniques are generally more reliable, can help to explain unexpected subjective results and imaging can be a powerful communication tool with patients. A clear diagnosis, excluding factors such as binocular vision issues or digital eye strain that can also cause similar symptoms, is critical for the patient to understand and adapt to presbyopia. Some corrective options are more permanent, such as implanted inlays / intraocular lenses or laser refractive surgery, so the optics can be trialled with contact lenses in advance (including differences between the eyes) to better communicate with the patient how the optics will work for them so they can make an informed choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Wolffsohn
- School of Optometry, Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - David Berkow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ka Yin Chan
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Suraj K Chaurasiya
- Department of Contact Lens and Anterior Segment, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, India; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, India
| | - Daddi Fadel
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mera Haddad
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tarib Imane
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong; Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Amy L Sheppard
- School of Optometry, Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Vianya-Estopa
- Vision and Hearing Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Walsh
- CooperVision Inc., San Ramon, CA, United States
| | - Jill Woods
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Zeri
- School of Optometry, Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Materials Science, Milan, Italy
| | - Philip B Morgan
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Jayaraman D, Bagga DK, Ag A, Raghuram A, Shirodker SSS, Idhayavannan IP, Christy B. Contrast Sensitivity and Low Contrast Visual Acuity in Children With Normal Visual Acuity. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 268:54-65. [PMID: 39059601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure and report the distribution of distance and near contrast sensitivity (CS) and low contrast visual acuity (LCVA) at 5% and 2.5% contrast in children aged 5-15 years with normal visual acuity (VA). DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING Schools in Southern India. STUDY POPULATION One thousand fifty-two children aged 5 to 15 years (mean age 10.61 ± 2.85 years) with a presenting visual acuity of 0.00 logMAR or better in both eyes and a stereo acuity of 40 seconds of arc or better were recruited from nine schools. Repeatability of contrast sensitivity and low contrast visual acuities were tested in 246 children. Pelli-Robson charts were used to measure the distance and near contrast sensitivity at 1 m and 40 cm, respectively. The low contrast visual acuity was recorded at 5% and 2.5% contrast using LEA Symbols at 3 m. RESULTS Overall, the mean ± SD, (95% CI) monocular distance and near CS were 1.75 ± 0.11 (1.76-1.75) logCS and 1.72 ± 0.10 (1.73-1.71) logCS, respectively. The mean LCVA at 5% and 2.5% contrasts were 0.20 ± 0.10 (0.21-0.20) logMAR and 0.39 ± 0.11 (0.40-0.39) logMAR, respectively. Distance and near CS gradually improved till the ages of 11 and 13, respectively, and then plateaued. Similarly, LCVA at 5% and 2.5% contrasts gradually improved till age ten before plateauing. The Coefficient of Repeatability (CoR) for CS was ±0.02 logCS for distance, ±0.05 logCS for near, and ±0.01 logMAR for both LCVA contrasts. CONCLUSIONS The study provides age-specific normative values for distance and near CS, and LCVA in a cohort of children aged 5-15 years. These results are important to understand the impact of ocular conditions on CS in children and have utility in clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiva Jayaraman
- From the Institute for Vision Rehabilitation, L V Prasad Eye Institute (D.J., D.K.B., A.A., S.S.S.S., I.P.I., B.C.), Hyderabad, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar Bagga
- From the Institute for Vision Rehabilitation, L V Prasad Eye Institute (D.J., D.K.B., A.A., S.S.S.S., I.P.I., B.C.), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ananthapadmanabhan Ag
- From the Institute for Vision Rehabilitation, L V Prasad Eye Institute (D.J., D.K.B., A.A., S.S.S.S., I.P.I., B.C.), Hyderabad, India
| | - Aparna Raghuram
- Harvard Medical School (A.R.), Boston, United States; Vision-Aid (A.R.), Massachusetts, United States
| | - Suchana S Shet Shirodker
- From the Institute for Vision Rehabilitation, L V Prasad Eye Institute (D.J., D.K.B., A.A., S.S.S.S., I.P.I., B.C.), Hyderabad, India
| | - Idhaya Priya Idhayavannan
- From the Institute for Vision Rehabilitation, L V Prasad Eye Institute (D.J., D.K.B., A.A., S.S.S.S., I.P.I., B.C.), Hyderabad, India
| | - Beula Christy
- From the Institute for Vision Rehabilitation, L V Prasad Eye Institute (D.J., D.K.B., A.A., S.S.S.S., I.P.I., B.C.), Hyderabad, India
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Farassat N, Jehle V, Heinrich SP, Lagrèze WA, Bach M. The Freiburg Acuity Test in Preschool Children: Testability, Test-Retest Variability, and Comparison With LEA Symbols. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:14. [PMID: 38502142 PMCID: PMC10959192 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the testability, performance, and test-retest variability (TRV) of visual acuity (VA) assessment using the Freiburg Visual Acuity Test (FrACT) compared to the LEA Symbols Test (LEA) in preschool children. Methods In 134 preschool children aged 3.0 to 6.8 years, monocular VA of each eye was measured twice with a four-orientation Landolt C version of the FrACT and once with the LEA. FrACT runs were preceded by a binocular run for explanatory purposes. Test order alternated between subjects. Optotypes were presented on a computer monitor (FrACT) or on cards (LEA) at a distance of 3 m. Results Overall, 68% completed the FrACT (91/134 children) and 88% completed the LEA (118/134 children). Testability depended on age: FrACT, 19% (<4 years) and 87% (≥4 years); LEA, 70% (<4 years) and 95% (≥4 years). Mean ± SD VA difference between tests was 0.11 ± 0.19 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR], with LEA reporting better acuity. The difference depended on age (0.27 ± 0.23 logMAR [<4 years], 0.09 ± 0.18 logMAR [≥4 years], P < 0.001) and on test sequence (higher age dependence of FrACT VAs for LEA first, P < 0.001). The 95% limits of agreement for the FrACT TRV were ±0.298 logMAR. Conclusions The examiner-independent FrACT, using international reference Landolt C optotypes, can be used to assess VA in preschool children aged ≥4 years, with reliability comparable to other pediatric VA tests. Translational Relevance Use of the automated FrACT for VA assessment in preschool children may benefit objectivity and validity as it is a computerized test and employs the international reference Landolt C optotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Farassat
- Eye Center, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Jehle
- Eye Center, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven P. Heinrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolf A. Lagrèze
- Eye Center, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bach
- Eye Center, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Karampatakis V, P. Papadopoulou E, Almpanidou S, Karamitopoulos L, Almaliotis D. Evaluation of contrast sensitivity in visually impaired individuals using K-CS test. A novel smartphone-based contrast sensitivity test-Design and validation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0288512. [PMID: 38330096 PMCID: PMC10852338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe the development and investigate the accuracy of a novel smartphone-based Contrast Sensitivity (CS) application, the K-CS test. METHODS A total of 67 visually impaired and 50 normal participants were examined monocularly using the novel digital K-CS test and the Pelli-Robson (PR) chart. The K-CS test examines letter contrast sensitivity in logarithmic units, using eight levels of contrast from logCS = ~0,1 to logCS = ~2,1 at two spatial frequencies of 1.5 and 3 cycles per degree (cpd). The K-CS test was compared to the gold standard, PR test and intra-session test repeatability was also examined. RESULTS The K-CS test in normally sighted was found to agree well with the PR, providing comparable mean scores in logCS (±SD) (K-CS = 1.908 ± 0.06 versus PR = 1.93 ± 0.05) at 1.5 cpd and mean (± SD) logCS at 3 cpd (K-CS = 1.83 ± 0.13 versus PR = 1.86 ± 0.07). The mean best corrected visual acuity of visually impaired participants was 0.67 LogMAR (SD = 0.21) and the K-CS was also found to agree well with the Pelli-Robson in this group, with an equivalent mean (±SD) logCS at 1.5 cpd: (K-CS = 1.19 ± 0.27, PR = 1.15 ± 0.31), 3 cpd: K-CS = 1.01 ± 0.33, PR = 0.94 ± 0.34. Regarding the intra-session test repeatability, both the K-CS test and the PR test showed good repeatability in terms of the 95% limits of agreement (LoA): K-CS = ±0.112 at 1.5 cpd and ±0.133 at 3 cpd, PR = ±0.143 at 1.5 cpd and ±0.183 in 3 cpd in visually impaired individuals. CONCLUSION The K-CS test provides a quick assessment of the CS both in normally sighted and visually impaired individuals. The K-CS could serve as an alternative tool to assess contrast sensitivity function using a smartphone and provides results that agree well with the commonly used PR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Karampatakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni P. Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula Almpanidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Karamitopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Diamantis Almaliotis
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Almaliotis D, Almpanidou S, Chatzimbalis T, Nikolaidou A, Talimtzi P, Karampatakis V. Correlation between color vision, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and photostress recovery in the visually impaired: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:742-747. [PMID: 38333302 PMCID: PMC10849460 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the correlation of colour vision, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and photostress recovery time test scores in visually impaired patients. Materials and methods A total of 133 subjects were enroled and 133 eyes were examined. The pathological group consisted of 76 (57.1%) males with an average age of 68.0 (SD=13.2) and 57 (42.9%) females, with an average age of 68.1 (SD=15.2), Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the differences in K-colour tests, HRR, visual acuity, Contrast Sensitivity test and photostress recovery time test between two different groups of severity. Results Correlations were found among colour vision tests, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and photostress recovery time scores in eyes with age-related macular degeneration, with diabetic retinopathy, with optic nerve diseases, and various other retinal diseases (P<0.05). In patients with moderate-visual impairments. Conclusions The colour vision test scores correlate with the scores of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and photostess recovery time test. It may be a useful clinical surrogate for functional vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamantis Almaliotis
