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Noordhoek I, de Groot AF, Cohen D, Liefers GJ, Portielje JEA, Kroep JR. Higher ER load is not associated with better outcome in stage 1-3 breast cancer: a descriptive overview of quantitative HR analysis in operable breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 176:27-36. [PMID: 30997625 PMCID: PMC6548750 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In breast cancer, hormone receptor (HR) status is generally a qualitative measure; positive or negative. Quantitatively measured oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) are frequently proposed prognostic and predictive markers, some guidelines even provide different treatment options for patients with strong versus weak expression. AIM To evaluate quantitative HR load assessed by immunohistochemistry as a prognostic and predictive measure in stage 1-3 breast cancer. METHODS We reviewed all the available literature on quantitatively measured HRs using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS All included studies (n = 19) comprised a cohort of 30,754 patients. Only 2 out of 17 studies found a clear correlation between higher quantitative ER and better disease outcome. Only one trial examined quantitative ER both as prognostic and predictive marker and found no association between ER% and survival. Ten studies examined quantitative PR load, only two of those found a significant correlation between higher PR load and better disease outcome. Two trials examined quantitative PR both as prognostic and predictive marker, neither found any association between PR% and disease outcome. CONCLUSIONS There is no clear evidence for using quantitatively assessed ER and PR as prognostic nor predictive marker in patients with stage 1-3 breast cancer. We recommend only using a qualitative HR status in future guidelines and treatment considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Noordhoek
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A F de Groot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G J Liefers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J E A Portielje
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J R Kroep
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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El-Abd E, Matta CA, Sheta M, El-Kerm Y, Sakr S. Histopathological characteristics of breast cancer and evaluation of ER alpha and Her-2neu using immunohistochemical and RT-PCR techniques. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eman El-Abd
- Molecular Biology Department, Medical Technology Centre (MTC), Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Cecil A. Matta
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Manal Sheta
- Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Yasser El-Kerm
- Cancer Research and Management Department, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Sakr
- Medical Technology Centre (MTC), Medical Research Institute (MRI), Alexandria University, Egypt
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3
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Raphael J, Kiss A, Nofech-Mozes S, Trudeau M. Clinical Outcomes of Single Versus Double Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Clin Breast Cancer 2018; 18:e1381-e1387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Mane DR, Kale AD, Belaldavar C. Validation of immunoexpression of tenascin-C in oral precancerous and cancerous tissues using ImageJ analysis with novel immunohistochemistry profiler plugin: An immunohistochemical quantitative analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017; 21:211-217. [PMID: 28932029 PMCID: PMC5596670 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_234_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a molecular technique that has grown tremendously over the years. However, the assessment is only qualitative which is subjective and causes errors. Due to this limitation, several excellent markers have not gained importance and reached clinical trials. Hence, we aimed to quantify IHC by ImageJ analysis with a novel IHC profiler plugin. ImageJ has not been tried in oral precancerous tissues with minimal attempt for matrix markers. AIM This study aimed to validate the quantification of immunoexpression of tenascin-C (TN-C) in oral precancerous tissues and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using ImageJ software with IHC profiler plugin. MATERIALS AND METHODS After IHC staining for TN-C and image acquisition, ImageJ analysis was performed as per the standard recommended algorithm. Assessment was done by two observers by blinding the histopathological diagnosis. The immunoscore was assessed for interobserver variability using Kohen's kappa statistics. RESULTS All our cases were in agreement and found to be statistically significant with P < 0.005. Moderate agreement was for mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia and oral lichen planus. Substantial agreement was for oral submucous fibrosis and OSCC and almost perfect agreement noted for cases of severe dysplasia. CONCLUSION IHC can now be quantified using freely downloadable software ImageJ analysis in oral precancerous tissues and OSCC. This software with good threshold control can quantify matrix marker such as TN-C. Hence, herewith, we propose that IHC markers should be quantified using ImageJ by our entire oral pathology fraternity so as to have a standard immunoscore for all markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajesh Mane
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLE University, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Alka D Kale
