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Lin Y, Gan L, Ren L, Ma C, Dai M, Qian K, Ye Q, Lin X. Acupuncture with specific mode electro-stimulation effectively and transiently opens the BBB through Shh signaling pathway. Neuroreport 2023; 34:873-886. [PMID: 37942738 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
To explore a new method that patients with brain diseases such as stroke sequelae are hindered by blood-brain barrier (BBB) in clinical treatment. Research preliminarily found that acupuncture with specific mode electro-stimulation (EA) to open BBB-assisted drug delivery may be is an effective means to improve the clinical efficacy of brain disease patients. So here we further explore the features and mechanism. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/R recovery rats were employed as the animal model. Laser Doppler monitoring cerebral blood flow decreased to 45 ± 10% of the baseline value as modeling criteria and TTC staining observed infarcted areas of brain tissue. The permeability of FITC-Dextran and EB in the frontal lobe of rats was observed by microscope. After that, Western blot and Immunofluorescence staining for the detection of the shh and Gli1 signal molecule, Claudin-5 Occludin ZO-1 tight junction (TJ) proteins. EA can open the BBB stably and effectively, and has the characteristics of starting to close soon after the end of EA; EA inhibits the Shh-Gli1 signaling pathway, and downregulates Occludin ZO-1 TJ proteins. These results suggest that EA is safe and reversible in opening the BBB, and its mechanism is related to the inhibition of Shh signaling pathway to down-regulate the expression of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Kumar M, Jha AK. Exploring the potential of dietary factors and plant extracts as chemopreventive agents in oral squamous cell carcinoma treatment. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1246873. [PMID: 37859687 PMCID: PMC10582632 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1246873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is a prevalent malignancy having a significant fatality rate worldwide. Despite advancements in conventional treatment modalities, the overall survival rate for OSCC remains low. Therefore, there is a critical need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches that can improve patient outcomes. This review focuses on the potential of dietary factors and plant extracts as chemopreventive agents in treating oral cancer. These compounds possess diverse biological functions encompassing a range of attributes, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer capabilities. By targeting multiple cellular pathways involved in carcinogenesis, they possess the capacity to hinder tumor growth and development, promote programmed cell death, and impede the progression of oral cancer. Signaling pathways targeted by natural compounds that have been included in this review include Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling, Hippo-Tafazzin signaling pathway, notch signaling pathway, mitochondrial pathway, and Sonic Hedgehog pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
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3
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Li Y, Drappatz J. Advances in the systemic therapy for recurrent meningiomas and the challenges ahead. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:995-1004. [PMID: 37695700 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2254498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Meningiomas represent the most common primary neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS). 20% present with atypical (WHO grade II) or malignant (grade III) meningiomas, which show aggressive biologic behavior and high recurrence. Although surgical resection and radiation therapy are the primary treatment options for these tumors, there is a subgroup of patients who do not respond well to or are poor candidates for these approaches, leading to the exploration of systemic therapies as an alternative. AREAS COVERED The literature on different therapeutic groups of systemic drugs for recurrent meningiomas is reviewed, with a focus on the different molecular targets. Past and current ongoing clinical trials are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION To date, there is no recognized treatment that has demonstrated a substantial increase in progression-free or overall survival rates. Nonetheless, therapies targeting anti-VEGF have exhibited more encouraging results in general. The examination of genomic and epigenomic traits of meningiomas, along with the integration of molecular markers into the latest WHO tumor grading system, has provided valuable insights. This has opened avenues for exploring numerous intracellular and extracellular pathways, as well as mutations, that have been targeted in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jan Drappatz
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Rodrigues KS, Santos HBDP, de Morais EF, Freitas RDA. Immunohistochemical analysis of SHH, SMO and GLI-1 proteins in epithelial odontogenic lesions. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:91-99. [PMID: 36287504 PMCID: PMC9645165 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study analyzed the expression of proteins involved in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway (SHH, SMO, and GLI-1) in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions (odontogenic keratocyst - OKC, ameloblastoma - AB, and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor - AOT) in order to identify the role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of these lesions. The sample consisted of 20 OKCs, 20 ABs, and 10 AOTs. The Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman's (r) tests were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at 5% (p < 0.05). The membrane/cytoplasmic expression of SHH was significantly higher in AB compared to AOT (p = 0.022) and OKC (p = 0.02). No differences were found in the membrane/cytoplasmic expression of SMO between the lesions studied. Regarding GLI-1, significant differences were observed at the nuclear level for AB and OKC compared to AOT (p < 0.0001). In addition, significant positive correlations were found between cytoplasmic and nuclear GLI-1 in AB (r = 0.482; p = 0.031) and OKC (r = 0.865; p < 0.0001), and between membrane/cytoplasmic SMO and cytoplasmic GLI-1 in AOT (r = 0.667; p = 0.035) and OKC (r = 0.535; p = 0.015). The results of this study confirm the participation of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of the lesions studied. Overexpression of SHH in ABs and nuclear expression of GLI-1 in ABs and OKCs indicate that these proteins contribute to the more aggressive behavior of these two lesions when compared to AOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katianne Soares Rodrigues
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Everton Freitas de Morais
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Roseana de Almeida Freitas
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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5
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Shahoumi LA. Oral Cancer Stem Cells: Therapeutic Implications and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:685236. [PMID: 35048028 PMCID: PMC8757826 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.685236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is currently one of the 10 most common malignancies worldwide, characterized by a biologically highly diverse group of tumors with non-specific biomarkers and poor prognosis. The incidence rate of HNSCC varies widely throughout the world, with an evident prevalence in developing countries such as those in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. Tumor relapse and metastasis following traditional treatment remain major clinical problems in oral cancer management. Current evidence suggests that therapeutic resistance and metastasis of cancer are mainly driven by a unique subpopulation of tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), or cancer-initiating cells (CICs), which are characterized by their capacity for self-renewal, maintenance of stemness and increased tumorigenicity. Thus, more understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CSCs and their behavior may help in developing effective therapeutic interventions that inhibit tumor growth and progression. This review provides an overview of the main signaling cascades in CSCs that drive tumor repropagation and metastasis in oral cancer, with a focus on squamous cell carcinoma. Other oral non-SCC tumors, including melanoma and malignant salivary gland tumors, will also be considered. In addition, this review discusses some of the CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been employed to combat disease progression, and the challenges of targeting CSCs, with the aim of improving the clinical outcomes for patients with oral malignancies. Targeting of CSCs in head and neck cancer (HNC) represents a promising approach to improve disease outcome. Some CSC-targeted therapies have already been proven to be successful in pre-clinical studies and they are now being tested in clinical trials, mainly in combination with conventional treatment regimens. However, some studies revealed that CSCs may not be the only players that control disease relapse and progression of HNC. Further, clinical research studying a combination of therapies targeted against head and neck CSCs may provide significant advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linah A Shahoumi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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6