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Cheng L, Peng S, Hao H, Ye D, Xu L, Zuo Y, Huang J. Effect of different screen brightness and devices on online visual acuity test. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:641-649. [PMID: 37606825 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to study the difference in test results of online visual acuity (VA) test under different devices and screen brightness conditions and to compare online VA test with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). METHODS Healthy volunteers with the best corrected VA of 0.0 LogMAR or higher were recruited. VAs under ETDRS were tested first, and then online VA test (the Stanford Acuity Test, StAT) visual acuities using iPad Air2 and Microsoft Surface pro4 under 50% and 100% screen brightness were performed. The VA results and the testing times were compared between different devices and screen brightness conditions. RESULTS A total of 101 eyes were included in this study. The VA results measured by the StAT were better than those of ETDRS. The VA results measured at 100% screen brightness were better than those of 50% brightness (mean difference, 0.013 logMAR at most, less than 1 letter); the VA results measured by iPad Air2 were better than those of Surface pro4 (mean difference, -0.009 logMAR at most, less than 1 letter). Significantly less time was spent on VA testing under StAT than that under ETDRS. CONCLUSION The impact of screen brightness and the device on the VA results generated by online VA tests was clinically insignificant. In addition, online VA tests are found to be reliable and more time efficient than ETDRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hua Hao
- Environmental Health Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Liya Xu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Yajing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Joseph A, Bullimore M, Drawnel F, Miranda M, Morgan Z, Wang YZ. Remote Monitoring of Visual Function in Patients with Maculopathy: The Aphelion Study. Ophthalmol Ther 2024; 13:409-422. [PMID: 38015309 PMCID: PMC10776523 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Remote monitoring of vision, using tools such as the shape discrimination hyperacuity (SDH) test, can detect disease activity in patients with maculopathy. We determined the in-clinic accuracy and repeatability of three myVisionTrack expanded version (mVTx) tests for self-testing of visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity. METHODS Aphelion, a single-arm, prospective study conducted at two sites in the USA, included adults with any maculopathy and a baseline VA of 0.7 log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (Snellen 20/100) or better. Participants completed the mVTx tests (tumbling E, Landolt C, contrast sensitivity, and SDH) and standard clinical tests (near and distance Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] charts and the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart). Test-retest repeatability and agreement between the mVTx tests and the corresponding clinical test were assessed by Bland-Altman analyses. Participants also completed a usability survey. RESULTS The mean age of the 122 participants was 67 years. The most common diagnosis was age-related macular degeneration (42% of patients). The tumbling E test had a test-retest 95% limit of agreement (LoA) of ± 0.18 logMAR; the Landolt C test, ± 0.23 logMAR; the SDH test, ± 0.24 logMAR; and the contrast sensitivity test, ± 0.32 log contrast threshold (logCT). Compared with the distance ETDRS chart, the LoA was ± 0.35 logMAR for the tumbling E test (mean difference, - 0.07 logMAR) and ± 0.39 logMAR for the Landolt C test (mean difference, 0.03 logMAR). For the contrast sensitivity test, the LoA compared with the Pelli-Robson chart was ± 0.30 logCT (mean difference, - 0.25 logCT). Most participants (85%) reported that they learned the tests quickly. The tumbling E test scored the highest on ease of use. CONCLUSION The mVTx tests of VA are accurate and repeatable, supporting their potential use alongside the SDH test to detect disease progression remotely between clinic visits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Bullimore
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Marco Miranda
- Roche Products, Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, UK
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Zoe Morgan
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Zhong Wang
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, 9600 N. Central Expressway, Suite 200, Dallas, TX, 75321, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Selvan K, Abuzaitoun R, Abalem MF, Vincent A, Andrews CA, Lacy GD, Farjo R, Kao K, Kao K, Dagnelie G, Musch DC, Jayasundera KT, Héon E. The validation of inherited retinal disease-specific patient-reported outcome measures in adolescent patients. Ophthalmic Genet 2023; 44:218-225. [PMID: 36974468 PMCID: PMC10198816 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2179074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the validity of the validate the adult patient-reported outcome measure tools, the Michigan Retinal Degeneration Questionnaire (MRDQ) and Michigan Vision-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (MVAQ), in adolescent patients with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). METHODS Ninety-one adolescent patients diagnosed with IRDs were recruited at the Hospital for Sick Children (University of Toronto) and the Kellogg Eye Center (University of Michigan). The patients were administered the MRDQ, MVAQ, and Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Test-retest variability was assessed in eighteen patients within 14 days of the initial administration. Adolescent responses were analyzed for validity and reliability. As a further validation step, comparisons were made to adult data from the original MRDQ and MVAQ studies to ensure consistency in response ranges. RESULTS The existing MRDQ and MVAQ content and format could accurately detect the impact of IRD on activities of daily living in adolescents with IRDs. No floor/ceiling effects were identified, test-retest reliability was established (r = 0.73-0.86), and no items were excluded after differential item functioning analysis. Domain and trait associations with visual acuity and IRD phenotypes were similar between adolescents and adults. CONCLUSIONS The MRDQ and MVAQ are psychometrically validated questionnaires for which we have shown validity for use in adolescent patients with IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin Selvan
- Genetics and Genome Biology (GGB) Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebhi Abuzaitoun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Abalem
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Genetics and Genome Biology (GGB) Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris A. Andrews
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabrielle D. Lacy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rafid Farjo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karissa Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Krystal Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gislin Dagnelie
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David C. Musch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - K. Thiran Jayasundera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elise Héon
- Genetics and Genome Biology (GGB) Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pérez Roche MT, Yam JC, Liu H, Gutierrez D, Pham C, Balasanyan V, García G, Cedillo Ley M, de Fernando S, Ortín M, Pueyo V. Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Preterm and Full-Term Children Using a Novel Digital Test. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010087. [PMID: 36670638 PMCID: PMC9856886 DOI: 10.3390/children10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Visual assessment in preverbal children mostly relies on the preferential looking paradigm. It requires an experienced observer to interpret the child's responses to a stimulus. DIVE (Device for an Integral Visual Examination) is a digital tool with an integrated eye tracker (ET) that lifts this requirement and automatizes this process. The aim of our study was to assess the development of two visual functions, visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS), with DIVE, in a large sample of children from 6 months to 14 years (y) of age, and to compare the results of preterm and full-term children. Participants were recruited in clinical settings from five countries. There were 2208 children tested, 609 of them were born preterm. Both VA and CS improved throughout childhood, with the maximum increase during the first 5 years of age. Gestational age, refractive error and age had an impact on VA results, while CS values were only influenced by age. With this study we report normative reference outcomes for VA and CS throughout childhood and validate the DIVE tests as a useful tool to measure basic visual functions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Pérez Roche
- Ofthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute of Heatlh Research (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Hu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Diego Gutierrez
- I3A Institute for Research in Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chau Pham
- National Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | | | - Gerardo García
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de la Ceguera, APEC, Ciudad de Mexico 04030, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Cedillo Ley
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de la Ceguera, APEC, Ciudad de Mexico 04030, Mexico
| | - Sandra de Fernando
- Ophthalmology Department, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Pueyo
- Ofthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute of Heatlh Research (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Mena-Guevara KJ, Piñero DP, de Fez D. Validation of Digital Applications for Evaluation of Visual Parameters: A Narrative Review. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:vision5040058. [PMID: 34842847 PMCID: PMC8628957 DOI: 10.3390/vision5040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review aimed to collect and critically analyze the scientific peer-reviewed literature that is available about the use of digital applications for evaluation of visual parameters in electronic devices (tablets and smartphones), confirming if there are studies calibrating and validating each of these applications. Three bibliographic search engines (using the search equation described in the paper) and the Mendeley reference manager search engine were used to complete the analysis. Only articles written in English and that are evaluating the use of tests in healthy patients to measure or characterize any visual function aspects using tablets or smartphones were included. Articles using electronic visual tests to assess the results of surgical procedures or are conducted in pathological conditions were excluded. A total of 19 articles meeting these inclusion and exclusion criteria were finally analyzed. One critical point of all these studies is that there was no mention of the characterization (spatial and/or colorimetrical) of screens and the stimuli used in most of them. Only two studies described some level of calibration of the digital device before the beginning of the study. Most revised articles described non-controlled comparatives studies (73.7%), reporting some level of scientific evidence on the validation of tools, although more consistent studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Mena-Guevara
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (K.J.M.-G.); (D.d.F.)
