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Pereira ÉR, Pinheiro LCL, Francelino AL, Miqueloto CA, Guembarovski AFML, de Oliveira KB, Fuganti PE, de Syllos Cólus IM, Guembarovski RL. Tissue immunostaining of candidate prognostic proteins in metastatic and non-metastatic prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:567-577. [PMID: 36008689 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PCa) lacks specific markers capable of distinguishing aggressive tumors from those with indolent behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunostaining of candidate proteins (PTEN, AKT, TRPM8, and NKX3.1) through the immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) on patients with metastatic and non-metastatic PCa. METHODS Tissues from 60 patients were divided into three groups categorized according to prognostic parameters: better prognosis (n = 20), worse prognosis (n = 23), and metastatic (n = 17). Immunostaining was analyzed by a pathologist and staining classifications were considered according to signal intensity: (0) no staining, (+) weak, and (++ and +++) intermediate to strong. RESULTS AKT protein was associated (p = 0.012) and correlated (p = 0.014; Tau = - 0.288) with the prognostic groups. The immunostaining for TRPM8 (p = 0.010) and NKX3.1 (p = 0.003) proteins differed between malignant tumor and non-tumoral adjacent tissue as well as for proteins in cellular locations (nucleus and cytoplasm). TRPM8 was independently associated with the ISUP grade ≥ 4 (p = 0.024; OR = 8.373; 95% CI = 1.319-53.164). The NKX3.1 showed positive and predominantly strong immunostaining in all patients in both tumoral and non-tumoral adjacent tissues. All metastatic samples had positive immunostaining, with strong intensity for NKX3.1 (p = 0.021; Tau = - 0.302). In the non-metastatic group, this strong protein staining was not observed in any patients. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that NKX3.1 is highly specific for prostate tissue and indicated that NKX3.1, AKT, and TRPM8 may be candidate markers for prostate cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Romão Pereira
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Laís Capelasso Lucas Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Letícia Francelino
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Miqueloto
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Brajão de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Science, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ilce Mara de Syllos Cólus
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Hashmi AA, Iftikhar SN, Munawar S, Ahmed O, Yaqeen SR, Asghar IA, Irfan M, Ali J, Edhi MM, Hashmi SK. International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP)-Grade Grouping in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma and its Prognostic Implications. Cancer Invest 2021; 40:211-218. [PMID: 34907822 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.2019263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the association of ISUP/WHO-grade groups with various pathological prognostic parameters and cancer-specific survival in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. We found 27 (15.7%) cases of grade group 1, 22 (12.8%) grade group 2, 30 (17.4%) grade group 3, 40 (23.3%) grade group 4 and 53 (30.8%) grade group 5 prostatic adenocarcinoma. We found that high-grade tumors (grade 3-5) had a higher frequency of perineural invasion and higher tumor volumes (>50%). Moreover, a significant association of tumor grade was noted with cancer-specific survival of patients, signifying prognostic significance of grade grouping in prostatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ali Hashmi
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Narisa Iftikhar
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahzeb Munawar
- Medical Student, Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Omer Ahmed
- Medical Student, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Statistics, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javaria Ali
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad M Edhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shumaila Kanwal Hashmi
- Department of Pathology, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Multan Institute of Medical Sciences, Multan, Pakistan
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Kotelevets L, Chastre E. A New Story of the Three Magi: Scaffolding Proteins and lncRNA Suppressors of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4264. [PMID: 34503076 PMCID: PMC8428372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding molecules exert a critical role in orchestrating cellular response through the spatiotemporal assembly of effector proteins as signalosomes. By increasing the efficiency and selectivity of intracellular signaling, these molecules can exert (anti/pro)oncogenic activities. As an archetype of scaffolding proteins with tumor suppressor property, the present review focuses on MAGI1, 2, and 3 (membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted), a subgroup of the MAGUK protein family, that mediate networks involving receptors, junctional complexes, signaling molecules, and the cytoskeleton. MAGI1, 2, and 3 are comprised of 6 PDZ domains, 2 WW domains, and 1 GUK domain. These 9 protein binding modules allow selective interactions with a wide range of effectors, including the PTEN tumor suppressor, the β-catenin and YAP1 proto-oncogenes, and the regulation of the PI3K/AKT, the Wnt, and the Hippo signaling pathways. The frequent downmodulation of MAGIs in various human malignancies makes these scaffolding molecules and their ligands putative therapeutic targets. Interestingly, MAGI1 and MAGI2 genetic loci generate a series of long non-coding RNAs that act as a tumor promoter or suppressor in a tissue-dependent manner, by selectively sponging some miRNAs or by regulating epigenetic processes. Here, we discuss the different paths followed by the three MAGIs to control carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kotelevets
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Eric Chastre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012 Paris, France
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4
