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Liu YF, Qian Y, Bi HY. Visual motion processing in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia: An fMRI study. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2022; 28:431-447. [PMID: 36329601 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal stream is an important pathway for visual information transmission. As a part of the dorsal pathway, the middle temporal visual motion areas (V5/MT+) are mainly responsible for visual motion processing and the ability of visual motion processing is closely related to reading. Compared with alphabetic scripts, the visual structure of Chinese characters is more complex and there are no clear grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules. So the ability of visual analysis plays an important role in Chinese character processing. This study first investigated the brain activation of Chinese dyslexic children and children of the same chronological age when they observed coherent motion stimuli. ROI analysis indicated that only the activation of left V5/MT+ was significantly weaker in dyslexics than that in the control group. The activity of the magnocellular-dorsal stream was closely related to orthographic awareness in the combined data (two groups) and the typical children. In dyslexia group, the stronger the activation of V5/MT+ was, the worse the phonological awareness, rapid naming performance and orthographic awareness were. In short, Chinese dyslexic children were deficient in the activation of the left V5/MT+ and the activity of the magnocellular-dorsal pathway was closely related to orthographic awareness in Chinese pupils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Textile and Apparel Press, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Qian Y, Bi Y, Wang X, Zhang YW, Bi HY. Visual dorsal stream is associated with Chinese reading skills: A resting-state fMRI study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2016; 160:42-49. [PMID: 27474853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the relationship between visual dorsal stream and Chinese reading by resting-state fMRI technique. We collected the resting-state brain activities and reading skills of Chinese-speaking adult readers. The results showed that the values of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and left visual middle temporal area (MT) (two regions of dorsal stream) were significantly correlated with rapid naming (RAN) speed, and the ALFF values of right PPC were correlated with orthographic awareness (OA). Further resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis revealed that RAN speed was related to RSFCs between dorsal stream areas and reading areas (e.g., left fusiform gyrus, bilateral middle occipital gyrus). OA was correlated with RSFCs between right PPC and left middle occipital gyrus. It suggested that spontaneous activities of visual dorsal stream, as well as connection between it and reading-related areas, were highly associated with Chinese reading skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Humanities, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaosha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhang
- School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Qian Y, Deng Y, Zhao J, Bi HY. Magnocellular-dorsal pathway function is associated with orthographic but not phonological skill: fMRI evidence from skilled Chinese readers. Neuropsychologia 2015; 71:84-90. [PMID: 25813780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that magnocellular-dorsal (MD) pathway function is highly associated with reading ability, which is mostly indexed by phonological skill in alphabetic languages. However, it is less clear how MD pathway function influences phonological skill. As a logographic language, Chinese does not follow grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules, and thus provides a tool for delineating the effects of orthographic and phonological processing on reading. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure MD pathway function in a coherent motion detection task for readers skilled in Chinese. A series of tests was used to assess participants' reading abilities, including orthographic and phonological processing skills. Results showed that several cortical regions of the MD pathway, including bilateral middle temporal visual motion areas (MT+) and the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC), were activated during the coherent motion detection task. Moreover, the activation was positively correlated with rapid naming speed, and greater activation in the left MT+ was associated with superior fluency and reduced accuracy in reading, suggesting that this pathway is also involved in modulating the speed of visual processing during reading. The most important finding was that activation of the right PPC was associated with orthographic awareness, but MD pathway activation was not related to phonological awareness. The results suggest that the MD pathway is highly associated with orthographic processing, which in turn influences more general aspects of reading skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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Skottun BC. The need to differentiate the magnocellular system from the dorsal stream in connection with dyslexia. Brain Cogn 2015; 95:62-6. [PMID: 25699484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A number of authors have postulated a "magnocellular-dorsal stream" deficit in dyslexia. Combining the magnocellular system and the dorsal stream into a single entity in this context faces the problem that contrast sensitivity data do not point to a magnocellular deficiency linked to dyslexia, while, on the other hand, motion perception data are largely consistent with a dorsal stream dysfunction. Thus, there are data both for and against a "magnocellular-dorsal stream" deficit in connection with dyslexia. It is here pointed out that this inconsistency is abolished once it is recognized that the magnocellular system and the dorsal stream are separate entities.