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Zárate AM, Espinosa-Bustos C, Guerrero S, Fierro A, Oyarzún-Ampuero F, Quest AFG, Di Marcotullio L, Loricchio E, Caimano M, Calcaterra A, González-Quiroz M, Aguirre A, Meléndez J, Salas CO. A New Smoothened Antagonist Bearing the Purine Scaffold Shows Antitumour Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8372. [PMID: 34445078 PMCID: PMC8395040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Smoothened (SMO) receptor is the most druggable target in the Hedgehog (HH) pathway for anticancer compounds. However, SMO antagonists such as vismodegib rapidly develop drug resistance. In this study, new SMO antagonists having the versatile purine ring as a scaffold were designed, synthesised, and biologically tested to provide an insight to their mechanism of action. Compound 4s was the most active and the best inhibitor of cell growth and selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells. 4s induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, a reduction in colony formation and downregulation of PTCH and GLI1 expression. BODIPY-cyclopamine displacement assays confirmed 4s is a SMO antagonist. In vivo, 4s strongly inhibited tumour relapse and metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. In vitro, 4s was more efficient than vismodegib to induce apoptosis in human cancer cells and that might be attributed to its dual ability to function as a SMO antagonist and apoptosis inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Zárate
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Christian Espinosa-Bustos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile;
| | - Simón Guerrero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK (I3CBSEK), Fernando Manterola 0789, Providencia, Santiago 7520317, Chile
| | - Angélica Fierro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Felipe Oyarzún-Ampuero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Andrew F. G. Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Laboratory Affiliated to Insituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena Loricchio
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Miriam Caimano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Matías González-Quiroz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Adam Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Rancagua 878, Lower Fifth Floor, Providencia, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Jaime Meléndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile;
| | - Cristian O. Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
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7
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Corona AM, Di L, Shah AH, Crespo R, Eichberg DG, Lu VM, Luther EM, Komotar RJ, Ivan ME. Current experimental therapies for atypical and malignant meningiomas. J Neurooncol 2021; 153:203-210. [PMID: 33950341 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atypical (WHO grade II) and malignant meningiomas (WHO Grade III) are a rare subset of primary intracranial tumors. Given their relatively high recurrence rate after surgical resection and radiotherapy, there has been a recent push to explore other adjuvant treatment options for these treatment-refractory tumors. Recent advances in molecular sequencing of tumors have elucidated new pathways and drug targets which are currently being studied. This article provides a thorough overview of novel investigational therapeutics including targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and new technological modalities for atypical and malignant meningiomas. METHODS We performed a comprehensive review of the available literature regarding preclinical and clinical evidence for emerging treatments for high grade meningiomas from 1980 to 2020 including contemporaneous clinical trials. RESULTS There is encouraging preclinical evidence regarding the efficacy of the emerging treatments discussed in this article. Several clinical trials are currently recruiting patients to translate targeted molecular therapy for meningiomas. Several clinical studies have suggested a clinical benefit of combinatorial treatment for these treatment-refractory tumors. CONCLUSION With numerous active clinical trials for high grade meningiomas, a meaningful improvement in the outcomes for these tumors may be on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Corona
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Long Di
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ashish H Shah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Raphael Crespo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Daniel G Eichberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Victor M Lu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Evan M Luther
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ricardo J Komotar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michael E Ivan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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8
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Lima IFP, Matos FRD, Bernardino ÍDM, Santana ITS, Vieira WDA, Blumenberg C, Siqueira WL, Paranhos LR. RANK, RANKL, and OPG in Dentigerous Cyst, Odontogenic Keratocyst, and Ameloblastoma: A Meta-Analysis. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:16-25. [PMID: 33913997 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess and compare RANK, RANKL, and OPG immunoexpression in dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, and ameloblastoma. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018105543). Seven databases (Embase, Lilacs, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Web of Science) were the primary search sources and two databases (Open Grey and Open Thesis) partially captured the "grey literature". Only cross sectional studies were included. The JBI Checklist assessed the risk of bias. A meta-analysis with random effects model estimated the values from the OPG and RANKL ratio reported by the individual studies and respective 95% confidence intervals. The heterogeneity among studies was assessed with I2 statistics. Only nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were considered in the analyses. The studies were published from 2008 to 2018. Two studies presented low risk of bias, while seven studies presented moderate risk. The meta-analysis showed the highest OPG>RANKL ratio for dentigerous cyst (ES=43.3%; 95% CI=14.3-74.8) and odontogenic keratocyst (ES=36.8%; 95% CI=18.8-56.7). In contrast, the highest OPG<RANKL ratio was found for ameloblastoma (ES=73.4%; 95% CI=55.4-88.4) and it was higher in the stromal region compared to the odontogenic epithelial region. The results may explain the aggressive potential of ameloblastoma from the higher OPG<RANKL ratio in this tumor, while it was lower for dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Felipe Pereira Lima
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, UFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Walbert de Andrade Vieira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cauane Blumenberg
- Department of Social Medicine, UFPEL - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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9
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Liu D, Bai X, Ma W, Xin D, Chu X, Yuan H, Qiu J, Ke H, Yin S, Chen W, Wang Z. Purmorphamine Attenuates Neuro-Inflammation and Synaptic Impairments After Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Mice via Shh Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32194421 PMCID: PMC7064623 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purmorphamine (PUR), an agonist of the Smoothened (Smo) receptor, has been shown to function as a neuroprotectant in acute experimental ischemic stroke. Its role in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonatal mice remains unknown. Here we show that PUR attenuated acute brain injury, with a decrease in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio as well as inhibition of caspase-3 activation. These beneficial effects of PUR were associated with suppressing neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress. PUR exerted long-term protective effects upon tissue loss and improved neurobehavioral outcomes as determined at 14 and 28 days post-HI insult. Moreover, PUR increased synaptophysin (Syn) and postsynaptic density (PSD) protein 95 expression in HI-treated mice and attenuated synaptic loss. PUR upregulated the expression of Shh pathway mediators, while suppression of the Shh signaling pathway with cyclopamine (Cyc) reversed these beneficial effects of PUR on HI insult. Our study suggests a therapeutic potential for short-term PUR administration in HI-induced injury as a result of its capacity to exert multiple protective actions upon acute brain injury, long-term memory deficits, and impaired synapses. Moreover, we provide evidence indicating that one of the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of PUR involves activation of the Shh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xili Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - HongFei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Yin
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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10
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Silva BS, Silva LR, Lima KL, Dos Santos AC, Oliveira AC, Dezzen-Gomide AC, Batista AC, Yamamoto-Silva FP. SOX2 and BCL-2 Expressions in Odontogenic Keratocyst and Ameloblastoma. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e283-e290. [PMID: 31967981 PMCID: PMC7103439 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this experimental study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of SOX2 and BCL-2 in Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) and Ameloblastoma (AB) specimens, and to identify a possible correlation in their expression.
Material and Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate SOX2 and BCL-2 expression in OKC (n = 20) and AB (n = 20). The immunoexpression was analyzed by a quantitative and qualitative scoring system. The comparison between the immunoexpression of SOX 2 and BCL-2 was assessed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Spearman’s correlation coefficient evaluated the correlation between SOX2 and BCL-2 expressions.
Results SOX2 and BCL-2 expression was observed in all specimens of OKC in the full thickness of the epithelium lining. SOX2 immunostaining was higher in OKC, in comparison with AB samples (P<0.05). BCL-2 immunostaining between OKC and AB was not statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between SOX2 and BCL-2 in OKC and AB specimens.
