1
|
Kumari M, Gupta V, Kumar N, Arun RK. Microfluidics-Based Nanobiosensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:378-401. [PMID: 37166577 PMCID: PMC10173227 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient healthcare management demands prompt decision-making based on fast diagnostics tools, astute data analysis, and informatics analysis. The rapid detection of analytes at the point of care is ensured using microfluidics in synergy with nanotechnology and biotechnology. The nanobiosensors use nanotechnology for testing, rapid disease diagnosis, monitoring, and management. In essence, nanobiosensors detect biomolecules through bioreceptors by modulating the physicochemical signals generating an optical and electrical signal as an outcome of the binding of a biomolecule with the help of a transducer. The nanobiosensors are sensitive and selective and play a significant role in the early identification of diseases. This article reviews the detection method used with the microfluidics platform for nanobiosensors and illustrates the benefits of combining microfluidics and nanobiosensing techniques by various examples. The fundamental aspects, and their application are discussed to illustrate the advancement in the development of microfluidics-based nanobiosensors and the current trends of these nano-sized sensors for point-of-care diagnosis of various diseases and their function in healthcare monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Verruchi Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakryal, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, 182320, India
| | - Natish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Arun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhai J, Liao G, Wang Z, Ning C. Development of electroactive materials-based immunosensor towards early-stage cancer detection. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
3
|
Pourmadadi M, Yazdian F, Ghorbanian S, Shamsabadipour A, Khandel E, Rashedi H, Rahdar A, Díez-Pascual AM. Construction of Aptamer-Based Nanobiosensor for Breast Cancer Biomarkers Detection Utilizing g-C 3N 4/Magnetic Nano-Structure. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110921. [PMID: 36354429 PMCID: PMC9688306 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical aptasensor has been developed to determine breast cancer biomarkers (CA 15-3). Aptamer chains were immobilized on the surface of the electrode by g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which increased the conductivity and active surface area of the electrode. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements have been carried out to characterize the nanomaterials. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been used to characterize the developed electrode. The results demonstrate that the modified electrode has better selectivity for CA 15-3 compared to other biological molecules. It has a good electrochemical response to CA 15-3 with a detection limit of 0.2 UmL-1 and a linear response between 1 and 9 UmL-1. It has been used as a label-free sensor in potassium ferrocyanide medium and as methylene blue-labeled in phosphate buffer medium. This electrode was successfully applied to analyze the serum of diseased and healthy individuals, which corroborates its high potential for biosensing applications, especially for the diagnosis of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran 14166-34793, Iran
| | - Sohrabali Ghorbanian
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14166-34793, Iran
| | - Amin Shamsabadipour
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran
| | - Elham Khandel
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran
| | - Hamid Rashedi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hardt E, Chavarin CA, Gruessing S, Flesch J, Skibitzki O, Spirito D, Vita GM, Simone GD, Masi AD, You C, Witzigmann B, Piehler J, Capellini G. Quantitative protein sensing with germanium THz-antennas manufactured using CMOS processes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40265-40276. [PMID: 36298962 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of a CMOS manufactured THz sensing platform could enable the integration of state-of-the-art sensing principles with the mixed signal electronics ecosystem in small footprint, low-cost devices. To this aim, in this work we demonstrate a label-free protein sensing platform using highly doped germanium plasmonic antennas realized on Si and SOI substrates and operating in the THz range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The antenna response to different concentrations of BSA shows in both cases a linear response with saturation above 20 mg/mL. Ge antennas on SOI substrates feature a two-fold sensitivity as compared to conventional Si substrates, reaching a value of 6 GHz/(mg/mL), which is four-fold what reported using metal-based metamaterials. We believe that this result could pave the way to a low-cost lab-on-a-chip biosensing platform.