- Department of Pathology, University Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - David P. Piñero
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (K.J.M.-G.); (D.d.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, 03016 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965903500
| | - Dolores de Fez
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (K.J.M.-G.); (D.d.F.)
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Rijal S, Cheng H, Marsack JD. Comparing the CamBlobs2 contrast sensitivity test to the near Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test in normally-sighted young adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:1125-1133. [PMID: 34418124 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Contrast sensitivity (CS) has been proposed as a potential method for patients to assess their vision at home. The CamBlobs2 contrast sensitivity test is meant to be performed easily in the clinic or at home. The purpose of this study was to determine the intra-visit coefficient of repeatability of the CamBlobs2 compared with the near Pelli-Robson test, and the limits of agreement between these two tests on normally-sighted subjects. METHODS Twenty-two normally-sighted subjects (mean age 28 ± 4 years) completed two trials of the near Pelli-Robson and CamBlobs2 contrast sensitivity tests within a single visit. Tests were performed monocularly on each eye in random order. Pelli-Robson tests were scored as 0.05 logCS for each letter read correctly after deducting the first triplet. CamBlob2 tests were scored as the highest line where two or fewer blobs were marked correctly. The coefficient of repeatability was determined as 1.96 times the standard deviation of the difference between the two measurements using the same type of chart on the same eye. The limits of agreement between the two tests were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS The mean difference between intra-visit measurements for both the near Pelli-Robson and CamBlobs2 was less than 0.05 logCS and the coefficient of repeatability was within ±0.20 log CS for both left and right eyes. The mean ± standard deviation differences between near Pelli-Robson and CamBlobs2 scores was -0.08 ± 0.08 (limits of agreement: -0.24 to 0.09) for right eyes and -0.05 ± 0.10 (limits of agreement: -0.23 to 0.14) logCS for left eyes based on average measurements. CONCLUSIONS The intra-visit repeatability of CamBlobs2 was consistent with the near Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test (±0.20 logCS). With a 0.05 correction, the CamBlobs2 scores showed excellent agreement with the near Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Rijal
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Han Cheng
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason D Marsack
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Pang Y, Sparschu L, Wang J. Repeatability of an automated ETDRS contrast threshold measurement. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:896-899. [PMID: 33914932 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This technical report presents the repeatability of an automated Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) contrast threshold (ETDRS-CT) test in participants (N = 40) with normal vision as well as in subjects with reduced visual acuity. The automated ETDRS-CT test showed good test-retest repeatability between the two administrations in both normal and reduced vision participants. Measurement at the retest yielded 0.05 log higher contrast sensitivity than at the first measurement, which might be due to a learning effect among participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pang
- Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jingyun Wang
- SUNY College of Optometry, New York, New York, USA
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Validation of an Automated Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Low-contrast Letter Acuity Test. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 97:370-376. [PMID: 32413009 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Automated low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA) has several advantages: consistent luminance, reduced chance of individuals memorizing test letters, and convenient and accurate visual acuity reporting functions. Although automated LCLA might report slightly worse acuity than Sloan LCLA chart, considering its advantages, it may be a viable alternative to Sloan LCLA chart in clinical practice and research. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the repeatability of an automated LCLA measurement and its agreement with the Sloan LCLA chart test in normal participants and reduced-vision participants. METHODS Adult participants (n = 49) were measured with both automated Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and Sloan LCLA tests, including normal and reduced-vision groups. Low-contrast letter acuity at two contrast levels (2.5 and 10%) was measured at 3 m in a random sequence with both LCLA tests. To test repeatability, participants were retested 1 week later. Repeatability of the two tests between two visits and agreement between automated and Sloan LCLA tests were evaluated using 95% limits of agreement. RESULTS In terms of the 95% limits of agreement, the repeatability of both tests was as follows: automated LCLA at 2.5%, ±0.26; automated LCLA at 10%, ±0.22; Sloan LCLA at 2.5%, ±0.23, and Sloan LCLA at 10%, ±0.16. The agreement of the two tests was as follows: ±0.19 at 2.5% and ±0.24 at 10%. The automated LCLA at 2.5 and 10% levels was generally reported one-half to one logMAR line lower than Sloan LCLA (mean differences, -0.04 at 2.5% and -0.13 at 10%; paired t test, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The automated LCLA test shows fairly good test-retest repeatability at both 2.5 and 10% contrast levels. The agreement between the automated and the Sloan low-contrast letter acuity tests was comparable with test-retest agreement. Although the automated LCLA test reports slightly worse acuity than the Sloan LCLA test, it could be an appropriate alternative to the Sloan LCLA test.
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Richdale K, Cox I, Kollbaum P, Bullimore MA, Bakaraju RC, Gifford P, Plainis S, McKenney C, Newman S, Tomiyama ES, Morgan PB. CLEAR – Contact lens optics. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:220-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Datta A, Richdale K, Tomiyama ES, Hu C, Logan AKM, Skidmore K, Chandler MA, Ritchey ER, Wolffsohn JS. Near visual function measured with a novel tablet application in patients with astigmatism. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 104:42-47. [PMID: 32945015 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE While the clinical focus of performance metrics is traditionally based on visual acuity, research from the field of visual impairment has demonstrated that metrics such as reading speed and critical print size correlate much more strongly with subjective patient reported outcomes and assessed ability in real-world tasks. BACKGROUND More recently, digital device use has increasingly replaced many paper-based tasks. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the correlation between standard acuity/contrast metrics and functional reading ability compared to real-world performance on an iPad-based reading task with astigmatic patients corrected wearing toric and mean spherical equivalent contact lenses. METHODS Thirty-four adult participants, with -0.75 to -1.50-D of refractive astigmatism, were enrolled in a double-masked cross-over study and fitted with toric and spherical equivalent contact lenses, in random order. A digital application was developed to assess zoom, contrast modifications, the distance at which the tablet was held, blink rate, and time to complete the reading task. High and low contrast near logMAR visual acuity were measured along with reading performance (critical print size and optimal reading speed). RESULTS The amount participants chose to increase tablet font size (zoom) was correlated with their high-contrast visual acuity with toric correction (r = 0.434, p = 0.010). With best sphere correction, zoom was associated with reading speed (r = -0.450, p = 0.008) and working distance (r = 0.522, p = 0.002). Text zoom was also associated with horizontal (toric: r = 0.898, p < 0.001; sphere: r = 0.880, p < 0.001) and vertical scrolling (toric: r = 0.857, p < 0.001; sphere: r = 0.846, p < 0.001). There was a significant negative association between the selection of text contrast and zoom (toric: r = -0.417, p = 0.0141; sphere: r = -0.385, p = 0.025). CONCLUSION Real-world task performance allows more robust assessment of visual function than standard visual metrics alone. Digital technology offers the opportunity to better understand the impact of different vision correction options on real-world task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Datta
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn Richdale
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erin S Tomiyama
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chuan Hu
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anna-Kaye M Logan
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelsea Skidmore
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry , Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Eric R Ritchey
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- Optometry and Vision Science Research Group, Aston University , Birmingham, UK
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Varadaraj V, Assi L, Gajwani P, Wahl M, David J, Swenor BK, Ehrlich JR. Evaluation of Tablet-Based Tests of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Older Adults. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2020; 28:293-300. [PMID: 33185485 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2020.1846758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Recent innovations in mobile technology for the measurement of vision present a valuable opportunity to measure visual function in non-clinical settings, such as in the home and in field-based surveys. This study evaluated agreement between a tablet-based measurement of distance and near acuity and contrast sensitivity as compared to gold-standard clinical tests.Methods: Participants aged ≥55 years recruited from a tertiary eye clinic underwent testing with three tablet-based and corresponding gold-standard clinical measures (ETDRS distance acuity, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity, and MNRead near acuity). Correlation and agreement between tablet-based and clinical tests were assessed.Results: A total of 82 participants with a mean age of 69.1 (SD = 7.6) years, and majority female (67.1%) and white (64.6%), were enrolled in this study. The mean (SD) difference between the tests (gold-standard - tablet) was -0.04 (0.08) logMAR for distance acuity, -0.11 (0.13) log units for contrast sensitivity, and -0.09 (0.12) logMAR for near acuity. 95% limits of agreement for distance acuity (-0.21, 0.12 logMAR), near acuity (-0.34, 0.14 logMAR), and contrast sensitivity (-0.36, 0.14 logCS) were also determined. The correlation between tablet-based and gold-standard tests was strongest for distance acuity (r = 0.78), followed by contrast sensitivity (r = 0.75), and near acuity (r = 0.67). The agreement between the standard and tablet-based methods did not appear to be dependent on the level of vision.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the agreement of tablet-based and gold-standard tests of visual function in older adults. These findings have important implications for future population vision health surveillance and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varshini Varadaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lama Assi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Prateek Gajwani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madison Wahl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jenina David
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bonnielin K Swenor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua R Ehrlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Center for Eye Policy and Innovation University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
Psychophysical tests are commonly carried out using software applications running on desktop or laptop computers, but running the software on mobile handheld devices such as smartphones or tablets could have advantages in some situations. Here, we present StimuliApp, an open-source application in which the user can create psychophysical tests on the iPad and the iPhone by means of a system of menus. A wide number of templates for creating stimuli are available including patches, gradients, gratings, checkerboards, random-dots, texts, tones or auditory noise. Images, videos and audios stored in files could also be presented. The application was developed natively for iPadOS and iOS using the low-level interface Metal for accessing the graphics processing unit, which results in high timing performance.