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Barot N, McLean RJ, Gottlob I, Proudlock FA. The effect of colored overlays on reading performance in infantile nystagmus. Ophthalmology 2013; 121:804-5.e2. [PMID: 24314838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Barot
- Ophthalmology Group, University of Leicester, Faculty of Medicine & Biological Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Rebecca J McLean
- Ophthalmology Group, University of Leicester, Faculty of Medicine & Biological Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Irene Gottlob
- Ophthalmology Group, University of Leicester, Faculty of Medicine & Biological Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Frank A Proudlock
- Ophthalmology Group, University of Leicester, Faculty of Medicine & Biological Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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Heim S, Weidner R, von Overheidt AC, Tholen N, Grande M, Amunts K. Experimental induction of reading difficulties in normal readers provides novel insights into the neurofunctional mechanisms of visual word recognition. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:461-71. [PMID: 23400699 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phonological and visual dysfunctions may result in reading deficits like those encountered in developmental dyslexia. Here, we use a novel approach to induce similar reading difficulties in normal readers in an event-related fMRI study, thus systematically investigating which brain regions relate to different pathways relating to orthographic-phonological (e.g. grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, GPC) vs. visual processing. Based upon a previous behavioural study (Tholen et al. 2011), the retrieval of phonemes from graphemes was manipulated by lowering the identifiability of letters in familiar vs. unfamiliar shapes. Visual word and letter processing was impeded by presenting the letters of a word in a moving, non-stationary manner. FMRI revealed that the visual condition activated cytoarchitectonically defined area hOC5 in the magnocellular pathway and area 7A in the right mesial parietal cortex. In contrast, the grapheme manipulation revealed different effects localised predominantly in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (left cytoarchitectonic area 44; right area 45) and inferior parietal lobule (including areas PF/PFm), regions that have been demonstrated to show abnormal activation in dyslexic as compared to normal readers. This pattern of activation bears close resemblance to recent findings in dyslexic samples both behaviourally and with respect to the neurofunctional activation patterns. The novel paradigm may thus prove useful in future studies to understand reading problems related to distinct pathways, potentially providing a link also to the understanding of real reading impairments in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Heim
- Section Structural Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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Drew SA, Borsting E, Stark LR, Chase C. Chromatic Aberration, Accommodation, and Color Preference in Asthenopia. Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89:E1059-67. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0b013e31825da2f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Allen PM, Dedi S, Kumar D, Patel T, Aloo M, Wilkins AJ. Accommodation, pattern glare, and coloured overlays. Perception 2012; 41:1458-67. [PMID: 23586285 DOI: 10.1068/p7390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We manipulated the accommodative response using positive and negative lenses to study any association between symptoms of pattern glare and accommodation. Two groups of eighteen young adults were selected from seventy-eight on the basis (i) that their rate of reading increased by 5% or more with an overlay compared to their rate without it, and (ii) that they reported more than 2 symptoms of pattern glare (group 1) or had no such increment in reading speed and reported fewer than 3 symptoms (group 2). Under double-masked conditions participants observed at 0.4 m a pattern of stripes while measurements of accommodation were made using an open field autorefractor with and without positive and negative trial lenses (0.75 D), and with and without a coloured overlay. Pattern glare was also assessed with and without the trial lenses. Without lenses, the mean accommodative response in group 1 was 1.55 D, a lag of 0.95 D +/- 0.24 D relative to the demand. The lag decreased by 0.43 D (p < 0.0001) when the chosen overlay was used, an effect that was not shown in group 2 even when lag increased with negative trial lenses (p = 0.13). In both groups, pattern glare scores were reduced by the trial lenses, but were unaffected by the sign of the lenses. This suggests that symptoms of pattern glare are not strongly associated with accommodative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Allen
- Vision and Eye Research Unit, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.
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Benassi M, Simonelli L, Giovagnoli S, Bolzani R. Coherence motion perception in developmental dyslexia: a meta-analysis of behavioral studies. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:341-357. [PMID: 20957687 DOI: 10.1002/dys.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of the association between developmental dyslexia (DD) and motion sensitivity is evaluated in 35 studies, which investigated coherence motion perception in DD. A first analysis is conducted on the differences between DD groups and age-matched control (C) groups. In a second analysis, the relationship between motion coherence threshold and reading ability is considered. Globally, the mean effect size (ES) is moderate (d = 0.675, 2334 subjects) with a large value (d = 0.747) for the between-groups differences in motion perception and a smaller mean ES (d = 0.178) for the correlational studies. The influence on ES of the stimuli parameters and subjects age is analyzed. The number of dots, the age of the subjects, and the type of analysis (i.e. between-group or correlational) are significantly related to the ES. Looking at the ES values, a smaller number of dots constituting the stimuli are associated with larger ES and, interestingly, the children studies are associated with lower ES in comparison with the researches evaluating adults. The large ES value supports the importance of studying motion perception deficits in DD groups, consistently with the claim that dorsal impairment/noise-exclusion deficit could be one of the risk factor of reading difficulties.