Collapse
|
5
|
Andryukov BG, Lyapun IN, Matosova EV, Somova LM. Biosensor Technologies in Medicine: from Detection of Biochemical Markers to Research into Molecular Targets (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 12:70-83. [PMID: 34796021 PMCID: PMC8596237 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.6.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections are a major cause of premature death. Fast and accurate laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases is a key condition for the timely initiation and success of treatment. Potentially, it can reduce morbidity, as well as prevent the outbreak and spread of dangerous epidemics. The traditional methods of laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases are quite time- and labour-consuming, require expensive equipment and trained personnel, which is crucial within limited resources. The fast biosensor-based methods that combine the diagnostic capabilities of biomedicine with modern technological advances in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and nanotechnology make an alternative. The modern achievements in the development of label-free biosensors make them promising diagnostic tools that combine rapid detection of specific molecular markers, simplicity, ease-of-use, efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness with the tendency to the development of portable platforms. These qualities exceed the generally accepted standards of microbiological and immunological diagnostics and open up broad prospects for using these analytical systems in clinical practice directly at the site of medical care provision (point-of-care, POC concept). A wide variety of modern biosensor designs are based on the use of diverse formats of analytical and technological strategies, identification of various regulatory and functional molecular markers associated with infectious pathogens. The solution to the existing problems in biosensing will open up great prospects for these rapidly developing diagnostic biotechnologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B G Andryukov
- Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology; G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
| | - I N Lyapun
- Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology; G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
| | - E V Matosova
- Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology; G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
| | - L M Somova
- Professor, Chief Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma A, Mishra RK, Goud KY, Mohamed MA, Kummari S, Tiwari S, Li Z, Narayan R, Stanciu LA, Marty JL. Optical Biosensors for Diagnostics of Infectious Viral Disease: A Recent Update. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2083. [PMID: 34829430 PMCID: PMC8625106 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and development of biosensors, analytical devices used to detect various analytes in different matrices, has emerged. Biosensors indicate a biorecognition element with a physicochemical analyzer or detector, i.e., a transducer. In the present scenario, various types of biosensors have been deployed in healthcare and clinical research, for instance, biosensors for blood glucose monitoring. Pathogenic microbes are contributing mediators of numerous infectious diseases that are becoming extremely serious worldwide. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 is one of the most recent examples of such communal and deadly diseases. In efforts to work towards the efficacious treatment of pathogenic viral contagions, a fast and precise detection method is of the utmost importance in biomedical and healthcare sectors for early diagnostics and timely countermeasures. Among various available sensor systems, optical biosensors offer easy-to-use, fast, portable, handy, multiplexed, direct, real-time, and inexpensive diagnosis with the added advantages of specificity and sensitivity. Many progressive concepts and extremely multidisciplinary approaches, including microelectronics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), nanotechnologies, molecular biology, and biotechnology with chemistry, are used to operate optical biosensors. A portable and handheld optical biosensing device would provide fast and reliable results for the identification and quantitation of pathogenic virus particles in each sample. In the modern day, the integration of intelligent nanomaterials in the developed devices provides much more sensitive and highly advanced sensors that may produce the results in no time and eventually help clinicians and doctors enormously. This review accentuates the existing challenges engaged in converting laboratory research to real-world device applications and optical diagnostics methods for virus infections. The review's background and progress are expected to be insightful to the researchers in the sensor field and facilitate the design and fabrication of optical sensors for life-threatening viruses with broader applicability to any desired pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India;
| | - Rupesh Kumar Mishra
- Bindley Bio-Science Center, Lab 222, 1203 W. State St., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - K. Yugender Goud
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mona A. Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 99999, Egypt;
| | - Shekher Kummari
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India;
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chattisgarh, India;
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200093, China;