Conclusions SOX2 and BCL-2 expressions in OKC may suggest their relationship with the biological behavior of this lesion, and the higher expression of SOX2 might be an upstream influence on the Hh signaling pathway. Key words:Odontogenic keratocyst; Ameloblastoma; Odontogenic tumor; SOX2; BCL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-S Silva
- University of Anápolis, Department of Oral Diagnosis Av. Universitária, km 3,5. Cidade Universitária CEP 75083-515, Anápolis, Brasil
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11
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Melo Muniz VRV, Nunes FD, Xavier FCDA, Cangussu MCT, Almeida Freitas R, Cury PR, Gurgel CA, Santos JN. Potential role of Hedgehog signaling pathway and myofibroblastic differentiation in central giant cell granuloma—A preliminary study. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:855-860. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Daumas Nunes
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry University of São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Flávia Caló de Aquino Xavier
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
| | | | - Roseana Almeida Freitas
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal RN Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ramos Cury
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
| | - Clarissa Araújo Gurgel
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Santos
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA Brazil
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12
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Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Breast Cancer: Pathogenesis and Therapeutics. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040375. [PMID: 31027259 PMCID: PMC6523618 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women, only followed by lung cancer. Given the importance of BC in public health, it is essential to identify biomarkers to predict prognosis, predetermine drug resistance and provide treatment guidelines that include personalized targeted therapies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an essential role in embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and stem cell renewal. Several lines of evidence endorse the important role of canonical and non-canonical Hh signaling in BC. In this comprehensive review we discuss the role of Hh signaling in breast development and homeostasis and its contribution to tumorigenesis and progression of different subtypes of BC. We also examine the efficacy of agents targeting different components of the Hh pathway both in preclinical models and in clinical trials. The contribution of the Hh pathway in BC tumorigenesis and progression, its prognostic role, and its value as a therapeutic target vary according to the molecular, clinical, and histopathological characteristics of the BC patients. The evidence presented here highlights the relevance of the Hh signaling in BC, and suggest that this pathway is key for BC progression and metastasis.
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Nigim F, Wakimoto H, Kasper EM, Ackermans L, Temel Y. Emerging Medical Treatments for Meningioma in the Molecular Era. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030086. [PMID: 30082628 PMCID: PMC6165537 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common type of primary central nervous system tumors. Approximately, 80% of meningiomas are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as grade I, and 20% of these tumors are grade II and III, considered high-grade meningiomas (HGMs). Clinical control of HGMs, as well as meningiomas that relapse after surgery, and radiation therapy is difficult, and novel therapeutic approaches are necessary. However, traditional chemotherapies, interferons, hormonal therapies, and other targeted therapies have so far failed to provide clinical benefit. During the last several years, next generation sequencing has dissected the genetic heterogeneity of meningioma and enriched our knowledge about distinct oncogenic pathways driving different subtypes of meningiomas, opening up a door to new personalized targeted therapies. Molecular classification of meningioma allows a new design of clinical trials that assign patients to corresponding targeted agents based on the tumor genetic subtypes. In this review, we will shed light on emerging medical treatments of meningiomas with a particular focus on the new targets identified with genomic sequencing that have led to clinical trials testing novel compounds. Moreover, we present recent development of patient-derived preclinical models that provide platforms for assessing targeted therapies as well as strategies with novel mechanism of action such as oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Nigim
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ekkehard M Kasper
- Department of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON 8L8 2X2, Canada.
| | - Linda Ackermans
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HY Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HY Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Vesci L, Milazzo FM, Stasi MA, Pace S, Manera F, Tallarico C, Cini E, Petricci E, Manetti F, De Santis R, Giannini G. Hedgehog pathway inhibitors of the acylthiourea and acylguanidine class show antitumor activity on colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:368-379. [PMID: 30099257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Small series of acylguanidine and acylthiourea derivatives were synthesized in gram-scale and assayed for their ability to modulate the Hh signalling pathway. In vitro studies showed a low micromolar inhibitory activity toward tumor cell lines, while the oral administration revealed an excellent ADME profile in vivo. Compound 5 emerged as the most active and safe inhibitor of colon cancer cells both in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Based on these data, 5 could be prioritized to further development with the perspective of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Vesci
- Research & Development, Alfasigma SpA, via Pontina, Km 30.400, I-00040, Pomezia, Italy.
| | | | | | - Silvia Pace
- Research & Development, Alfasigma SpA, via Pontina, Km 30.400, I-00040, Pomezia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Manera
- Research & Development, Alfasigma SpA, via Pontina, Km 30.400, I-00040, Pomezia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Tallarico
- Research & Development, Alfasigma SpA, via Pontina, Km 30.400, I-00040, Pomezia, Italy.
| | - Elena Cini
- Lead Discovery Siena Srl, via Fiorentina 1, I-53100, Siena, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, via A. Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Elena Petricci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, via A. Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Lead Discovery Siena Srl, via Fiorentina 1, I-53100, Siena, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, via A. Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Rita De Santis
- Research & Development, Alfasigma SpA, via Pontina, Km 30.400, I-00040, Pomezia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Research & Development, Alfasigma SpA, via Pontina, Km 30.400, I-00040, Pomezia, Italy.
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15
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Hoyos Cadavid AM, Kaminagakura E, Rodrigues MFSD, Pinto CAL, Teshima THN, Alves FA. Immunohistochemical evaluation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway proteins (Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) in sporadic and syndromic odontogenic keratocysts. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:153-159. [PMID: 29564556 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and demographic features of 62 patients presenting sporadic odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) or OKCs associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). In conjunction with this, we also evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3 proteins in 86 OKCs. By doing this, we add to the understanding of the biology of this type of lesion, providing tools that will help facilitate the early diagnosis of NBCCS in those patients where the first manifestation is that of OKCs. METHODS This is a retrospective study; patients were classified into two groups: group 1 which consisted of those who were not affected by NBCCS (49 patients and 57 OKCs) and group 2 which consisted of those who were diagnosed with NBCCS (13 patients and 29 OKCs). The clinical and demographic features were studied and the immunohistochemical expression of Sonic Hedgehog proteins (Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) was analyzed in all samples. RESULTS There was an increase in the expression of three proteins in the syndromic OKC, when compared to that of sporadic cysts. Shh and Gli1 showed higher cytoplasmic expression, while Smo revealed stronger nuclear and cytoplasmic expressions. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings suggest that the expression patterns of important Shh pathway proteins can represent valuable markers for early diagnosis of NBCCS-associated OKCs, as the major criterion for the diagnosis of NBCCS is currently based on the late appearance of basal cellular carcinomas. Thus, standardizing a new diagnostic tool for diagnosis of NBCCS could be of great importance in the identification of therapeutic targets. We therefore suggest, as based on our findings, that OKCs showing high expression of Shh, Smo, and Gli1 are potentially associated with NBCCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Hoyos Cadavid
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227 (Butantã), São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil.