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLE University, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Chetan Belaldavar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLE University, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Muthukaruppan A, Lasham A, Woad KJ, Black MA, Blenkiron C, Miller LD, Harris G, McCarthy N, Findlay MP, Shelling AN, Print CG. Multimodal Assessment of Estrogen Receptor mRNA Profiles to Quantify Estrogen Pathway Activity in Breast Tumors. Clin Breast Cancer 2016; 17:139-153. [PMID: 27756582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular markers have transformed our understanding of the heterogeneity of breast cancer and have allowed the identification of genomic profiles of estrogen receptor (ER)-α signaling. However, our understanding of the transcriptional profiles of ER signaling remains inadequate. Therefore, we sought to identify the genomic indicators of ER pathway activity that could supplement traditional immunohistochemical (IHC) assessments of ER status to better understand ER signaling in the breast tumors of individual patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reduced ESR1 (gene encoding the ER-α protein) mRNA levels using small interfering RNA in ER+ MCF7 breast cancer cells and assayed for transcriptional changes using Affymetrix HG U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. We also compared 1034 ER+ and ER- breast tumors from publicly available microarray data. The principal components of ER activity generated from these analyses and from other published estrogen signatures were compared with ESR1 expression, ER-α IHC, and patient survival. RESULTS Genes differentially expressed in both analyses were associated with ER-α IHC and ESR1 mRNA expression. They were also significantly enriched for estrogen-driven molecular pathways associated with ESR1, cyclin D1 (CCND1), MYC (v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog), and NFKB (nuclear factor kappa B). Despite their differing constituent genes, the principal components generated from these new analyses and from previously published ER-associated gene lists were all associated with each other and with the survival of patients with breast cancer treated with endocrine therapies. CONCLUSION A biomarker of ER-α pathway activity, generated using ESR1-responsive mRNAs in MCF7 cells, when used alongside ER-α IHC and ESR1 mRNA expression, could provide a method for further stratification of patients and add insight into ER pathway activity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Muthukaruppan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Annette Lasham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn J Woad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael A Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lance D Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Gavin Harris
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- Discipline of Oncology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Findlay
- Discipline of Oncology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N Shelling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cristin G Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand Bioinformatics Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Ng CH, Pathy NB, Taib NA, Ho GF, Mun KS, Rhodes A, Looi LM, Yip CH. Do clinical features and survival of single hormone receptor positive breast cancers differ from double hormone receptor positive breast cancers? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7959-64. [PMID: 25292095 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of the single hormone receptor positive phenotype of breast cancer is still poorly understood. The use of hormone therapy has been found to be less effective for this type, which has a survival outcome midway between double positive and double negative phenotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in patient and tumor characteristics and survival between double-receptor positive (ER+PR+), double receptor negative (ER-PR-) and single receptor positive (ER+PR- and ER-PR+) breast cancer in an Asian setting. A total of 1,992 patients with newly diagnosed stage I to IV breast cancer between 2003 and 2008, and where information on ER and PR were available, were included in this study. The majority of patients had ER+PR+ tumors (n=903: 45.3%), followed by 741 (37.2%) ER-PR-, 247 (12.4%) ER+PR-, and 101 (5.1%) ER-PR+ tumors. Using multivariate analysis, ER+PR- tumors were 2.4 times more likely to be grade 3 compared to ER+PR+ tumors. ER+PR- and ER-PR+ tumors were 82% and 86% respectively less likely to be grade 3 compared with ER-PR- tumors. ER-PR+ tumours were associated with younger age. There were no survival differences between patients with ER+PR+ and ER-PR+ tumors. However, ER+PR- tumors have poorer survival compared with ER+PR+ tumours. ER-PR- tumours had the worst survival. Adjuvant hormonal therapy with tamoxifen was found to have identical survival advantage in patients with ER+PR+ and ER-PR+ tumors whereas impact was slightly lower in patients with ER+PR- tumors. In conclusion, we found ER+PR- tumors to be more aggressive and have poorer survival when compared to ER+PR+ tumors, while patients with ER-PR+ tumours were younger, but had a similar survival to their counterparts with ER+PR+ tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Char-Hong Ng
- Department of Surgery, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail :
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Sujoy V, Nadji M, Morales AR. Brief formalin fixation and rapid tissue processing do not affect the sensitivity of ER immunohistochemistry of breast core biopsies. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:522-6. [PMID: 24619753 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpo7z4sfiydsxn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have questioned the supporting evidence for the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) guidelines of the 8-hour minimum fixation time required for estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry (ER-IHC) assays in breast cancer. METHODS We investigated whether brief formalin fixation together with rapid tissue processing affects the sensitivity of ER in core breast biopsies. Five core samples each from 22 mastectomy specimens were collected and fixed in 10% formalin for periods ranging from 30 minutes to 1 week. Core 5 was fixed and processed according to the ASCO/CAP guidelines. ER-IHC was performed following heat-induced antigen retrieval using antibody 1D5. The proportion and intensity of reaction was recorded using the Q score. RESULTS Five of 22 cancers were ER negative in all cores. In 17 ER-positive cases, no differences were found in the intensity of reaction between 30 minutes and 1 week of formalin fixation. Similarly, no difference was observed in the Q scores of rapidly and conventionally processed control tumor cores. CONCLUSIONS Brief formalin fixation along with rapid processing has no negative effect on the sensitivity of ER-IHC in breast core biopsies. This combination significantly reduces the turnaround time for preparing breast needle biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sujoy
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Health System and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, FL
| | - Mehrdad Nadji
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Health System and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, FL
| | - Azorides R. Morales
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Health System and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, FL
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Cardiff RD, Hubbard NE, Engelberg JA, Munn RJ, Miller CH, Walls JE, Chen JQ, Velásquez-García HA, Galvez JJ, Bell KJ, Beckett LA, Li YJ, Borowsky AD. Quantitation of fixative-induced morphologic and antigenic variation in mouse and human breast cancers. J Transl Med 2013; 93:480-97. [PMID: 23399853 PMCID: PMC3843496 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative Image Analysis (QIA) of digitized whole slide images for morphometric parameters and immunohistochemistry of breast cancer antigens was used to evaluate the technical reproducibility, biological variability, and intratumoral heterogeneity in three transplantable mouse mammary tumor models of human breast cancer. The relative preservation of structure and immunogenicity of the three mouse models and three human breast cancers was also compared when fixed with representatives of four distinct classes of fixatives. The three mouse mammary tumor cell models were an ER+/PR+ model (SSM2), a Her2+ model (NDL), and a triple negative model (MET1). The four breast cancer antigens were ER, PR, Her2, and Ki67. The fixatives included examples of (1) strong cross-linkers, (2) weak cross-linkers, (3) coagulants, and (4) combination fixatives. Each parameter was quantitatively analyzed using modified Aperio Technologies ImageScope algorithms. Careful pre-analytical adjustments to the algorithms were required to provide accurate results. The QIA permitted rigorous statistical analysis of results and grading by rank order. The analyses suggested excellent technical reproducibility and confirmed biological heterogeneity within each tumor. The strong cross-linker fixatives, such as formalin, consistently ranked higher than weak cross-linker, coagulant and combination fixatives in both the morphometric and immunohistochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Neil E Hubbard
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jesse A Engelberg
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Munn
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Claramae H Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Judith E Walls
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jane Q Chen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jose J Galvez
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katie J Bell
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laurel A Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yue-Ju Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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9
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Smith AW, Asa CS, Edwards BS, Murdoch WJ, Skinner DC. Predominant suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone β-immunoreactivity after long-term treatment of intact and castrate adult male rats with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist deslorelin. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:737-47. [PMID: 22172059 PMCID: PMC5559102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are used to treat gonadal steroid-dependent disorders in humans and to contracept animals. These agonists are considered to work by desensitising gonadotrophs to GnRH, thereby suppressing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) secretion. It is not known whether changes occur in the cellular composition of the pituitary gland after chronic GnRH agonist exposure. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a sham, deslorelin, or deslorelin plus testosterone implant for 41.0 ± 0.6 days. In a second experiment, rats were castrated and treated with deslorelin and/or testosterone. Pituitary sections were labelled immunocytochemically for FSHβ and LHβ, or gonadotrophin α subunit (αGSU). Deslorelin suppressed testis weight by two-thirds and reduced plasma FSH and LH in intact rats. Deslorelin decreased the percentage of gonadotrophs, although the effect was specific to the FSHβ-immunoreactive (-ir) cells. Testosterone did not reverse the deslorelin-induced reduction in the overall gonadotroph population. However, in the presence of testosterone, the proportion of gonadotrophs that was FSHβ-ir increased in the remaining gonadotrophs. There was no effect of treatment on the total LHβ-ir cell population, although the loss of FSHβ in bi-hormonal cells increased the proportion of mono-hormonal LHβ-ir gonadotrophs. The castration-induced plasma LH and FSH increases were suppressed by deslorelin, testosterone or both. Castration increased both LH-ir and FSH-ir without increasing the overall gonadotroph population, thus increasing the proportion of bi-hormonal cells. Deslorelin suppressed these increases. Testosterone increased FSH-ir in deslorelin-treated castrate rats. Deslorelin did not affect αGSU immunoreactivity, suggesting that the gonadotroph population per se is not eliminated by deslorelin, although the ability of gonadotrophs to synthesise FSHβ is compromised. We hypothesise that the FSH dominant suppression may be central to the long-term contraceptive efficacy of deslorelin in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik W. Smith
- Neurobiology Program and Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E Univ. Ave., Dept. 3166, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Cheryl S. Asa
- Research Department, Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Government Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian S. Edwards
- Neurobiology Program and Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E Univ. Ave., Dept. 3166, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - William J. Murdoch
- Reproductive Biology Program and Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, 1000 E Univ. Ave., Dept. 3684, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Donal C. Skinner
- Neurobiology Program and Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E Univ. Ave., Dept. 3166, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Ng CH, Pathy NB, Taib NA, Mun KS, Rhodes A, Yip CH. The Estrogen Receptor Negative-Progesterone Receptor Positive Breast Carcinoma is a Biological Entity and not a Technical Artifact. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:1111-3. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Pawlikowski M, Minias R, Sosnowski M, Zieliński KW. Immunohistochemical detection of angiotensin AT 1 and AT 2 receptors in prostate cancer. Cent European J Urol 2011; 64:252-5. [PMID: 24578905 PMCID: PMC3921746 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2011.04.art14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human prostate gland contains all the compounds of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors. The role of local RAS in the prostate pathology is recently discussed. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of AT1 and AT2 expressions in human prostate cancers. Material and methods The investigation was performed in 20 paraffin-embedded needle biopsy specimens from routine diagnostic prostate cancer biopsies. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunostained with anti-AT1 and anti-AT2 antibodies. For visualization of primary antibodies, the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique was applied. The expression of both receptor proteins was evaluated quantitatively using image analysis method. Results The positive immunostaining with both anti- AT1 and anti-AT2 antibodies can be found in stromal as well as epithelial structures. The results of quantitative evaluation showed the positive correlation between AT1 and AT2 expressions in neoplastic epithelium and overexpression of both AT1 and AT2 in neoplastic epithelium of Gleason grade 2, but not in cancerous structures of Gleason grades 3-5. Conclusions The data on AT1 and AT2 receptor expressions may suggest the involvement of RAS in prostate cancerogenesis. Moreover, the persistence of AT1 receptors in prostate cancer speaks in favor of attempts to use of AT1 receptor blockers (i.e. sartanes) and/or AT2 agonists in prostate cancer prophylaxis and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pawlikowski
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
| | - Radosław Minias
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology and Cytopathology, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof W Zieliński
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology and Cytopathology, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
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12
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Muñoz L, Espinosa M, Quintanar-Jurado V, Hidalgo A, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado V. Paradoxial changes in the expression of estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer multicellular spheroids. Tissue Cell 2011; 42:334-7. [PMID: 20817241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids are excellent models for the analysis of cancer behavior. Just like small avascular tumors, they present a marked zonal heterogeneity which influences gene expression and thus, growth and response to chemotherapy. In the present paper, we sought to analyze the effects of three-dimensional culture in the expression and distribution of estrogen receptor alpha. Using MCF-7 breast cancer cells, we found that multicellular spheroids in estrogen-containing medium presented a