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Pathological Assessment of Prostate Cancer. Urol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42603-7_71-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Pathological Assessment of Prostate Cancer. Urol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42623-5_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Olivier J, Stavrinides V, Kay J, Freeman A, Pye H, Ahmed Z, Carmona Echeverria L, Heavey S, Simmons LAM, Kanthabalan A, Arya M, Briggs T, Barratt D, Charman SC, Gelister J, Hawkes D, Hu Y, Jameson C, McCartan N, Punwani S, van der Muelen J, Moore C, Emberton M, Ahmed HU, Whitaker HC. Immunohistochemical biomarker validation in highly selective needle biopsy microarrays derived from mpMRI-characterized prostates. Prostate 2018; 78:1229-1237. [PMID: 30073682 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnosing prostate cancer routinely involves tissue biopsy and increasingly image guided biopsy using multiparametric MRI (mpMRI). Excess tissue after diagnosis can be used for research to improve the diagnostic pathway and the vertical assembly of prostate needle biopsy cores into tissue microarrays (TMAs) allows the parallel immunohistochemical (IHC) validation of cancer biomarkers in routine diagnostic specimens. However, tissue within a biopsy core is often heterogeneous and cancer is not uniformly present, resulting in needle biopsy TMAs that suffer from highly variable cancer detection rates that complicate parallel biomarker validation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prostate cores with the highest tumor burden (in terms of Gleason score and/or maximum cancer core length) were obtained from 249 patients in the PICTURE trial who underwent transperineal template prostate mapping (TPM) biopsy at 5 mm intervals preceded by mpMRI. From each core, 2 mm segments containing tumor or benign tissue (as assessed on H&E pathology) were selected, excised and embedded vertically into a new TMA block. TMA sections were then IHC-stained for the routinely used prostate cancer biomarkers PSA, PSMA, AMACR, p63, and MSMB and assessed using the h-score method. H-scores in patient matched malignant and benign tissue were correlated with the Gleason grade of the original core and the MRI Likert score for the sampled prostate area. RESULTS A total of 2240 TMA cores were stained and IHC h-scores were assigned to 1790. There was a statistically significant difference in h-scores between patient matched malignant and adjacent benign tissue that is independent of Likert score. There was no association between the h-scores and Gleason grade or Likert score within each of the benign or malignant groups. CONCLUSION The construction of highly selective TMAs from prostate needle biopsy cores is possible. IHC data obtained through this method are highly reliable and can be correlated with imaging. IHC expression patterns for PSA, PSMA, AMACR, p63, and MSMB are distinct in malignant and adjacent benign tissue but did not correlate with mpMRI Likert score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Olivier
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, Hospital Huriez, University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Stavrinides
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Pye
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zeba Ahmed
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Carmona Echeverria
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A M Simmons
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Kanthabalan
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manit Arya
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Briggs
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Barratt
- Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Charman
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Gelister
- Department of Urology, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Hawkes
- Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yipeng Hu
- Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Jameson
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil McCartan
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan van der Muelen
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Moore
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Emberton
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Jedinak A, Loughlin KR, Moses MA. Approaches to the discovery of non-invasive urinary biomarkers of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32534-32550. [PMID: 30197761 PMCID: PMC6126692 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be one of the most common cancers in men worldwide. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) measured in blood has been used for decades as an aid for physicians to detect the presence of prostate cancer. However, the PSA test has limited sensitivity and specificity, leading to unnecessary biopsies, overdiagnosis and overtreatment of patients. For these reasons, there is an urgent need for more accurate PCa biomarkers that can detect PCa with high sensitivity and specificity. Urine is a unique source of potential protein biomarkers that can be measured in a non-invasive way. This review comprehensively summarizes state of the art approaches used in the discovery and validation of urinary biomarkers for PCa. Numerous strategies are currently being used in the discovery of urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer including gel-based separation techniques, mass spectrometry, activity-based proteomic assays and software approaches. Antibody-based approaches remain preferred method for validation of candidate biomarkers with rapidly advancing multiplex immunoassays and MS-based targeted approaches. In the last decade, there has been a dramatic acceleration in the development of new techniques and approaches in the discovery of protein biomarkers for prostate cancer including computational, statistical and data mining methods. Many urinary-based protein biomarkers have been identified and have shown significant promise in initial studies. Examples of these potential biomarkers and the methods utilized in their discovery are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Jedinak
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin R Loughlin
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marsha A Moses
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Comparison of cell cycle progression score with two immunohistochemical markers (PTEN and Ki-67) for predicting outcome in prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. World J Urol 2018; 36:1495-1500. [PMID: 29679140 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies of the cell cycle progression (CCP) score in surgical specimens of prostate cancer (PCa) in patients treated by radical prostatectomy (RP) demonstrated significant association with time to biochemical recurrence (BCR). In this study, we compared the ability of the CCP score and the expression of PTEN or Ki-67 to predict BCR in a cohort of patients treated by RP. Finally, we constructed the best predictive model for BCR, incorporating biomarkers and relevant clinical variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population consisted of 652 PCa patients enrolled in a retrospective cohort and who had RP surgery in French urological centers from 2000 to 2007. RESULTS Among the 652 patients with CCP scores and complete clinical data, BCR events occurred in 41%, and the median time from surgery to the last follow-up among BCR-free patients was 72 months. In univariate Cox analysis, the continuous CCP score and positive Ki-67 predicted recurrence with a HR of 1.44 (95% CI 1.17-1.75; p = 5.3 × 10-4) and 1.89 (95% CI 1.38-2.57; p = 1.6 × 10-4), respectively. In contrast, PTEN expression was not associated with BCR risk. Of the three biomarkers, only the CCP score remained significantly associated in a multivariable Cox model (p = 0.026). The best model incorporated CAPRA-S and CCP scores as predictors, with HRs of 1.32 and 1.24, respectively. CONCLUSION The CCP score was superior to the two IHC markers (PTEN and Ki-67) for predicting outcome in PCa after RP.