| | - E Kaminagakura
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Paulista State University "Julio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M F S D Rodrigues
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227 (Butantã), São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil.,Biophotonics Applied to Health Science, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A L Pinto
- Department of Pathology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T H N Teshima
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227 (Butantã), São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil
| | - F A Alves
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227 (Butantã), São Paulo, 03178-200, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lai SW, Chen JH, Lin HY, Liu YS, Tsai CF, Chang PC, Lu DY, Lin C. Regulatory Effects of Neuroinflammatory Responses Through Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling in Microglial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7487-7499. [PMID: 29427085 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of microglial over-activation is an important strategy to counter balance neurodegenerative progression. We previously demonstrated that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may be a therapeutic target in mediating anti-neuroinflammatory responses in microglia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the major neurotrophic factors produced by astrocytes to maintain the development and survival of neurons in the brain, and have recently been shown to modulate homeostasis of neuroinflammation. Therefore, the present study focused on BDNF-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and may provide an endogenous regulation of neuroinflammation. Among the tested neuroinflammation, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and minocycline exerted BDNF upregulation to inhibit COX-2 and proinflammatory mediator expressions. Furthermore, both EGCG and minocycline upregulated BDNF expression in microglia through AMPK signaling. In addition, minocycline and EGCG also increased expressions of erythropoietin (EPO) and sonic hedgehog (Shh). In the endogenous modulation of neuroinflammation, astrocyte-conditioned medium (AgCM) also decreased the expression of COX-2 and upregulated BDNF expression in microglia. The anti-inflammatory effects of BDNF were mediated through EPO/Shh in microglia. Our results indicated that the BDNF-EPO-Shh novel-signaling pathway underlies the regulation of inflammatory responses and may be regarded as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. This study also reveals a better understanding of an endogenous crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia to regulate anti-inflammatory actions, which could provide a novel strategy for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Developmental Morphogens & Recovery from Alcoholic Liver Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:145-151. [PMID: 30362097 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced steatohepatitis (ASH) increases the risk for both clinically-severe acute alcoholic hepatitis and eventual cirrhosis. The mechanisms that control ASH pathogenesis and progression are unclear but processes that regulate liver cell plasticity seem to be critically involved. In injured adult livers, morphogenic signaling pathways that modulate cell fate decisions during fetal development and in adult liver progenitors become reactivated. Overly-exuberant activation of such morphogenic signaling causes dysregulated liver repair and increases short- and long-term mortality by promoting acute liver failure, as well as progressive fibrosis. Hence, these pathways may be novel therapeutic targets to optimize liver cell reprogramming and prevent defective regenerative responses that cause acute liver failure and cirrhosis.
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18
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He P, Zhang HX, Sun CY, Chen CY, Jiang HQ. Overexpression of SASH1 Inhibits the Proliferation, Invasion, and EMT in Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Oncol Res 2017; 24:25-32. [PMID: 27178819 PMCID: PMC7838664 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14575597858609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The SASH1 (SAM- and SH3-domain containing 1) gene, a member of the SLY (SH3 domain containing expressed in lymphocytes) family of signal adapter proteins, has been implicated in tumorigenesis of many types of cancers. However, the role and mechanism of SASH1 in the invasion and metastasis of hepatocarcinoma are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of SASH1 in the invasion and metastasis of hepatocarcinoma. Our results showed that SASH1 was lowly expressed in hepatocarcinoma cell lines. The in vitro experiments showed that overexpression of SASH1 inhibited the proliferation and migration/invasion of hepatocarcinoma cells, as well as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress. Furthermore, overexpression of SASH1 suppressed the expression of Shh as well as Smo, Ptc, and Gli-1 in hepatocarcinoma cells. Taken together, these results suggest that overexpression of SASH1 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of hepatocarcinoma cells through the inactivation of Shh signaling pathway. Therefore, these findings reveal that SASH1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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19
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Hu Q, Li T, Wang L, Xie Y, Liu S, Bai X, Zhang T, Bo S, Xin D, Xue H, Li G, Wang Z. Neuroprotective Effects of a Smoothened Receptor Agonist against Early Brain Injury after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:306. [PMID: 28149272 PMCID: PMC5241312 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system (CNS) development, but its effects on neural cell survival and brain repair after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been well-investigated. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of an agonist of the Shh co-receptor Smoothened (Smo), purmorphamine (PUR), on early brain injury (EBI) as well as the underlying mechanisms after SAH. PUR was administered via an intraperitoneal injection with a dose of 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/kg at 2, 6, 24, and 46 h after SAH in rat model. The results showed that PUR treatment significantly ameliorated brain edema, improved neurobehavioral function, and attenuated neuronal cell death in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), associated with a decrease in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and suppression of caspase-3 activation at 48 h after SAH. PUR also promoted phospho-ERK levels. Additionally, PUR treatment markedly decreased MDA concentration accompanied with the elevation in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 in PFC. Notably, PUR treatment significantly reversed the changes of Shh pathway mediators containing Patched, Gli1, and Shh by SAH insult, and the neuroprotection of PUR on SAH was blocked by Smo antagonist cyclopamine. These results indicated that PUR exerts neuroprotection against SAH-evoked injury in rats, mediated in part by anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant mechanism, up-regulating phospho-ERK levels, mediating Shh signaling molecules in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Taian Central HospitalTaian, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong UniversityJinan, China; Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, China
| | - Yunkai Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Shishi Bo
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine Jinan, China
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20
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Andrade AF, Borges KS, Suazo VK, Geron L, Corrêa CAP, Castro-Gamero AM, de Vasconcelos EJR, de Oliveira RS, Neder L, Yunes JA, Dos Santos Aguiar S, Scrideli CA, Tone LG. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine exerts antitumor effects and reveals BATF2 as a poor prognostic marker for childhood medulloblastoma. Invest New Drugs 2016; 35:26-36. [PMID: 27785591 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common solid tumor among pediatric patients and corresponds to 20 % of all pediatric intracranial tumors in this age group. Its treatment currently involves significant side effects. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation may contribute to its development and progression. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors have shown promising anticancer effects. The agent Zebularine acts as an inhibitor of DNA methylation and shows low toxicity and high efficacy, being a promising adjuvant agent for anti-cancer chemotherapy. Several studies have reported its effects on different types of tumors; however, there are no studies reporting its effects on MB. We analyzed its potential anticancer effects in four pediatric MB cell lines. The treatment inhibited proliferation and clonogenicity, increased the apoptosis rate and the number of cells in the S phase (p < 0.05), as well as the expression of p53, p21, and Bax, and decreased cyclin A, Survivin and Bcl-2 proteins. In addition, the combination of zebularine with the chemotherapeutic agents vincristine and cisplatin resulted in synergism and antagonism, respectively. Zebularine also modulated the activation of the SHH pathway, reducing SMO and GLI1 levels and one of its targets, PTCH1, without changing SUFU levels. A microarray analysis revealed different pathways modulated by the drug, including the Toll-Like Receptor pathway and high levels of the BATF2 gene. The low expression of this gene was associated with a worse prognosis in MB. Taken together, these data suggest that Zebularine may be a potential drug for further in vivo studies of MB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Faria Andrade