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Hazari H, Curtis R, Eden K, Hopman WM, Irrcher I, Bona MD. Validation of the visual acuity iPad app Eye Chart Pro compared to the standard Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart in a low-vision population. J Telemed Telecare 2020; 28:680-686. [PMID: 32985378 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x20960640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A low-vision assessment (LVA) is central to developing a vision rehabilitation plan. However, access to LVAs is often limited by the quantity and geographic distribution of low-vision providers, as well as patient-centred transportation challenges. A tablet-based LVA tool kit, delivered virtually, has the potential to overcome many of these barriers. The purpose of this research was to validate a key component of the tablet-based tool kit - a commercially available iPad visual acuity (VA) test (Eye Chart Pro) iPad app - in a low-vision population. METHODS Participants with low vision (n = 26) and those who were normally sighted (n = 25) underwent VA testing with both the iPad VA test application and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. The VA data were compared using a t-test, linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the mean absolute difference in VA (log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR)=0.11; p = 0.82). Eye Chart Pro and Standard ETDRS Chart measures were also not significantly different (p = 0.98). However, there were significant differences between test methods in the low-vision group and the normally sighted group (p > 0.0001 and p = 0.007, respectively). The Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias (difference) of -0.0005 logMAR between methods, and 95% limits of agreement of 0.298 and -0.299 logMAR. DISCUSSION The ETDRS chart function on the Eye Chart Pro application can reliably measure VA across a range, from normally sighted patients to those with low vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hazari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
| | - Karen Eden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
| | - Wilma M Hopman
- Kingston Health Sciences Centre- Kingston General Hospital Research Institute, Canada
| | - Isabella Irrcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
| | - Mark D Bona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
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Curtis R, Hazari H, Eden K, Hopman WM, Irrcher I, Bona MD. Validation of a portable, remotely delivered refraction approach compared to standard in-clinic refraction in a low-vision population. J Telemed Telecare 2020; 28:662-669. [PMID: 32985381 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x20960628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A low-vision assessment (LVA) is critical in developing a vision rehabilitation plan. A remotely delivered LVA that replicates a standard in-clinic assessment may bridge the gap for patients not accessing care due to the limited quantity and distribution of low-vision providers. Within an LVA, an accurate and consistent assessment of refraction error is an essential component. No system has currently been validated for the purposes of a remote LVA. The purpose of this study was to validate a commercially available portable refraction approach in a low-vision population. METHODS Low-vision patients (n = 26) or normally sighted patients (n = 25) underwent a refraction assessment using the Adaptica® 2WIN autorefractor, adaptor scope (Kaleidos) and VisionFit phoropter portable refraction devices, as well as a standard autorefractor (Huvitz) and phoropter (Haag-Streit). Refraction data between systems and populations were compared using intraclass correlations. Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the differences between devices. RESULTS Spherical equivalent values were found to be reproducible between standard and experimental autorefraction devices (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.8) in both low-vision and normally sighted groups. Similarly, manifest refraction was highly consistent (ICC > 0.8) between devices in all groups. The Bland-Altman plots showed clinically acceptable mean differences of 0.701 between autorefraction methods and -0.116 between manifest refraction methods. DISCUSSION The 2WIN/VisionFit system can reliably generate refraction values across a spectrum of errors in normally sighted and visually impaired people, and would be feasible to deliver remotely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Curtis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hassan Hazari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Eden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilma M Hopman
- Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston General Hospital Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabella Irrcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Bona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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A critical review: Psychophysical assessments of diabetic retinopathy. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:213-230. [PMID: 32866468 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinal disease remains a leading cause of vision loss despite currently available screening methods, ocular treatments, and efforts to control metabolic dysfunction. It is now understood that diabetes damages the entire retina and the cellular components of the neurovascular unit. Multiple studies have demonstrated impairment of various aspects of retinal function across the spectrum of retinopathy severity. Here we review these tests, the principles underlying their use, clinical data from multiple publications, the strengths and limitations of the studies, and prospects for their application to understand the pathophysiology of diabetic retinal disease and monitor its response to therapy. We focus on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, visual field, and dark adaptation and their use to understand the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy and as potential endpoints for clinical trials.
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Vivas-Mateos G, Boswell S, Livingstone IAT, Delafield-Butt J, Giardini ME. Screen and Virtual Reality-Based Testing of Contrast Sensitivity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:6054-6057. [PMID: 33019351 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contrast sensitivity is a key visual ability for everyday tasks, as well as a potential indicator of important optical and neurological diseases. Current clinical standards, based on visual discrimination performance on printed charts, present problems that could be bypassed using electronic devices. This work describes the development of new tests for contrast sensitivity, based on the detection of a moving target on a computer screen and in virtual reality headset. It presents preliminary evaluation of these innovations by comparison of their performance, using healthy adults with normal vision and by artificially altering their contrast sensitivity. The results demonstrate consistent correlation between all test modalities explored.