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Xie H, Xie B, Liu C, Wang J, Xu Y. Association of PTEN expression with biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer: results based on previous reports. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5089-5097. [PMID: 29123407 PMCID: PMC5661465 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s132653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Among men, prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Phosphatase and tension homolog (PTEN) acts as a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3)/Akt pathway and suppresses tumor progression. Meanwhile, PTEN is frequently deleted in PCa. Identifying the specific molecular markers of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in PCa patients is critical in clinical practice. Our systematic review summarizes the evidence about the PTEN expression and BCR rate in PCa patients. Methods To clarify the impact of PTEN expression on the PCa BCR rate, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases, to identify the relevant literature. The analysis of pooled data was performed with Stata 12. The combined odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated by the fixed-effects or random-effects models. The combined sensitivity and publication bias were also estimated. Results In total, nine articles containing ten independent cohort studies, including 2,154 cases with positive expression of PTEN and 1,006 PTEN deletion cases, were deemed eligible for the meta-analysis. Overall, the positive expression of PTEN was associated with a significantly lower BCR rate (OR =0.521, 95% CI: 0.431–0.630). Subgroup analysis stratified by race revealed that in multiple races (OR =0.215, 95% CI: 0.072–0.648) and Caucasian (OR =0.469, 95% CI: 0.373–0.591) races, positive expression of PTEN showed a significant association with lower BCR rate. Subgroup analysis also showed the significant result in different sample sizes. Conclusion PTEN deletion has a relationship with a higher BCR rate in PCa compared with positive expression of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Xie
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Jeong SU, Kekatpure AK, Park JM, Han M, Hwang HS, Jeong HJ, Go H, Cho YM. Diverse Immunoprofile of Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate with an Emphasis on the Prognostic Factors. J Pathol Transl Med 2017; 51:471-481. [PMID: 28793393 PMCID: PMC5611530 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2017.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal adenocarcinoma (DAC) of the prostate is an uncommon histologic subtype whose prognostic factors and immunoprofile have not been fully defined. METHODS To define its prognostic factors and immunoprofile, the clinicopathological features, including biochemical recurrence (BCR), of 61 cases of DAC were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarray constructs to assess the expression of prostate cancer-related and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling-related proteins. RESULTS During the median follow-up period of 19.3 months, BCR occurred in 26 cases (42.6%). DAC demonstrated a wide expression range of prostate cancer-related proteins, including nine cases (14.8%) that were totally negative for pan-cytokeratin (PanCK) immunostaining. The mTOR signaling-related proteins also showed diverse expression. On univariate analysis, BCR was associated with high preoperative serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), large tumor volume, predominant ductal component, high Gleason score (GS), comedo-necrosis, high tumor stage (pT), lymphovascular invasion, and positive surgical margin. High expressions of phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR) as well as low expressions of PSA, phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (pS6) and PanCK were associated with BCR. On multivariable analysis, GS, pT, and immunohistochemical expressions of PanCK and p-mTOR remained independent prognostic factors for BCR. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest GS, pT, and immunohistochemical expressions of PanCK and p-mTOR as independent prognostic factors for BCR in DAC. Since DAC showed diverse expression of prostate cancer-related proteins, this should be recognized in interpreting the immunoprofile of DAC. The diverse expression of mTOR-related proteins implicates their potential utility as predictive markers for mTOR targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Un Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anuja Kashikar Kekatpure
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-Min Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyu Han
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Sang Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui Jeong Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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