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Skottun BC, Skoyles JR. L- and M-cone ratios and magnocellular sensitivity in reading. Int J Neurosci 2010; 120:241-4. [PMID: 20374069 DOI: 10.3109/00207450903320313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that magnocellular deficits cause the reading problems in dyslexia. However, how magnocellular deficiencies are supposed to cause these problems is unclear. Recently it has been proposed that reading performance is limited by the L-/M-cone inputs to the magnocellular system. However, as explained in this review, this is problematic for a number of reasons. Particularly difficult is the linking of L- and M-cone sensitivity specifically to the magnocellular system.
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Kevan A, Pammer K. Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal stream functioning. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:3174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tosha C, Borsting E, Ridder III WH, Chase C. Accommodation response and visual discomfort. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2009; 29:625-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2009.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Evans BJW, Stevenson SJ. The Pattern Glare Test: a review and determination of normative values. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008; 28:295-309. [PMID: 18565084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pattern glare is characterised by symptoms of visual perceptual distortions and visual stress on viewing striped patterns. People with migraine or Meares-Irlen syndrome (visual stress) are especially prone to pattern glare. The literature on pattern glare is reviewed, and the goal of this study was to develop clinical norms for the Wilkins and Evans Pattern Glare Test. This comprises three test plates of square wave patterns of spatial frequency 0.5, 3 and 12 cycles per degree (cpd). Patients are shown the 0.5 cpd grating and the number of distortions that are reported in response to a list of questions is recorded. This is repeated for the other patterns. People who are prone to pattern glare experience visual perceptual distortions on viewing the 3 cpd grating, and pattern glare can be quantified as either the sum of distortions reported with the 3 cpd pattern or as the difference between the number of distortions with the 3 and 12 cpd gratings, the '3-12 cpd difference'. In study 1, 100 patients consulting an optometrist performed the Pattern Glare Test and the 95th percentile of responses was calculated as the limit of the normal range. The normal range for the number of distortions was found to be <4 on the 3 cpd grating and <2 for the 3-12 cpd difference. Pattern glare was similar in both genders but decreased with age. In study 2, 30 additional participants were given the test in the reverse of the usual testing order and were compared with a sub-group from study 1, matched for age and gender. Participants experienced more distortions with the 12 cpd grating if it was presented after the 3 cpd grating. However, the order did not influence the two key measures of pattern glare. In study 3, 30 further participants who reported a medical diagnosis of migraine were compared with a sub-group of the participants in study 1 who did not report migraine or frequent headaches, matched for age and gender. The migraine group reported more symptoms on viewing all gratings, particularly the 3 cpd grating. The only variable to be significantly different between the groups was the 3-12 cpd difference. In conclusion, people have an abnormal degree of pattern glare if they have a Pattern Glare Test score of >3 on the 3 cpd grating or a score of >1 on the 3-12 cpd difference. The literature suggests that these people are likely to have visual stress in everyday life and may therefore benefit from interventions designed to alleviate visual stress, such as precision tinted lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J W Evans
- Neville Chappell Research Clinic, Institute of Optometry, 56-62 Newington Causeway, London, SE1 6DS, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Symptoms of reading discomfort include unpleasant somatic and perceptual effects, such as eye-strain, headache, and blurred text, despite normal visual acuity. Reading discomfort has been proposed to be the result of increased noise in the visual system. Several studies have suggested that the symptoms can be minimized by having the subject wear colored filters. Thus, there may be abnormal neural processing in the cone pathways. This study measured L- and M-cone isolating (1) ERGs and (2) psychophysical thresholds in normal and reading discomfort subjects to determine if cone processing was abnormal in the reading discomfort population. METHODS Twenty-two normal and nineteen reading discomfort college students took part in this study. The normal subjects had Conlon survey scores within 0.5 SD of the mean and the reading discomfort subjects had scores >1.5 SD above the mean. ERGs were determined for a range (5 to 15%) of L- and M-cone contrasts. Slopes were determined for the L- and M-cone ERG amplitudes for each subject. Psychophysical thresholds were determined with a 2AFC technique combined with a 3-up and 1-down staircase procedure that terminated after 18 reversals occurred. The threshold was calculated as the average of the last 8 reversals. RESULTS The average ERG slopes were not significantly different between the normal and reading discomfort groups (L-Cone, p = 0.086; M-Cone, p = 0.47). The L/M cone ratios for the slopes were not significantly different (p = 0.55). The log of the color contrast thresholds were not significantly different between the normal and reading discomfort groups (L-Cone, p = 0.97; M-Cone, p = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS L- and M- cone ERG contrast gains and psychophysical estimates of color contrast thresholds were not significantly different. These results do not support the noisy visual system hypothesis of reading discomfort.
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