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kleiton Silva Borges
- Department of Pediatrics - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Kiill Suazo
- Department of Pediatrics - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lenisa Geron
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luciano Neder
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Alberto Scrideli
- Department of Pediatrics - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Tone
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Rosa R, D'Amato V, De Placido S, Bianco R. Approaches for targeting cancer stem cells drug resistance. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1201-1212. [PMID: 27700193 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1243525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several reports have suggested that a population of undifferentiated cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), is responsible for cancer formation and maintenance. In the last decade, the presence of CSCs in solid cancers have been reported. Areas covered: This review summarizes the main approaches for targeting CSCs drug resistance. It is indeed known that CSCs may contribute to resistance to conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted agents. Among the mechanisms by which CSCs escape anticancer therapies, removal of therapeutic agents by drug efflux pumps, enhanced DNA damage repair, activation of mitogenic/anti-apoptotic pathways; the main features of CSCs, stemness and EMT, are involved, as well as the capability to evade immune response. Expert opinion: Different approaches are suitable to target CSCs mediated drug resistance. Some of them are currently under clinical evaluation in different cancer types. A better understanding of CSC biology, as well as more accurate study design, may maximize the therapeutic effects of these agents. In this respect, it is important to establish: (i) which molecules should be targeted; (ii) what drug combinations may be suitable; (iii) which patient settings will CSC targeting offer the highest clinical benefit; and (iv) how to integrate therapeutic approaches targeting CSCs with standard cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rosa
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
| | - Valentina D'Amato
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
| | - Roberto Bianco
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
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22
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Verma RK, Yu W, Shrivastava A, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. α-Mangostin-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis by targeting cancer stem cells in human, and transgenic (Kras(G12D), and Kras(G12D)/tp53R270H) mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32743. [PMID: 27624879 PMCID: PMC5021984 DOI: 10.1038/srep32743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of sonic hedgehog (Shh) in cancer stem cell (CSC) has been demonstrated with aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer. In order to enhance the biological activity of α-mangostin, we formulated mangostin-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (Mang-NPs) and examined the molecular mechanisms by which they inhibit human and KC mice (PdxCre;LSL-KrasG12D) pancreatic CSC characteristics in vitro, and pancreatic carcinogenesis in KPC (PdxCre;LSLKrasG12D;LSL-Trp53R172H) mice. Mang-NPs inhibited human and KrasG12D mice pancreatic CSC characteristics in vitro. Mang-NPs also inhibited EMT by up-regulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin and transcription factors Slug, and pluripotency maintaining factors Nanog, c-Myc, and Oct4. Furthermore, Mang-NPs inhibited the components of Shh pathway and Gli targets. In vivo, Mang-NPs inhibited the progression of pancreatic intraneoplasia to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and liver metastasis in KPC mice. The inhibitory effects of Mang-NPs on carcinogenesis in KPC mice were associated with downregulation of pluripotency maintaining factors (c-Myc, Nanog and Oct4), stem cell markers (CD24 and CD133), components of Shh pathway (Gli1, Gli2, Patched1/2, and Smoothened), Gli targets (Bcl-2, XIAP and Cyclin D1), and EMT markers and transcription factors (N-cadherin, Slug, Snail and Zeb1), and upregulation of E-cadherin. Overall, our data suggest that Mang-NPs can inhibit pancreatic cancer growth, development and metastasis by targeting Shh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Verma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Rakesh K Srivastava
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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23
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Dias RB, Valverde LDF, Sales CBS, Guimarães VSN, Cabral MG, de Aquino Xavier FC, dos Santos JN, Ramos EAG, Gurgel Rocha CA. Enhanced Expression of Hedgehog Pathway Proteins in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:595-602. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jimenez SA, Piera-Velazquez S. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Myth or reality? Matrix Biol 2016; 51:26-36. [PMID: 26807760 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of skin and multiple internal organs and severe functional and structural microvascular alterations. SSc is considered to be the prototypic systemic fibrotic disorder. Despite currently available therapeutic approaches SSc has a high mortality rate owing to the development of SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), complications that have emerged as the most frequent causes of disability and mortality in SSc. The pathogenesis of the fibrotic process in SSc is complex and despite extensive investigation the exact mechanisms have remained elusive. Myofibroblasts are the cells ultimately responsible for tissue fibrosis and fibroproliferative vasculopathy in SSc. Tissue myofibroblasts in SSc originate from several sources including expansion of quiescent tissue fibroblasts and tissue accumulation of CD34+ fibrocytes. Besides these sources, myofibroblasts in SSc may result from the phenotypic conversion of endothelial cells into activated myofibroblasts, a process known as endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Recently, it has been postulated that EndoMT may play a role in the development of SSc-associated ILD and PAH. However, although several studies have described the occurrence of EndoMT in experimentally induced cardiac, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis and in several human disorders, the contribution of EndoMT to SSc-associated ILD and PAH has not been generally accepted. Here, the experimental evidence supporting the concept that EndoMT plays a role in the pathogenesis of SSc-associated ILD and PAH will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Macrophages and endothelial cells orchestrate tumor-associated angiogenesis in oral cancer via hedgehog pathway activation. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9233-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Schneider BJ, Kalemkerian GP. Personalized Therapy of Small Cell Lung Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 890:149-74. [PMID: 26703804 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24932-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma with distinct clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics. Despite robust responses to initial chemotherapy and radiation, the prognosis of patients with SCLC remains poor with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 10 %. Despite the fact that numerous molecularly targeted approaches have thus far failed to demonstrate clinical utility in SCLC, further advances will rely on better definition of the biological pathways that drive survival, proliferation and metastasis. Recent next-generation, molecular profiling studies have identified many new therapeutic targets in SCLC, as well as extreme genomic instability which explains the high degree of resistance. A wide variety of anti-angiogenic agents, growth factor inhibitors, pro-apoptotic agents, and epigenetic modulators have been evaluated in SCLC and many studies of these strategies are on-going. Perhaps the most promising approaches involve agents targeting cancer stem cell pathways and immunomodulatory drugs that interfere with the PD1 and CTLA-4 pathways. SCLC offers many barriers to the development of successful therapy, including limited tumor samples, inadequate preclinical models, high mutational burden, and aggressive tumor growth which impairs functional status and hampers enrollment on clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Schneider
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, C411 Med Inn-SPC 5848, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5848, USA.
| | - Gregory P Kalemkerian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, C350 Med Inn-SPC 5848, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5848, USA.