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Randomized Clinical Trial of Near Visual Performance with Digital Devices Using Spherical and Toric Contact Lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 97:518-525. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Habtamu E, Bastawrous A, Bolster NM, Tadesse Z, Callahan EK, Gashaw B, Macleod D, Burton MJ. Development and Validation of a Smartphone-based Contrast Sensitivity Test. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:13. [PMID: 31579557 PMCID: PMC6743644 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Contrast sensitivity (CS) testing is an important measure of visual function reflecting variations in everyday visual experience in different conditions and helps to identify more subtle vision loss. However, it is only infrequently used. To make this more accessible, we have developed and validated a smartphone-based CS test. Methods A new tumbling-E smartphone-based CS test was developed, Peek Contrast Sensitivity (PeekCS). This was field tested and refined through several iterations. Reference standard was a tumbling-E Pelli-Robson CS test (PRCS). The validation study was conducted in community clinics in Ethiopia. Test-retest variability was measured for both PRCS and PeekCS. PRCS and PeekCS were then compared. Correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated; 95% limits of agreement were calculated and displayed on Bland-Altman plots. Results PeekCS showed strong repeatability (correlation coefficient: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.91–0.95), which was comparable with PRCS (correlation coefficient: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95–0.97). The 95% limit of agreement for test-retest variability of PRCS and PeekCS were −0.20 to 0.21 and −0.31 to 0.29, respectively. PRCS and PeekCS were highly correlated: 0.94 (95% CI: 0.93–0.95); 95% limits of agreement −0.27 to 0.29; and mean difference 0.010 (95% CI: −0.001 to 0.022). PeekCS had a faster testing time (44.6 seconds) than PRCS (48.6 seconds): mean difference −3.98 (95% CI: −5.38 to −2.58); P < 0.001. Conclusions The smartphone-based PeekCS is a repeatable and rapid test, providing results that are highly comparable with the commonly used PRCS test. Translational Relevance PeekCS provides an accessible and easy to perform alternative for CS testing, particularly in the community setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bastawrous
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Peek Vision Limited, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - David Macleod
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Tauste A, Albarrán C, Basterra I, Piñero D. Fast Measure of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity Defocus Curves with an iPad Application. Open Ophthalmol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874364101913010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:To evaluate the repeatability of the fast measurement of the visual acuity (VADC) and contrast sensitivity (CSDC) defocus curves with a new test as well as the agreement of measurements at far distance obtained with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart and the ClinicCSF test for measuring Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF).Method:Records from fifty-nine subjects implanted with Multifocal Intraocular Lenses (MIOLs) were retrieved from our database. VADC and CSDC were measured from +1.00 D to -4.00 D in 0.50 D steps. The agreement with the ETDRS and the CSF at far distance was assessed in comparison to the 0 D location of the VADC and the CSDC, respectively. The repeatability was evaluated in 34 subjects who consecutively repeated two measures.Results:Median Visual Acuity (VA) was -0.1 logMAR with the VADC at 0 D of defocus and 0 logMAR with the ETDRS (p>0.05). A total of 45.8% of eyes showed no differences between both tests and the difference was less than one line of VA in 96.6% of the eyes. The intrasubject repeatability was under one line of VA along all the defocus curve except for positive defocus levels. The CSDC showed the best agreement with the CSF for 18 cycles per degree. The CSDC was less repeatable than VADC. Mean time spent on completing the VADC and CSDC was 7.81 and 7.98 minutes, respectively.Conclusion:The VADC showed good agreement with the ETDRS and good repeatability despite the short testing time. In contrast, poorer repeatability was found for CSDC. Our method would facilitate the inclusion of VADC in clinical practice as it is a fast test, being also the first one including the measure of CSDC.
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Charlesworth JM, Davidson MA. Undermining a common language: smartphone applications for eye emergencies. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2019; 12:21-40. [PMID: 30697086 PMCID: PMC6339640 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s186529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emergency room physicians are frequently called upon to assess eye injuries and vision problems in the absence of specialized ophthalmologic equipment. Technological applications that can be used on mobile devices are only now becoming available. Objective To review the literature on the evidence of clinical effectiveness of smartphone applications for visual acuity assessment marketed by two providers (Google Play and iTunes). Methods The websites of two mobile technology vendors (iTunes and Google Play) in Canada and Ireland were searched on three separate occasions using the terms “eye”, “ocular”, “ophthalmology”, “optometry”, “vision”, and “visual assessment” to determine what applications were currently available. Four medical databases (Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Medline) were subsequently searched with the same terms AND mobile OR smart phone for papers in English published in years 2010–2017. Results A total of 5,024 Canadian and 2,571 Irish applications were initially identified. After screening, 44 were retained. Twelve relevant articles were identified from the health literature. After screening, only one validation study referred to one of our identified applications, and this one only partially validated the application as being useful for clinical purposes. Conclusion Mobile device applications in their current state are not suitable for emergency room ophthalmologic assessment, because systematic validation is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Charlesworth
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland, .,AM Charlesworth & Associates Science and Technology Consultants, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Myriam A Davidson
- AM Charlesworth & Associates Science and Technology Consultants, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
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Gupta L, Waisbourd M, Sanvicente CT, Hsieh M, Wizov SS, Spaeth EE, Richman J, Spaeth GL. Establishment of a normative database and evaluation of the test-retest repeatability of the Spaeth/Richman contrast sensitivity test. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018; 63:73-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-018-0640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Adams M, Ho CYD, Baglin E, Sharangan P, Wu Z, Lawson DJ, Luu CD, Turpin A, McKendrick AM, Guymer RH. Home Monitoring of Retinal Sensitivity on a Tablet Device in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:32. [PMID: 30386684 PMCID: PMC6205560 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.5.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We determine the feasibility of using a home-based tablet device to monitor retinal sensitivity (RS) in intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD), the benefits of weekly reminders, and the comparison with clinic-based results. Methods A customized test for tablets was designed to measure RS (within central 2°) in individuals with iAMD at weekly intervals in their home, with remote data collection. Half of the participants were randomized to receive weekly test reminders. Clinic-based microperimetric macular sensitivity results were compared to tablet results. Participation rates were analyzed at 2 months. Results Of 38 participants (mean age, 70.3 years) with iAMD enrolled in the study, 21 (55%) were using the tablet-based test at 2 months. Common reasons for inactivity were noncompatible devices (41.1%) or other technology access issues (35.3%). Participants with weekly reminders completed tests more regularly (6.6 ± 3.9 vs. 8.7 ± 4.1 days, P = 0.01), but weekly reminders showed no effect on participation rates (P = 0.69). Mean RS from the tablet device (25.03 ± 2.41 dB) was not significantly different from the clinic-based microperimetry performance (25.21 ± 2.20 dB; P = 0.58). Conclusions Regular monitoring of retinal function on a tablet device in a home setting in individuals with iAMD is feasible with results comparable to those of clinic-based microperimetry. Weekly reminders resulted in more frequent testing. Seamless ability to access technology will be important for higher participation rates. Translational Relevance The use of home-monitoring on a tablet-device is promising, but adequate support for an older cohort to take up technology is required if such a tool is to be useful for long-term home monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Adams
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chi Yun Doreen Ho
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Baglin
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pyrawy Sharangan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Lawson
- School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chi D Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Turpin
- School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn H Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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de Fez D, Luque MJ, Matea L, Piñero DP, Camps VJ. New iPAD-based test for the detection of color vision deficiencies. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:2349-2360. [PMID: 30291435 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate a new iPad-based color vision test (Optopad). METHODS A total of 341 student eyes were enrolled in a first comparative study between Optopad and the Isihara tests. In a second comparative study, Optopad vs. the Farnworth-Munsell test (FM 100H), a total of 66 adult eyes were included. Besides the agreement between tests, the correlation between FM 100H and Optopad outcomes were investigated. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict the total error score (TES) from contrast thresholds measured with the Optopad test. RESULTS The Ishihara and Optopad tests detected the same anomalous patients. Concerning FM 100H vs. Optopad, 10 subjects were diagnosed as anomalous with both tests, 3 mild anomalous cases based on TES were classified as normal with Optopad, and 2 anomalous subjects based on Optopad test showed normal TES values. Statistically significant correlations of TES and partial error red-green (PTESRG) with thresholds measured with the red-green Optopad stimuli were found. A multiple quadratic regression model was obtained relating TES and chromatic contrast values from Optopad (R2 = 0.855), with only 13 cases showing residuals of ≥ 25 units. CONCLUSIONS The design and implementation of a chromatic contrast discrimination test has been carried out, with promising clinical results. This test seems to provide comparable outcomes to those obtained with Ishihara and FM 100H tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores de Fez
