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Soleimani M. Not all kidney cysts are created equal: a distinct renal cystogenic mechanism in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1289388. [PMID: 38028758 PMCID: PMC10663234 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1289388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2 genes. Approximately, two million individuals suffer from this disorder worldwide. TSC1 and TSC2 code for the proteins harmartin and tuberin, respectively, which form a complex that regulates the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and prevents uncontrollable cell growth. In the kidney, TSC presents with the enlargement of benign tumors (angiomyolipomas) and cysts whose presence eventually causes kidney failure. The factors promoting cyst formation and tumor growth in TSC are poorly understood. Recent studies on kidney cysts in various mouse models of TSC, including mice with principal cell- or pericyte-specific inactivation of TSC1 or TSC2, have identified a unique cystogenic mechanism. These studies demonstrate the development of numerous cortical cysts that are predominantly comprised of hyperproliferating A-intercalated (A-IC) cells that express both TSC1 and TSC2. An analogous cellular phenotype in cystic epithelium is observed in both humans with TSC and in TSC2+/- mice, confirming a similar kidney cystogenesis mechanism in TSC. This cellular phenotype profoundly contrasts with kidney cysts found in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), which do not show any notable evidence of A-IC cells participating in the cyst lining or expansion. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and confirmatory expression studies demonstrate robust expression of Forkhead Box I1 (FOXI1) transcription factor and its downstream targets, including apical H+-ATPase and cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase 2 (CAII), in the cyst epithelia of Tsc1 (or Tsc2) knockout (KO) mice, but not in Polycystic Kidney Disease (Pkd1) mutant mice. Deletion of FOXI1, which is vital to H+-ATPase expression and intercalated (IC) cell viability, completely inhibited mTORC1 activation and abrogated the cyst burden in the kidneys of Tsc1 KO mice. These results unequivocally demonstrate the critical role that FOXI1 and A-IC cells, along with H+-ATPase, play in TSC kidney cystogenesis. This review article will discuss the latest research into the causes of kidney cystogenesis in TSC with a focus on possible therapeutic options for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoocher Soleimani
- Department of Medicine, New Mexico Veterans Health Care Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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The Role of miR-375-3p and miR-200b-3p in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145151. [PMID: 32708220 PMCID: PMC7404198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles and their contribution to carcinogenesis have been observed in virtually all types of human cancer. However, their role in the pathogenesis of rare mesenchymal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is not well defined, yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of two miRNAs strongly downregulated in GIST—miR-375-3p and miR-200b-3p—in the pathogenesis of GIST. To achieve this, miRNA mimics were transfected into GIST-T1 cells and changes in the potential target gene mRNA and protein expression, as well as alterations in cell viability, migration, apoptotic cell counts and direct miRNA–target interaction, were evaluated. Results revealed that overexpression of miR-375-3p downregulated the expression of KIT mRNA and protein by direct binding to KIT 3′UTR, reduced GIST cell viability and migration rates. MiR-200b-3p lowered expression of ETV1 protein, directly targeted and lowered expression of EGFR mRNA and protein, and negatively affected cell migration rates. To conclude, the present study identified that miR-375-3p and miR-200b-3p have a tumor-suppressive role in GIST.
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Zou FW, Cao D, Tang YF, Shu L, Zuo Z, Zhang LY. Identification of CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Front Genet 2020; 11:403. [PMID: 32547593 PMCID: PMC7271966 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) abnormal expression and regulation are involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors. However, the role of circRNAs still remains unknown in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). In the present study, the differential circRNA expression profile of GISTs was screened by human circRNAs chip and verified by qRT-PCR. The circRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network was constructed using the cytoHubba plugin based on the Cytoscape software. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to explore circRNA functions. Six significantly differential circRNAs were also verified in 20 pairs of GISTs and adjacent tissues by qRT-PCR. The result showed that a total of 543 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified in GISTs, of which 242 were up-regulated and 301 were down-regulated. Additionally, the circRNA–miRNA–mRNA network contained six circRNAs, 30 miRNAs, and 308 mRNAs, and the targeted mRNAs were associated with “regulation of biological process,” “intracellular organelle,” “protein binding,” and enriched in Wnt signaling pathway. Furthermore, qRT-PCR demonstrated that hsa_circRNA_061346, hsa_circRNA_103114, and hsa_circRNA_103870 were significantly up-regulated in GISTs (n = 20), and hsa_ circRNA_405324, hsa_circRNA_406821, and hsa_circRNA_000361 were dramatically down-regulated in GISTs (n = 20). In addition, all of these circRNAs were shown to have high diagnostic values, and most of them were significantly associated with tumor size, mitotic figure, and malignant degrees in GISTs (P < 0.05). Therefore, we concluded that circRNAs were abnormally expressed in GISTs, and the circRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network plays an important role in the occurrence and development of GISTs. Also, the identified six candidate circRNAs might be critical circRNAs and may present as potential diagnostic biomarkers for GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Wen Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ding Cao
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Fang Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Shu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongkun Zuo