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Xiao Q, Yang YA, Zhao XY, He LS, Qin Y, He YH, Zhang GP, Luo JD. Oxidative stress contributes to the impaired sonic hedgehog pathway in type 1 diabetic mice with myocardial infarction. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1750-1758. [PMID: 26640546 PMCID: PMC4665878 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that an impaired sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway contributed to cardiac dysfunction in type 1 diabetic mice with myocardial infarction (MI). The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress may contribute to the impaired Shh pathway and cardiac dysfunction in type 1 diabetic mice with MI. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice (C57/Bl6, male) and rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were used in the present study. Mice were randomly assigned to undergo ligation of the coronary artery or pseudosurgery. A potent antioxidant Tempol was administered in vivo and in vitro. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography, capillary density by immunohistochemisty, percentage of myocardial infarct using Massons trichrome staining, reactive oxygen species detection using dihydroethidium dye or 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe and protein expression levels of the Shh pathway by western blot analysis. The antioxidant Tempol was shown to significantly increase myocardial protein expression levels of Shh and patched-1 (Ptc1) at 7–18 weeks and improved cardiac function at 18 weeks in type 1 diabetic mice, as compared with mice receiving no drug treatment. Furthermore, myocardial protein expression levels of Shh and Ptc1 were significantly upregulated on day 7 after MI, and capillary density was enhanced. In addition, the percentage area of myocardial infarct was reduced, and the cardiac dysfunction and survival rate were improved on day 21 in diabetic mice treated with Tempol. In vitro, treatment of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes with a mixture of xanthine oxidase and xanthine decreased protein expression levels of Shh and Ptc1 in a concentration-dependent manner, and Tempol attenuated this effect. These results indicate that oxidative stress may contribute to an impaired Shh pathway in type 1 diabetic mice, leading to diminished myocardial healing and cardiac dysfunction. Antioxidative strategies aimed at restoring the endogenous Shh pathway may offer a useful means for improving diabetic cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China ; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, P.R. China
| | - Y A Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ya Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Li-Shan He
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Snake Venom, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hua He
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Snake Venom, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Dong Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China ; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, P.R. China
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Villanueva H, Visbal AP, Obeid NF, Ta AQ, Faruki AA, Wu MF, Hilsenbeck SG, Shaw CA, Yu P, Plummer NW, Birnbaumer L, Lewis MT. An essential role for Gα(i2) in Smoothened-stimulated epithelial cell proliferation in the mammary gland. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra92. [PMID: 26373672 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is critical for organogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and stem cell maintenance. The gene encoding Smoothened (SMO), the primary effector of Hh signaling, is expressed aberrantly in human breast cancer, as well as in other cancers. In mice that express a constitutively active form of SMO that does not require Hh stimulation in mammary glands, the cells near the transgenic cells proliferate and participate in hyperplasia formation. Although SMO is a seven-transmembrane receptor like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), SMO-mediated activation of the Gli family of transcription factors is not known to involve G proteins. However, data from Drosophila and mammalian cell lines indicate that SMO functions as a GPCR that couples to heterotrimeric G proteins of the pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Gαi class. Using genetically modified mice, we demonstrated that SMO signaling through G proteins occurred in the mammary gland in vivo. SMO-induced stimulation of proliferation was PTX-sensitive and required Gαi2, but not Gαi1, Gαi3, or activation of Gli1 or Gli2. Our findings show that activated SMO functions as a GPCR to stimulate proliferation in vivo, a finding that may have clinical importance because most SMO-targeted agents have been selected based largely on their ability to block Gli-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Villanueva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adriana P Visbal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nadine F Obeid
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew Q Ta
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adeel A Faruki
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng-Fen Wu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Nicholas W Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor mitigates mouse hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 2015; 210:554-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Duan ZH, Wang HC, Zhao DM, Ji XX, Song M, Yang XJ, Cui W. Cooperatively transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of sonic hedgehog overexpression drives malignant potential of breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1084-91. [PMID: 25990213 PMCID: PMC4556399 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a ligand of Hedgehog signaling pathway, is considered an important oncogene and an exciting potential therapeutic target in several cancers. Comprehensive understanding of the regulation mechanism of Shh in cancer cells is necessary to find an effective approach to selectively block its tumorigenic function. We and others previously demonstrated that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and promoter hypomethylation contributed to the overexpression of Shh. However, the relationship between transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of Shh, and their roles in the malignant phenotype of cancer cells are still not clearly elucidated. In the present study, our data showed that the level of Shh was higher in breast cancer tissues with positive NF-κB nuclear staining and promoter hypomethylation. In addition, survival analysis revealed that Shh overexpression, but not hypomethylation and NF-κB nuclear staining, was a poor prognosis indicator for breast cancers. Moreover, in vitro data demonstrated that both NF-κB activation and hypomethylation in promoter region were positively associated with the overexpression of Shh. Mechanistically, the hypomethylation in Shh promoter could facilitate NF-κB binding to its site, and subsequently cooperate to induce transcription of Shh. Furthermore, the biological function data indicated that overexpressed Shh enhanced the self-renewal capacity and migration ability of breast cancer cells, which could be augmented by promoter demethylation and NF-κB activation. Overall, our findings reveal multiple and cooperative mechanisms of Shh upregulation in cancer cells, and the roles of Shh in tumor malignant behavior, thus suggesting a new strategy for therapeutic interventions to reduce Shh in tumors and improve patients’ prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Heng Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Center for Neuroscience, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Verma RK, Yu W, Singh SP, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Anthothecol-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibit pancreatic cancer stem cell growth by modulating sonic hedgehog pathway. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26199979 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anthothecol, a limonoid isolated from plant Khaya anthotheca (Meliaceae), is an antimalarial compound. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms by which anthothecol-encapsulated PLGA-nanoparticles (Antho-NPs) regulate the behavior of pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs). Antho-NPs inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, and induced apoptosis in pancreatic CSCs and cancer cell lines, but had no effects on human normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Antho-NPs inhibited self-renewal capacity of pancreatic CSCs isolated from human and Kras(G12D) mice. Furthermore, antho-NPs suppressed cell motility, migration and invasion by up-regulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin and Zeb1. In addition, Antho-NPs inhibited pluripotency maintaining factors and stem cell markers, suggesting their inhibitory role on CSC population. Anthothecol disrupted binding of Gli to DNA, and inhibited Gli transcription and Gli target genes. Our studies establish preclinical significance of Antho-NPs for the treatment and/or prevention of pancreatic cancer. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Despite medical advances, the prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains poor. The search for an effective treatment has been under intensive research for some time. In this article, the authors investigated the efficacy and mechanism of anthothecol (an antimalarial compound), encapsulated by PLGA nanoparticles (Antho-NPs), against pancreatic cancer cell lines. It was found that Antho-NPs acted via the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and inhibited cancer stem cell growth. These results have provided important basis for further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Yu
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Centre of Bioinformatics (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Xiao Q, Yang Y, Qin Y, He YH, Chen KX, Zhu JW, Zhang GP, Luo JD. AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent autophagy mediated the protective effect of sonic hedgehog pathway on oxygen glucose deprivation-induced injury of cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:419-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Inhibition of Hedgehog signalling by NVP-LDE225 (Erismodegib) interferes with growth and invasion of human renal cell carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1168-79. [PMID: 25093491 PMCID: PMC4453852 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple lines of evidence support that the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling has a role in the maintenance and progression of different human cancers. Therefore, inhibition of the Hh pathway represents a valid anticancer therapeutic approach for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. NVP-LDE225 is a Smoothened (Smo) antagonist that induces dose-related inhibition of Hh and Smo-dependent tumour growth. Methods: We assayed the effects of NVP-LDE225 alone or in combination with everolimus or sunitinib on the growth and invasion of human RCC models both in vitro and in vivo. To this aim, we used a panel of human RCC models, comprising cells with acquired resistance to sunitinib – a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved as a first-line treatment for RCC. Results: NVP-LDE225 cooperated with either everolimus or sunitinib to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of RCC cells even in sunitinib-resistant (SuR) cells. Some major transducers involved in tumour cell motility, including paxillin, were also efficiently inhibited by the combination therapy, as demonstrated by western blot and confocal microscopy assays. Moreover, these combined treatments inhibited tumour growth and increased animal survival in nude mice xenografted with SuR RCC cells. Finally, lung micrometastasis formation was reduced when mice were treated with NVP-LDE225 plus everolimus or sunitinib, as evidenced by artificial metastatic assays. Conclusions: Hedgehog inhibition by NVP-LDE225 plus sunitinib or everolimus bolsters antitumour activity by interfering with tumour growth and metastatic spread, even in SuR cells. Thus, this new evidence puts forward a new promising therapeutic approach for RCC patients.