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | | | - Lucía Matea
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente J Camps
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Wolffsohn JS, Davies LN. Presbyopia: Effectiveness of correction strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 68:124-143. [PMID: 30244049 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Presbyopia is a global problem affecting over a billion people worldwide. The prevalence of unmanaged presbyopia is as high as 50% of those over 50 years of age in developing world populations, due to a lack of awareness and accessibility to affordable treatment, and is even as high as 34% in developed countries. Definitions of presbyopia are inconsistent and varied, so we propose a redefinition that states "presbyopia occurs when the physiologically normal age-related reduction in the eye's focusing range reaches a point, when optimally corrected for distance vision, that the clarity of vision at near is insufficient to satisfy an individual's requirements". Strategies for correcting presbyopia include separate optical devices located in front of the visual system (reading glasses) or a change in the direction of gaze to view through optical zones of different optical powers (bifocal, trifocal or progressive addition spectacle lenses), monovision (with contact lenses, intraocular lenses, laser refractive surgery and corneal collagen shrinkage), simultaneous images (with contact lenses, intraocular lenses and corneal inlays), pinhole depth of focus expansion (with intraocular lenses, corneal inlays and pharmaceuticals), crystalline lens softening (with lasers or pharmaceuticals) or restored dynamics (with 'accommodating' intraocular lenses, scleral expansion techniques and ciliary muscle electrostimulation); these strategies may be applied differently to the two eyes to optimise the range of clear focus for an individual's task requirements and minimise adverse visual effects. However, none fully overcome presbyopia in all patients. While the restoration of natural accommodation or an equivalent remains elusive, guidance is given on presbyopic correction evaluation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Wolffsohn
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Leon N Davies
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of multifocal contact lenses on accommodation and phoria in children. METHODS This was a prospective, non-dispensing, randomized, crossover, single-visit study. Myopic children with normal accommodation and binocularity and no history of myopia control treatment were enrolled and fitted with CooperVision Biofinity single vision (SV) and multifocal (MF, +2.50D center distance add) contact lenses. Accommodative responses (photorefraction) and phorias (modified Thorington) were measured at four distances (>3 m, 100 cm, 40 cm, 25 cm). Secondary measures included high- and low-contrast logMAR acuity, accommodative amplitude, and facility. Differences between contact lens designs were analyzed using repeated measures regression and paired t-tests. RESULTS A total of 16 subjects, aged 10 to 15 years, completed the study. There was a small decrease in high (SV: -0.08, MF: +0.01) and low illumination (SV: -0.03, MF: +0.08) (both P < .01) visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity (SV: 2.0, MF: 1.9 log units, P = .015) with multifocals. Subjects were more exophoric at 40 cm (SV: -0.41, MF: -2.06 Δ) and 25 cm (SV: -0.83, MF: -4.30 Δ) (both P < .01). With multifocals, subjects had decreased accommodative responses at distance (SV: -0.04; MF: -0.37D, P = .02), 100 cm (SV: +0.37; MF: -0.35D, P < .01), 40 cm (SV: +1.82; MF: +0.62D, P < .01), and 25 cm (SV: +3.38; MF: +1.75D, P < .01). There were no significant differences in accommodative amplitude (P = .66) or facility (P = .54). CONCLUSIONS Children wearing multifocal contact lenses exhibited reduced accommodative responses and more exophoria at increasingly higher accommodative demands than with single vision contact lenses. This suggests that children may be relaxing their accommodation and using the positive addition or increased depth of focus from added spherical aberration of the multifocals. Further studies are needed to evaluate other lens designs, different amounts of positive addition and aberrations, and long-term adaptation to lenses.
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Bodduluri L, Boon MY, Ryan M, Dain SJ. Impact of Gamification of Vision Tests on the User Experience. Games Health J 2017; 6:229-236. [PMID: 28691854 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2016.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gamification has been incorporated into vision tests and vision therapies in the expectation that it may increase the user experience and engagement with the task. The current study aimed to understand how gamification affects the user experience, specifically during the undertaking of psychophysical tasks designed to estimate vision thresholds (chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity). METHODS Three tablet computer-based games were developed with three levels of gaming elements. Game 1 was designed to be a simple clinical test (no gaming elements), game 2 was similar to game 1 but with added gaming elements (i.e., feedback, scores, and sounds), and game 3 was a complete game. Participants (N = 144, age: 9.9-42 years) played three games in random order. The user experience for each game was assessed using a Short Feedback Questionnaire. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) fun level for the three games was 2.5 (1.6), 3.9 (1.7), and 2.5 (2.8), respectively. Overall, participants reported greater fun level and higher preparedness to play the game again for game 2 than games 1 and 3 (P < 0.05). There were significant positive correlations observed between fun level and preparedness to play the game again for all the games (p < 0.05). Engagement (assessed as completion rates) did not differ between the games. CONCLUSION Gamified version (game 2) was preferred to the other two versions. Over the short term, the careful application of gaming elements to vision tests was found to increase the fun level of users, without affecting engagement with the vision test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Bodduluri
- 1 School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | - Mei Ying Boon
- 1 School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | - Malcolm Ryan
- 2 Department of Computing, Macquarie University , Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen J Dain
- 1 School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
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Thurman SM, Davey PG, McCray KL, Paronian V, Seitz AR. Predicting individual contrast sensitivity functions from acuity and letter contrast sensitivity measurements. J Vis 2017; 16:15. [PMID: 28006065 PMCID: PMC5221673 DOI: 10.1167/16.15.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast sensitivity (CS) is widely used as a measure of visual function in both basic research and clinical evaluation. There is conflicting evidence on the extent to which measuring the full contrast sensitivity function (CSF) offers more functionally relevant information than a single measurement from an optotype CS test, such as the Pelli-Robson chart. Here we examine the relationship between functional CSF parameters and other measures of visual function, and establish a framework for predicting individual CSFs with effectively a zero-parameter model that shifts a standard-shaped template CSF horizontally and vertically according to independent measurements of high contrast acuity and letter CS, respectively. This method was evaluated for three different CSF tests: a chart test (CSV-1000), a computerized sine-wave test (M&S Sine Test), and a recently developed adaptive test (quick CSF). Subjects were 43 individuals with healthy vision or impairment too mild to be considered low vision (acuity range of -0.3 to 0.34 logMAR). While each test demands a slightly different normative template, results show that individual subject CSFs can be predicted with roughly the same precision as test-retest repeatability, confirming that individuals predominantly differ in terms of peak CS and peak spatial frequency. In fact, these parameters were sufficiently related to empirical measurements of acuity and letter CS to permit accurate estimation of the entire CSF of any individual with a deterministic model (zero free parameters). These results demonstrate that in many cases, measuring the full CSF may provide little additional information beyond letter acuity and contrast sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Thurman
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, Los Angeles, CA,
| | | | - Kaydee Lynn McCray
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA,
| | - Violeta Paronian
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA,
| | - Aaron R Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA,
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of a computer-generated Pelli-Robson test displayed on liquid crystal display (LCD) systems compared to a standard Pelli-Robson chart. METHODS Two different randomized crossover experiments were carried out for two different LCD systems for 32 subjects: 6 females and 10 males (40.5 ± 13.0 years) and 9 females and 7 males (27.8 ± 12.2 years), respectively, in the first and second experiment. Two repeated measurements were taken with the printed Pelli-Robson test and with the LCDs at 1 and 3 m. To test LCD reliability, measurements were repeated after 1 week. RESULTS In Experiment 1, contrast sensitivity (CS) measured with LCD1 resulted significantly higher than Pelli-Robson both at 1 and at 3 m of about 0.20 log 1/C in both eyes (p < 0.01). Bland-Altman plots showed a proportional bias for LCD1 measures. LCD1 measurements showed reasonable repeatability: ICC was 0.83 and 0.65 at 1 and 3 m, respectively. In Experiment 2, CS measured with LCD2 resulted significantly lower than Pelli-Robson both at 1 and at 3 m of about 0.10 log 1/C in both eyes (p < 0.01). Bland-Altman plots did not show any proportional bias for LCD2 measures. LCD2 measurements showed sufficient repeatability: ICC resulted 0.51 and 0.65 at 1 and 3 m, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Computer-generated versions of Pelli-Robson test, displayed on LCD systems, do not provide accurate results compared to classic Pelli-Robson printed version. Clinicians should consider that Pelli-Robson computer-generated versions could be non-interchangeable to the printed version.