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei-Yi Zhang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Peng F, Liu Y. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Small Intestine: Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment Research. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3877-3889. [PMID: 32547224 PMCID: PMC7261658 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s238227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) of the small intestine have been a hot topic due to their rarity and non-specific clinical manifestations. With the development of gene and imaging technology, surgery, and molecular targeted drugs, the diagnosis and treatment of GISTs have achieved great success. For a long time, radical resection was prioritized to treat GISTs of the small intestine. At present, preoperative tumor staging is a novel treatment for unresectable malignant tumors. In addition, karyokinesis exponent is the sole independent predictor of progression-free survival of GISTs. The DNA, miRNA, and protein of exosomes have also been found to be biomarkers with prognostic implications. The research on the treatment of GISTs has become a focus in the era of precision medicine, ushering in the use of standardized, normalized, and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxing Peng
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, No. 2 Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Mianyang, Sichuan Province 621000, People's Republic of China.,Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan Province 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, No. 2 Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Mianyang, Sichuan Province 621000, People's Republic of China.,Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan Province 621000, People's Republic of China
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Mühlenberg T, Ketzer J, Heinrich MC, Grunewald S, Marino-Enriquez A, Trautmann M, Hartmann W, Wardelmann E, Treckmann J, Worm K, Bertram S, Herold T, Schildhaus HU, Glimm H, Stenzinger A, Brors B, Horak P, Hohenberger P, Fröhling S, Fletcher JA, Bauer S. KIT-Dependent and KIT-Independent Genomic Heterogeneity of Resistance in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors - TORC1/2 Inhibition as Salvage Strategy. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1985-1996. [PMID: 31308077 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), characterized by activating mutations of KIT or PDGFRA, favorably respond to KIT inhibitory treatment but eventually become resistant. The development of effective salvage treatments is complicated by the heterogeneity of KIT secondary resistance mutations. Recently, additional mutations that independently activate KIT-downstream signaling have been found in pretreated patients-adding further complexity to the scope of resistance. We collected genotyping data for KIT from tumor samples of pretreated GIST, providing a representative overview on the distribution and incidence of secondary KIT mutations (n = 80). Analyzing next-generation sequencing data of 109 GIST, we found that 18% carried mutations in KIT-downstream signaling intermediates (NF1/2, PTEN, RAS, PIK3CA, TSC1/2, AKT, BRAF) potentially mediating resistance to KIT inhibitors. Notably, we found no apparent other driver mutations in refractory cases that were analyzed by whole exome/genome sequencing (13/109). Using CRISPR/Cas9 methods, we generated a panel of GIST cell lines harboring mutations in KIT, PTEN, KRAS, NF1, and TSC2 We utilized this panel to evaluate sapanisertib, a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor, as a salvage strategy. Sapanisertib had potent antiproliferative effects in all cell lines, including those with KIT-downstream mutations. Combinations with KIT or MEK inhibitors completely abrogated GIST-survival signaling and displayed synergistic effects. Our isogenic cell line panel closely approximates the genetic heterogeneity of resistance observed in heavily pretreated patients with GIST. With the clinical development of novel, broad spectrum KIT inhibitors, emergence of non-KIT-related resistance may require combination treatments with inhibitors of KIT-downstream signaling such as mTOR or MEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mühlenberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Ketzer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Portland VA Health Care System, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Susanne Grunewald
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian Marino-Enriquez
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcel Trautmann
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Treckmann
- Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl Worm
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bertram
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Herold
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | - Hanno Glimm
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Horak
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Fröhling
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Bresnick AR, Backer JM. PI3Kβ-A Versatile Transducer for GPCR, RTK, and Small GTPase Signaling. Endocrinology 2019; 160:536-555. [PMID: 30601996 PMCID: PMC6375709 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family includes eight distinct catalytic subunits and seven regulatory subunits. Only two PI3Ks are directly regulated downstream from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): the class I enzymes PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ. Both enzymes produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisposphate in vivo and are regulated by both heterotrimeric G proteins and small GTPases from the Ras or Rho families. However, PI3Kβ is also regulated by direct interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their tyrosine phosphorylated substrates, and similar to the class II and III PI3Ks, it binds activated Rab5. The unusually complex regulation of PI3Kβ by small and trimeric G proteins and RTKs leads to a rich landscape of signaling responses at the cellular and organismic levels. This review focuses first on the regulation of PI3Kβ activity in vitro and in cells, and then summarizes the biology of PI3Kβ signaling in distinct tissues and in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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