| | - Roger Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lia A. Stanciu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE-LBBM Laboratory, University of Perpignan via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rezapour Sarabi M, Jiang N, Ozturk E, Yetisen AK, Tasoglu S. Biomedical optical fibers. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:627-640. [PMID: 33449066 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01155j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical fibers with the ability to propagate and transfer data via optical signals have been used for decades in medicine. Biomaterials featuring the properties of softness, biocompatibility, and biodegradability enable the introduction of optical fibers' uses in biomedical engineering applications such as medical implants and health monitoring systems. Here, we review the emerging medical and health-field applications of optical fibers, illustrating the new wave for the fabrication of implantable devices, wearable sensors, and photodetection and therapy setups. A glimpse of fabrication methods is also provided, with the introduction of 3D printing as an emerging fabrication technology. The use of artificial intelligence for solving issues such as data analysis and outcome prediction is also discussed, paving the way for the new optical treatments for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ece Ozturk
- Koç University School of Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey and Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey. and Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey and Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey and Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul, 34684 Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Suman R, Rab S. Biosensors applications in medical field: A brief review. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
9
|
Shandilya R, Bunkar N, Kumari R, Bhargava A, Chaudhury K, Goryacheva IY, Mishra PK. Immuno-cytometric detection of circulating cell free methylated DNA, post-translationally modified histones and micro RNAs using semi-conducting nanocrystals. Talanta 2020; 222:121516. [PMID: 33167226 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic potential of cell free epigenomic signatures is largely driven by the fact that manifold quantities of methylated DNA, post-translationally modified histones and micro RNAs are released into systemic circulation in various non-communicable diseases. However, the time-consuming and specificity-related complications of conventional analytical procedures necessitate the development of a method which is rapid, selective and sensitive in nature. The present work illustrates a novel; prompt; "mix and measure" cytometric-based nano-biosensing system that offers direct quantification of cell-free circulating (ccf) epigenomic signatures (methylated ccf-DNA, tri-methylated histone H3 at lysine {4, 9, 27 & 36} and argonaute 2 protein-bound ccf-micro RNAs) using triple nano-assemblies in a single tube format. Each assembly with unique structural and spectral properties comprised of n-type semiconducting nanocrystals conjugated to a specific monoclonal antibody. Our results suggested that the developed combinatorial approach may offer simultaneous detection of three distinct yet biologically interrelated signatures with high selectivity and sensitivity using flow cytometry and fluorometry in the enriched and test samples. The proposed novel nano-assembly based detection system has a considerable potential of emerging as a minimal invasive easy-to-use method that could possibly permit real-time, rapid and reproducible monitoring of epigenomic markers in clinical and field settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchita Shandilya
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Neha Bunkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Irina Yu Goryacheva
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Systematic and validated techniques for the detection of ovarian cancer emphasizing the electro-analytical approach. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
11
|
Akshaya K, Arthi C, Pavithra AJ, Poovizhi P, Antinate SS, Hikku GS, Jeyasubramanian K, Murugesan R. Bioconjugated gold nanoparticles as an efficient colorimetric sensor for cancer diagnostics. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101699. [PMID: 32135315 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The chances of curing and reducing the adverse effect of cancer partly lie in early detection. Colorimetric sensor-based technique show promising results since the target is detected with high sensitivity but without the use of advanced/costly techniques through a simple visual color change. In most cases, gold nanoparticles (Au Nps) functionalized with biomolecules complementary to target analyte are used for colorimetric detection. The interaction of functionalized Au Nps with target analytes induce aggregation or dispersion where the color of the solution changes from red to blue or blue to red respectively, which can be visualized by the naked eyes. Such a facile technique has a high commercial viability and therefore, understanding its concept is essential. Here, some of the reported studies are discussed technically for better understanding about the invitro colorimetric detection of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Akshaya
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - C Arthi
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - A J Pavithra
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Poovizhi
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Shilpa Antinate
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| | - G S Hikku
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - K Jeyasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Murugesan