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Dorr M, Lesmes LA, Elze T, Wang H, Lu ZL, Bex PJ. Evaluation of the precision of contrast sensitivity function assessment on a tablet device. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46706. [PMID: 28429773 PMCID: PMC5399462 DOI: 10.1038/srep46706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) relates the visibility of a spatial pattern to both its size and contrast, and is therefore a more comprehensive assessment of visual function than acuity, which only determines the smallest resolvable pattern size. Because of the additional dimension of contrast, estimating the CSF can be more time-consuming. Here, we compare two methods for rapid assessment of the CSF that were implemented on a tablet device. For a single-trial assessment, we asked 63 myopes and 38 emmetropes to tap the peak of a "sweep grating" on the tablet's touch screen. For a more precise assessment, subjects performed 50 trials of the quick CSF method in a 10-AFC letter recognition task. Tests were performed with and without optical correction, and in monocular and binocular conditions; one condition was measured twice to assess repeatability. Results show that both methods are highly correlated; using both common and novel measures for test-retest repeatability, however, the quick CSF delivers more precision with testing times of under three minutes. Further analyses show how a population prior can improve convergence rate of the quick CSF, and how the multi-dimensional output of the quick CSF can provide greater precision than scalar outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dorr
- Technical University Munich, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Luis A. Lesmes
- Adaptive Sensory Technology, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tobias Elze
- Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Jilin University of Finance and Economics, Changchun, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter J. Bex
- Northeastern University, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Normative values for a tablet computer-based application to assess chromatic contrast sensitivity. Behav Res Methods 2017; 50:673-683. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-017-0893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Keay L, Dillon L, Clemson L, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, McCluskey P, Ramulu P, Jan S, Rogers K, Martin J, Tinsley F, Jakobsen KB, Ivers RQ. PrevenTing Falls in a high-risk, vision-impaired population through specialist ORientation and Mobility services: protocol for the PlaTFORM randomised trial. Inj Prev 2017; 24:459-466. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundOlder people with vision impairment have significant ongoing morbidity, including risk of falls, but are neglected in fall prevention programmes. PlaTFORM is a pragmatic evaluation of the Lifestyle-integrated Functional Exercise fall prevention programme for older people with vision impairment or blindness (v-LiFE). Implementation and scalability issues will also be investigated.MethodsPlaTFORM is a single-blinded, randomised trial designed to evaluate the v-LiFE programme compared with usual care. Primary outcomes are fall rate over 12 months, measured using prospective monthly fall calendars, and function and participation assessed by the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (Late-Life FDI) Function component. The secondary outcome is rate of falls requiring medical care. Activity-normalised fall rate will be estimated using accelerometer-measured physical activity data. EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level questionnaire will measure quality of life and impact of falls. Health record linkage will estimate resource use associated with falls. v-LiFE cost-effectiveness will be determined compared with usual care. 500 participants (250 per group) can provide 90% power to detect a significant between-group difference in fall rates; 588 will be recruited to allow for drop-out. Falls per person-year and Late-Life FDI will be compared between groups.DiscussionPlaTFORM will determine if falls can be prevented among older people with vision loss through a home-based exercise programme. v-LiFE embeds balance and strength training within everyday activities with the aim of preventing falls. The study will also determine whether the programme can be effectively delivered by personnel who provide Orientation and Mobility training for people with vision impairment.Trial registration numberACTRN12616001186448p.
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Mednick Z, Jaidka A, Nesdole R, Bona M. Assessing the iPad as a tool for low-vision rehabilitation. Can J Ophthalmol 2017; 52:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the reliability of measuring CS with uncalibrated iPads. METHODS Six random iPads with retina display were calibrated with a colorimeter and the correlation between Luminance (L) and pixel level (y) was computed according to an exponential function. The mean and confidence interval (±2SD) obtained from the six iPads were calculated and the bit-stealing technique was applied for expanding y from 256 to 2540 possible values. The L of the optotype was computed for the selected contrast values (logC) represented in log units, using 0.1 log and 0.05 log steps. At each particular y, the contrast was considered reliable when the mean L plus 2SD was less than half the difference of luminance between two consecutive levels of contrast. Differences between the iPads for the Experimental logC were evaluated with the Friedman test. RESULTS Luminance properties vary between devices, which were reflected in the computed Experimental logC (p < 0.0005). The contrast was found to be reliable for 0.1 log steps in the range from 0 to -2.2 log. On the other hand, for steps of 0.05 log, the contrast was only reliable for values ranging from 0 to -1.7 log. DISCUSSION Both luminance and contrast steps differed between iPads with the same retina display, making it necessary to calibrate each display to achieve accurate luminance and contrast steps of 0.05 log units or less. However, for screening purposes utilizing contrast steps of 0.1 log unit or greater for a validated psychophysical test, calibration is not required to achieve accurate results across the displays described herein.
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Vingrys AJ, Healey JK, Liew S, Saharinen V, Tran M, Wu W, Kong GYX. Validation of a Tablet as a Tangent Perimeter. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2016; 5:3. [PMID: 27486553 PMCID: PMC4959816 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.5.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To describe a tangent perimeter developed on an Apple iPad (Melbourne Rapid Field, MRF). Methods: The MRF assays 66 locations over 28° × 18° by having the patient vary fixation. Spot size and background luminance are paired to yield constant thresholds across the field. Spot locations were selected after analysis of 360 patient records. The capacity of the MRF to detect defects was verified in five participants (age 22–28 years) by simulating four common losses: central, arcuate, quadrant, and hemianopia. We also consider the effect of: myosis, blur (+3 DS), viewing distance (25–75 cm), ambient light (4–600 lux), and retest repeatability (1-week apart) on thresholds. Group means [SEM] are compared by Student's t-test and repeatability returned from Bland-Altman analysis. Results: We found a 5 cd.m−2 background replicates the Weber fraction produced by a Humphrey spot shown at 35 dB. Our variable size gives constant thresholds (29.6 [0.2] dB) across all locations. Altering viewing distance (25 cm = 29.8 [0.9] dB; 75 cm = 28.9 [0.6] dB) and ambient lighting (4 lux, 29.8 [0.8] dB; 600 lux, 29.5 [1.0] dB) did not affect threshold although screen reflections must be avoided. Myosis (−1.2 dB) and blur (−1.5 dB) will reduce sensitivity (P < 0.05). Simulated defects with a mean defect (MD) of −3.3 dB are detected by the MRF. The Coefficient of repeatability was 9.6% (SD ∼2.9 dB) in normal regions and 48.1% (SD ∼8.0 dB) in areas of simulated scotoma. Conclusions: Tablet technology can return efficient and reliable thresholds to 30° as a tangent perimeter. Translational Relevance: The MRF will allow testing at a bedside, at home, in rural or remote areas, or where equipment cannot be financed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algis J Vingrys
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica K Healey
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheryl Liew
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veera Saharinen
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Tran
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - William Wu
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Y X Kong
- Centre of Eye Research Australia, 32 Gisborne St East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kingsnorth A, Drew T, Grewal B, Wolffsohn JS. Mobile app Aston contrast sensitivity test. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 99:350-5. [PMID: 27291146 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast detection is an important aspect of the assessment of visual function; however, clinical tests evaluate limited spatial frequencies and contrasts. This study validates the accuracy and inter-test repeatability of a swept-frequency near and distance mobile app Aston contrast sensitivity test, which overcomes this limitation compared to traditional charts. METHOD Twenty subjects wearing their full refractive correction underwent contrast sensitivity testing on the new near application (near app), distance app, CSV-1000 and Pelli-Robson charts with full correction and with vision degraded by 0.8 and 0.2 Bangerter degradation foils. In addition repeated measures using the 0.8 occluding foil were taken. RESULTS The mobile apps (near more than distance, p = 0.005) recorded a higher contrast sensitivity than printed tests (p < 0.001); however, all charts showed a reduction in measured contrast sensitivity with degradation (p < 0.001) and a similar decrease with increasing spatial frequency (interaction > 0.05). Although the coefficient of repeatability was lowest for the Pelli-Robson charts (0.14 log units), the mobile app charts measured more spatial frequencies, took less time and were more repeatable (near: 0.26 to 0.37 log units; distance: 0.34 to 0.39 log units) than the CSV-1000 (0.30 to 0.93 log units). The duration to complete the CSV-1000 was 124 ± 37 seconds, Pelli-Robson 78 ± 27 seconds, near app 53 ± 15 seconds and distance app 107 ± 36 seconds. CONCLUSIONS While there were differences between charts in contrast levels measured, the new Aston near and distance apps are valid, repeatable and time-efficient method of assessing contrast sensitivity at multiple spatial frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Kingsnorth
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tom Drew
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bikramjit Grewal
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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Abstract
Recent advances in technology and the increased use of tablet computers for mobile health applications such as vision testing necessitate an understanding of the behavior of the displays of such devices, to facilitate the reproduction of existing or the development of new vision assessment tests. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical characteristics of one model of tablet computer (iPad mini Retina display) with regard to display consistency across a set of devices (15) and their potential application as clinical vision assessment tools. Once the tablet computer was switched on, it required about 13 min to reach luminance stability, while chromaticity remained constant. The luminance output of the device remained stable until a battery level of 5%. Luminance varied from center to peripheral locations of the display and with viewing angle, whereas the chromaticity did not vary. A minimal (1%) variation in luminance was observed due to temperature, and once again chromaticity remained constant. Also, these devices showed good temporal stability of luminance and chromaticity. All 15 tablet computers showed gamma functions approximating the standard gamma (2.20) and showed similar color gamut sizes, except for the blue primary, which displayed minimal variations. The physical characteristics across the 15 devices were similar and are known, thereby facilitating the use of this model of tablet computer as visual stimulus displays.