paradoxical regulation of estrogen receptor alpha, with a decrease in protein expression and a marked increase in mRNA steady-state levels. Immunohistochemistry showed that only sparse cells in the periphery of the spheroid expressed estrogen receptor, in sharp contrast with progesterone receptor, which was more extensively expressed and HIF-alpha, which was expressed in the central core of the spheroid. This could mean that both hypoxia and ERA activation by estrogen participate in the expression heterogeneity of this hormone receptor in breast cancer These results are important to considerate in the analysis and interpretation of immunohistochemistry of ERA and downstream targets in samples of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Muñoz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Sub-Direction of Basic Research, National Institute of Cancerology, Av. San Fernando 22, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
The rapid acceptance of immunohistology as an invaluable adjunct to morphologic diagnosis has been possible because of the development of new and more sensitive antibodies and detection systems that allow its application to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPT). More importantly, antigen-retrieval techniques have resulted in some degree of consistency allowing immunohistology to be used reliably as a diagnostic tool. The advent of prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and the desire for individualized therapy has resulted in mounting pressure to employ the immunohistological assay in a quantitative manner. While it was not a major issue when the technique was employed in a qualitative manner, the numerous variables in the preanalytical and analytical phases of the test procedure that influence the immunoexpression of proteins in FFPT become critical to standardization. Tissue fixation is pivotal to antigen preservation but exposure to fixative prior to accessioning by the laboratory is not controlled. Antigen retrieval, crucial in the analytical phase, continues to be employed in an empirical manner with the actual mechanism of action remaining elusive. There is great variation in reagents, methodology, and duration of tissue processing and immunostaining procedure, and the detection systems employed are not standardized between laboratories. While many of these variables are offset by the application of antigen retrieval, which enables the detection of a wide range of antigens in FFPT, the method itself is not standardized. This myriad of variables makes it inappropriate to provide meaningful comparisons of results obtained in different laboratories and even in the same laboratory, as in current practice, each specimen experiences different preanalytical variables. Furthermore, variables in interpretation exist and cutoff thresholds for positivity differ. Failure to recognize false-positive and false-negative stains leads to further errors of quantitative measurement. Many of the problems relating to the technology and interpretation of immunostaining originate from failure to recognize that this procedure is different from other histological stains and involves many more steps that cannot be monitored until the end result is attained. While several remedial measures can be suggested to address some of these problems, accurate and reproducible quantitative assessment of immunostains presently remains elusive as important variables that impact on antigen preservation in the paraffin-embedded biopsy -cannot be standardized.
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Wick MR. Histopathologic prognosis of thymomas: another example of medical surrogacy. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134:703-5. [PMID: 20959651 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpf4kt2pexzusd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Inhibin-βA subunit immunolabeling as a prognostic factor in endometrioid adenocarcinomas: a matter of evaluation? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 284:467-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Quantitative immunohistology: tissue section thickness, another glitch in the path to standardization. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2010; 17:465-9. [PMID: 19602967 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3181a60898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chen C, Peng J, Xia H, Wu Q, Zeng L, Xu H, Tang H, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Pang D, Li Y. Quantum-dot-based immunofluorescent imaging of HER2 and ER provides new insights into breast cancer heterogeneity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:095101. [PMID: 20110584 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/9/095101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous tumor, and better understanding of its heterogeneity is essential to improving treatment effect. Quantum dot (QD)-based immunofluorescent nanotechnology (QD-IHC) for molecular pathology has potential advantages in delineating tumor heterogeneity. This potential is explored in this paper by QD-IHC imaging of HER2 and ER. BC heterogeneity can be displayed more clearly and sensitively by QD-IHC than conventional IHC in BC tissue microarrays. Furthermore, the simultaneous imaging of ER and HER2 might help understand their interactions during the process of evolution of heterogeneous BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Breast Carcinoma: Quantitation is Therapeutically Important. Adv Anat Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e3181832381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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