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Xu Q, Liu X, Zheng X, Yao Y, Wang M, Liu Q. The transcriptional activity of Gli1 is negatively regulated by AMPK through Hedgehog partial agonism in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:733-41. [PMID: 25017332 PMCID: PMC4121351 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mammalian 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a crucial role in cellular energy homeostasis. However, the interaction between the Hh and AMPK signaling pathways has not been investigated to date. In the present study, to the best of our knowlege, we report for the first time the negative regulation of glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Gli1), an important downstream effector of Hh, by the AMPK signal transduction pathway. Immunoprecipitation and GST-pull down assay showed a direct interaction between AMPK and Gli1. The overexpression of AMPK induced the downregulation of Gli1 expression, while the knockdown of AMPK upregulated Gli1 expression in a relatively short period of time (24 h or less). Our data suggest that AMPK may function as an upstream molecule that regulates Gli1 expression. Therefore, AMPK may play a role in the Hh signaling pathway, through which it regulates tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuran Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yingmin Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Gurgel CAS, Buim MEC, Carvalho KC, Sales CBS, Reis MG, de Souza RO, de Faro Valverde L, de Azevedo RA, Dos Santos JN, Soares FA, Ramos EAG. Transcriptional profiles of SHH pathway genes in keratocystic odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:619-26. [PMID: 24930892 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway activation has been identified as a key factor in the development of many types of tumors, including odontogenic tumors. Our study examined the expression of genes in the SHH pathway to characterize their roles in the pathogenesis of keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KOT) and ameloblastomas (AB). METHODS We quantified the expression of SHH, SMO, PTCH1, SUFU, GLI1, CCND1, and BCL2 genes by qPCR in a total of 23 KOT, 11 AB, and three non-neoplastic oral mucosa (NNM). We also measured the expression of proteins related to this pathway (CCND1 and BCL2) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed overexpression of SMO, PTCH1, GLI1, and CCND1 genes in both KOT (23/23) and AB (11/11). However, we did not detect expression of the SHH gene in 21/23 KOT and 10/11 AB tumors. Low levels of the SUFU gene were expressed in KOT (P = 0.0199) and AB (P = 0.0127) relative to the NNM. Recurrent KOT exhibited high levels of SMO (P = 0.035), PTCH1 (P = 0.048), CCND1 (P = 0.048), and BCL2 (P = 0.045) transcripts. Using immunolabeling of CCND1, we observed no statistical difference between primary and recurrent KOT (P = 0.8815), sporadic and NBCCS-KOT (P = 0.7688), and unicystic and solid AB (P = 0.7521). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of upstream (PTCH1 and SMO) and downstream (GLI1, CCND1 and BCL2) genes in the SHH pathway leads to the constitutive activation of this pathway in KOT and AB and may suggest a mechanism for the development of these types of tumors.
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Hong Z, Bi A, Chen D, Gao L, Yin Z, Luo L. Activation of hedgehog signaling pathway in human non-small cell lung cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20:917-22. [PMID: 24710823 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the hedgehog pathway, which is an important signaling mechanism crucial in embryogenesis, has strong links to carcinogenesis. Aberrant regulation of this pathway can result in the development of tumors. The present study was designed to investigate Hh related protein expression in non-small cell lung cancers. Fifty five non-small cell lung cancers samples were used in the study. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the expression of Shh, Ptch-1, and Gli-1 in tumor and adjacent normal tissues was examined and associated to clinical pathologic features. The expression levels of Shh, Ptch-1, Gli-1 in non-small cell lung cancer tissues were 63.64, 69.09, 43.64 %, respectively, higher than that in the adjacent normal tissues. Survival analysis showed that both Ptch-1 and Gli-1 expression were associated with poor survival (both P <0.05, log-rank test). Shh and Ptch-1 expression were correlated with lymph node metastasis. These results suggest that dysregulation of Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of human NSCLCs. The expression of Ptch-1 and Gli-1 is possibly involved in NSCLCs progression, which may be a useful prognostic indicator of NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Poeple's Republic of China
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Hettmer S, Teot LA, van Hummelen P, MacConaill L, Bronson RT, Dall'Osso C, Mao J, McMahon AP, Gruber PJ, Grier HE, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Fletcher CD, Wagers AJ. Mutations in Hedgehog pathway genes in fetal rhabdomyomas. J Pathol 2013; 231:44-52. [PMID: 23780909 PMCID: PMC3875333 DOI: 10.1002/path.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-independent, constitutive activation of Hedgehog signalling in mice expressing a mutant, activated SmoM2 allele results in the development of multifocal, highly differentiated tumours that express myogenic markers (including desmin, actin, MyoD and myogenin). The histopathology of these tumours, commonly classified as rhabdomyosarcomas, more closely resembles human fetal rhabdomyoma (FRM), a benign tumour that can be difficult to distinguish from highly differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas. We evaluated the spectrum of Hedgehog (HH) pathway gene mutations in a cohort of human FRM tumours by targeted Illumina sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization testing for PTCH1. Our studies identified functionally relevant aberrations at the PTCH1 locus in three of five FRM tumours surveyed, including a PTCH1 frameshift mutation in one tumour and homozygous deletions of PTCH1 in two tumours. These data suggest that activated Hedgehog signalling contributes to the biology of human FRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hettmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Li T, Zhang J, Liu RY, Lian ZG, Chen XL, Ma L, Sun HM, Zhao YL. The role of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 552:81-6. [PMID: 23933201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway plays a neuro-protective role. However, whether the Shh pathway is induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been investigated. We sought to investigate Shh activation in the cortex in the early stage of SAH, and assessed the effect of cyclopamine (a specific inhibitor of the Shh pathway) on Shh pathway regulation and evaluated the impact of cyclopamine on SAH. We found that the Shh pathway was up-regulated in the cortex after SAH, and that blocking the Shh pathway increased cell apoptosis. Early brain damages, including brain edema, blood-brain barrier impairment, and cortical apoptosis were significantly aggravated following with cyclopamine treatment compared with vehicle treatment. Our results suggest that the Shh pathway should be activated in the brain after SAH, and plays a beneficial role in SAH development, possibly by inhibiting cerebral oxidative stress through induction of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China; The First Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, PR China
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The Cancer Stem-Cell Hypothesis: Its Emerging Role in Lung Cancer Biology and Its Relevance for Future Therapy. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:1880-1890. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31826bfbc6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Spenlé C, Simon-Assmann P, Orend G, Miner JH. Laminin α5 guides tissue patterning and organogenesis. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 7:90-100. [PMID: 23076210 PMCID: PMC3544791 DOI: 10.4161/cam.22236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminins (LM) are extracellular matrix molecules that contribute to and are required for the formation of basement membranes. They participate in the modulation of epithelial/mesenchymal interactions and are implicated in organogenesis and maintenance of organ homeostasis. Among the LM molecules, the LM α5 chain (LMα5) is one of the most widely distributed LM in the developing and mature organism. Its presence in some basement membranes during embryogenesis is absolutely required for maintenance of basement membrane integrity and thus for proper organogenesis. LMα5 also regulates the expression of genes important for major biological processes, in part by repressing or activating signaling pathways, depending upon the physiological context.