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42
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Livingstone IAT, Tarbert CM, Giardini ME, Bastawrous A, Middleton D, Hamilton R. Photometric Compliance of Tablet Screens and Retro-Illuminated Acuity Charts As Visual Acuity Measurement Devices. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150676. [PMID: 27002333 PMCID: PMC4803292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile technology is increasingly used to measure visual acuity. Standards for chart-based acuity tests specify photometric requirements for luminance, optotype contrast and luminance uniformity. Manufacturers provide some photometric data but little is known about tablet performance for visual acuity testing. This study photometrically characterised seven tablet computers (iPad, Apple inc.) and three ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) visual acuity charts with room lights on and off, and compared findings with visual acuity measurement standards. Tablet screen luminance and contrast were measured using nine points across a black and white checkerboard test screen at five arbitrary brightness levels. ETDRS optotypes and adjacent white background luminance and contrast were measured. All seven tablets (room lights off) exceeded the most stringent requirement for mean luminance (≥ 120 cd/m2) providing the nominal brightness setting was above 50%. All exceeded contrast requirement (Weber ≥ 90%) regardless of brightness setting, and five were marginally below the required luminance uniformity threshold (Lmin/Lmax ≥ 80%). Re-assessing three tablets with room lights on made little difference to mean luminance or contrast, and improved luminance uniformity to exceed the threshold. The three EDTRS charts (room lights off) had adequate mean luminance (≥ 120 cd/m2) and Weber contrast (≥ 90%), but all three charts failed to meet the luminance uniformity standard (Lmin/Lmax ≥ 80%). Two charts were operating beyond manufacturer's recommended lamp replacement schedule. With room lights on, chart mean luminance and Weber contrast increased, but two charts still had inadequate luminance uniformity. Tablet computers showed less inter-device variability, higher contrast, and better luminance uniformity than charts in both lights-on and lights-off environments, providing brightness setting was >50%. Overall, iPad tablets matched or marginally out-performed ETDRS charts in terms of photometric compliance with high contrast acuity standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. A. T. Livingstone
- Department of Ophthalmology & Glasgow Centre for Ophthalmic Research, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - C. M. Tarbert
- Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M. E. Giardini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A. Bastawrous
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - D. Middleton
- Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R. Hamilton
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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43
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Hwang AD, Peli E. Positive and negative polarity contrast sensitivity measuring app. IS&T INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2016; 2016:10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.16.HVEI-122. [PMID: 28649669 PMCID: PMC5481843 DOI: 10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2016.16.hvei-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Contrast sensitivity (CS) quantifies an observer's ability to detect the smallest (threshold) luminance difference between a target and its surrounding. In clinical settings, printed letter contrast charts are commonly used, and the contrast of the letter stimuli is specified by the Weber contrast definition. Those paper-printed charts use negative polarity contrast (NP, dark letters on bright background) and are not available with positive polarity contrast (PP, bright letters on dark background), as needed in a number of applications. We implemented a mobile CS measuring app supporting both NP and PP contrast stimuli that mimic the paper charts for NP. A novel modified Weber definition was developed to specify the contrast of PP letters. The validity of the app is established in comparison with the paper chart. We found that our app generates more accurate and a wider range of contrast stimuli than the paper chart (especially at the critical high CS, low contrast range), and found a clear difference between NP and PP CS measures (CSNP>CSPP) despite the symmetry afforded by the modified Weber contrast definition. Our app provides a convenient way to measure CS in both lighted and dark environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Hwang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute - Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA02114, USA
| | - Eli Peli
- Schepens Eye Research Institute - Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA02114, USA
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44
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Abstract
PURPOSE Available applications for vision testing in mobile devices usually do not include detailed setup instructions, sacrificing rigor to obtain portability and ease of use. In particular, colorimetric characterization processes are generally obviated. We show that different mobile devices differ also in colorimetric profile and that those differences limit the range of applications for which they are most adequate. METHODS The color reproduction characteristics of four mobile devices, two smartphones (Samsung Galaxy S4, iPhone 4s) and two tablets (Samsung Galaxy Tab 3, iPad 4), have been evaluated using two procedures: 3D LUT (Look Up Table) and a linear model assuming primary constancy and independence of the channels. The color reproduction errors have been computed with the CIEDE2000 color difference formula. RESULTS There is good constancy of primaries but large deviations of additivity. The 3D LUT characterization yields smaller reproduction errors and dispersions for the Tab 3 and iPhone 4 devices, but for the iPad 4 and S4, both models are equally good. The smallest reproduction errors occur with both Apple devices, although the iPad 4 has the highest number of outliers of all devices with both colorimetric characterizations. CONCLUSIONS Even though there is good constancy of primaries, the large deviations of additivity exhibited by the devices and the larger reproduction errors make any characterization based on channel independence not recommendable. The smartphone screens show, in average, the best color reproduction performance, particularly the iPhone 4, and therefore, they are more adequate for applications requiring precise color reproduction.
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45
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Wu Z, Guymer RH, Jung CJ, Goh JK, Ayton LN, Luu CD, Lawson DJ, Turpin A, McKendrick AM. Measurement of Retinal Sensitivity on Tablet Devices in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2015; 4:13. [PMID: 26175959 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.4.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared measurements of central retinal sensitivity on a portable, low-cost tablet device to the established method of microperimetry in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A customized test designed to measure central retinal sensitivity (within the central 1° radius) on a tablet device was developed using an open-source platform called PsyPad. A total of 30 participants with AMD were included in this study, and all participants performed a practice test on PsyPad, followed by four tests of one eye and one test of the other eye. Participants then underwent standardized microperimetry examinations in both eyes. RESULTS The average test duration on PsyPad was 53.9 ± 7.5 seconds, and no significant learning effect was observed over the examinations performed (P = 1.000). The coefficient of repeatability of central retinal sensitivity between the first two examinations on PsyPad was ±1.76 dB. The mean central retinal sensitivity was not significantly different between PsyPad (25.7 ± 0.4 dB) and microperimetry (26.1 ± 0.4 dB, P = 0.094), and the 95% limits of agreement between the two measures were between -4.12 and 4.92 dB. CONCLUSIONS The measurements of central retinal sensitivity can be performed effectively using a tablet device, displaying reasonably good agreement with those obtained using the established method of microperimetry. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE These findings highlight the potential of tablet devices as low-cost and portable tools for developing and performing visual function measures that can be easily and widely implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn H Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chang J Jung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan K Goh
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren N Ayton
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chi D Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Lawson
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Turpin
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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46
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Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Remón L, Monsoriu JA, Furlan WD. Designing a new test for contrast sensitivity function measurement with iPad. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2015; 8:101-108. [PMID: 25890826 PMCID: PMC4401826 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce a new application (ClinicCSF) to measure Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) with tablet devices, and to compare it against the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT). METHODS A total of 42 subjects were arranged in two groups of 21 individuals. Different versions of the ClinicCSF (.v1 and .v2) were used to measure the CSF of each group with the same iPad and the results were compared with those measured with the FACT. The agreements between ClinicCSF and FACT for spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles per degree (cpd) were represented by Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in CSF of both groups were found due to the change of the ClinicCSF version (p<0.05) while no differences were manifested with the use of the same FACT test. The best agreement with the FACT was found with the ClinicCSF.v2 with no significant differences in all the evaluated spatial frequencies. However, the 95% confidence intervals for mean differences between ClinicCSF and FACT were lower for the version which incorporated a staircase psychophysical method (ClinicCSF.v1), mainly for spatial frequencies of 6, 12 and 18 cpd. CONCLUSIONS The new ClinicCSF application for iPad retina showed no significant differences with FACT test when the same contrast sensitivity steps were used. In addition, it is shown that the accurateness of a vision screening could be improved with the use of an appropriate psychophysical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodríguez-Vallejo
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Óptica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Laura Remón
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan A Monsoriu
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter D Furlan
- Departamento de Óptica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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47
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Visual-Function Tests for Self-monitoring of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Optom Vis Sci 2014; 91:956-65. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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