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamilnadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mansuriya BD, Altintas Z. Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots in Biomedical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1072. [PMID: 32079119 PMCID: PMC7070974 DOI: 10.3390/s20041072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the proliferative cancer rates, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases and a plethora of infections across the globe, it is essential to introduce strategies that can rapidly and specifically detect the ultralow concentrations of relevant biomarkers, pathogens, toxins and pharmaceuticals in biological matrices. Considering these pathophysiologies, various research works have become necessary to fabricate biosensors for their early diagnosis and treatment, using nanomaterials like quantum dots (QDs). These nanomaterials effectively ameliorate the sensor performance with respect to their reproducibility, selectivity as well as sensitivity. In particular, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which are ideally graphene fragments of nanometer size, constitute discrete features such as acting as attractive fluorophores and excellent electro-catalysts owing to their photo-stability, water-solubility, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and lucrativeness that make them favorable candidates for a wide range of novel biomedical applications. Herein, we reviewed about 300 biomedical studies reported over the last five years which entail the state of art as well as some pioneering ideas with respect to the prominent role of GQDs, especially in the development of optical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors. Additionally, we outline the ideal properties of GQDs, their eclectic methods of synthesis, and the general principle behind several biosensing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Label-Free Biosensors for Laboratory-Based Diagnostics of Infections: Current Achievements and New Trends. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10020011. [PMID: 32059538 PMCID: PMC7169461 DOI: 10.3390/bios10020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Infections pose a serious global public health problem and are a major cause of premature mortality worldwide. One of the most challenging objectives faced by modern medicine is timely and accurate laboratory-based diagnostics of infectious diseases. Being a key factor of timely initiation and success of treatment, it may potentially provide reduction in incidence of a disease, as well as prevent outbreak and spread of dangerous epidemics. The traditional methods of laboratory-based diagnostics of infectious diseases are quite time- and labor-consuming, require expensive equipment and qualified personnel, which restricts their use in case of limited resources. Over the past six decades, diagnostic technologies based on lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) have been and remain true alternatives to modern laboratory analyzers and have been successfully used to quickly detect molecular ligands in biosubstrates to diagnose many infectious diseases and septic conditions. These devices are considered as simplified formats of modern biosensors. Recent advances in the development of label-free biosensor technologies have made them promising diagnostic tools that combine rapid pathogen indication, simplicity, user-friendliness, operational efficiency, accuracy, and cost effectiveness, with a trend towards creation of portable platforms. These qualities exceed the generally accepted standards of microbiological and immunological diagnostics and open up a broad range of applications of these analytical systems in clinical practice immediately at the site of medical care (point-of-care concept, POC). A great variety of modern nanoarchitectonics of biosensors are based on the use of a broad range of analytical and constructive strategies and identification of various regulatory and functional molecular markers associated with infectious bacterial pathogens. Resolution of the existing biosensing issues will provide rapid development of diagnostic biotechnologies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mansuriya BD, Altintas Z. Graphene Quantum Dot-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 13:E96. [PMID: 31878102 PMCID: PMC6982008 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the area of biomedicine, research for designing electrochemical sensors has evolved over the past decade, since it is crucial to selectively quantify biomarkers or pathogens in clinical samples for the efficacious diagnosis and/or treatment of various diseases. To fulfil the demand of rapid, specific, economic, and easy detection of such biomolecules in ultralow amounts, numerous nanomaterials have been explored to effectively enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of immunosensors. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have garnered tremendous attention in immunosensor development, owing to their special attributes such as large surface area, excellent biocompatibility, quantum confinement, edge effects, and abundant sites for chemical modification. Besides these distinct features, GQDs acquire peroxidase (POD)-mimicking electro-catalytic activity, and hence, they can replace horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-based systems to conduct facile, quick, and inexpensive label-free immunoassays. The chief motive of this review article is to summarize and focus on the recent advances in GQD-based electrochemical immunosensors for the early and rapid detection of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and pathogenic diseases. Moreover, the underlying principles of electrochemical immunosensing techniques are also highlighted. These GQD immunosensors are ubiquitous in biomedical diagnosis and conducive for miniaturization, encouraging low-cost disease diagnostics in developing nations using point-of-care testing (POCT) and similar allusive techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|