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41
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Jeng KS, Sheen IS, Jeng WJ, Yu MC, Tsai HH, Chang FY, Su JC. Blockade of the sonic hedgehog pathway effectively inhibits the growth of hepatoma in mice: An in vivo study. Oncol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23205113 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a worldwide malignancy, is prevalent in Asian countries. For individuals with unresectable HCC, the effect of chemotherapy or the present target therapy is limited. There is an urgent need to find innovative new therapies. It is believed that sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway activation may be essential for hepatocarcinogenesis. In the present study, we conducted an in vivo animal study using an Shh pathway inhibitor to elucidate the effect of treatment upon mice with HCC. Eighty C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups (groups A, B, C and D, with group A serving as a control; n=20 for each). We injected mouse hepatoma Mistheton Lectin-1 cells (5×10(6) cells/20 μl) into the left liver of each mouse in groups B, C and D. In the second week, we analyzed each mouse to assess the tumor growth status. Following the tumor injection, group B did not receive any additional intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, group C received cyclopamine 10 mg/kg/day i.p. and group D received cyclopamine 30 mg/kg/day i.p. every day for 10 days. After an interval of 4 weeks, harvesting and analysis of the liver was performed for each mouse. Tumor size measurement and real-time PCR of Shh pathway factors (Shh, Ptch-1, Gli-1 and Smoh) for livers of group A and tumors of group B, C and D were undertaken. The decrease in the tumor size of group D was found to be statistically significant (P= 0.047) when compared with groups B or C. The decrease of Shh mRNA of both groups C and D had borderline significance when compared with group B. However, Gli-1 mRNA of group D has statistically significant difference (P=0.044) when compared with group A, B or C. Inhibition of the Shh pathway significantly decreases the size and Gli-1 mRNA expression of the tumor. The Shh pathway may be an effective treatment target for HCC in the future.
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Jeng KS, Sheen IS, Jeng WJ, Lin CC, Lin CK, Su JC, Yu MC, Fang HY. High expression of patched homolog-1 messenger RNA and glioma-associated oncogene-1 messenger RNA of sonic hedgehog signaling pathway indicates a risk of postresection recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:464-73. [PMID: 22911366 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high recurrence rate after resection. Abnormal activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway contributing to the carcinogenesis of some organs had been reported. We hypothesize that activation of SHH pathway contributes to the recurrence of HCC after surgical resection. METHODS In a prospective study, from January 2006 to June 2010, a total of 50 consecutive patients with HCC after curative resection were enrolled. The ratio of the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) of SHH, patched homolog-1 (PTCH-1) and glioma-associated oncogene-1 (GLI-1) between HCC tissues and the paired noncancerous liver tissues were measured. Both the clinicopathologic characteristics and these ratios were compared between those with recurrence and those without recurrence. They were also compared between those with and without survival. RESULTS There was a statistically significant correlation among the ratios of PTCH-1 mRNA and serum AFP level (p = 0.045), tumor size (p = 0.001), vascular permeation (p = 0.043) and tumor, node, metastasis staging system (TNM) stage (p = 0.003). A borderline significant correlation was found among ratios of GLI-1 mRNA and tumor size (p = 0.062) and TNM stage (p = 0.051). There was no such significant correlation between SHH mRNA and any parameter. Both the ratios of PTCH-1 mRNA and GLI-1 mRNA significantly adversely affected recurrence (p = 0.003 and 0.005, respectively) and survival (p < 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Expression of PTCH-1 mRNA and GLI-1 mRNA in HCC tissues is a potential biomarker to predict postresection disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyang Jeng
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Xiao Q, Hou N, Wang YP, He LS, He YH, Zhang GP, Yi Q, Liu SM, Chen MS, Luo JD. Impaired sonic hedgehog pathway contributes to cardiac dysfunction in type 1 diabetic mice with myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:507-16. [PMID: 22745384 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The incidence and mortality of myocardial infarction (MI) in diabetic patients are higher than in non-diabetic patients; however, the mechanisms by which diabetes results in cardiac dysfunction are poorly understood. The present study tested the hypothesis that an impaired sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway contributes to cardiac dysfunction in type 1 diabetic mice with MI. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult male C57/B6 mice and streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice were used. Myocardial proteins of Shh, Patched-1 (Ptc1), and glioma-associated oncogene-1 (Gli1) were significantly decreased in type 1 diabetic mice at 10 weeks, and this was accompanied by cardiac dysfunction. Although myocardial proteins of Shh, Ptc1, and Gli1 were significantly increased 7 days after MI compared with the sham group in control mice, these proteins were markedly decreased in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Treatment with Shh pathway agonist for 21 days significantly increased Ptc1 and Gli1 proteins, enhanced capillary density, reduced the percentage myocardial infarct, and then improved cardiac function in diabetic mice with MI compared with those with no drug treatment. This treatment had no effects in control mice with MI. Conversely, treatment with Shh pathway antagonist for 21 days significantly decreased Ptc1 and Gli1 proteins, reduced capillary density, enlarged the percentage myocardial infarct, and then exacerbated cardiac dysfunction in control mice with MI compared with those with no drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that in type 1 diabetic mice the myocardial Shh pathway is impaired and that the impaired Shh pathway contributes to cardiac dysfunction. Strategies that are aimed at augmenting the Shh pathway may offer useful means for improving diabetic cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
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Sonic hedgehog released from scratch-injured astrocytes is a key signal necessary but not sufficient for the astrocyte de-differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2012; 9:156-66. [PMID: 22771389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that mature atrocytes have the capacity for de-differentiating into neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in vitro and in vivo. However, it is still unknown what signals endow astroglial cells with a de-differentiation potential. Furthermore, the signaling molecules and underlying mechanism that confer astrocytes with the competence of NSPC phenotypes have not been completely elucidated. Here, we found that sonic hedgehog (Shh) production in astrocytes following mechanical injury was significantly elevated, and that incubation of astrocyes with the injured astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM) causes astrocytes to gradually lose their immunophenotypical profiles, and acquire NSPC characteristics, as demonstrated by down-regulation of typical astrocytic markers (GFAP and S100) and up-regulation of markers that are generally expressed in NSCs, (nestin, Sox2, and CD133). ACM treated astrocytes exhibit self-renewal capacity and multipotency similar to NSPCs. Concomitantly, in addition to Ptc, there was a significant up-regulation of the Shh downstream signal components Gli2 and Cyclin D1 which are involved in cell proliferation, dramatic changes in cell morphology, and the disruption of cell-cycle G1 arrest. Conversely, the depletion of Shh by administration of its neutralizing antibody (Shh n-Ab) effectively inhibited the de-differentiation process. Strikingly, Shh alone had little effect on astrocyte de-differentiation to NSPCs. These data above suggest that Shh is a key instructive molecule while other molecules secreted from insulted astrocytes may synergistically promote the de-differentiation event.
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Fitzpatrick LE, Lisovsky A, Sefton MV. The expression of sonic hedgehog in diabetic wounds following treatment with poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) beads. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5297-307. [PMID: 22541537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The expression of native sonic hedgehog (Shh) was significantly increased in poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) bead (MAA) treated wounds at day 4 compared to both poly(methyl methacrylate) bead (PMMA) treated and untreated wounds in diabetic db/db mice. MAA beads also increased the expression of the Shh transcription factor Gli3 at day 4. Previously, topical application of MAA beads (45 mol % methacrylic acid) improved wound closure and blood vessel density in excisional wounds in these mice, while PMMA beads did not. Gene expression within the granulation tissue of healing wounds was studied to provide insight into the mechanism of vessel formation and wound healing in the presence of MAA beads. In addition to the increased expression of Shh, MAA-treated wounds had increased expression of osteopontin (OPN), IL-1β and TNF-α, (at day 7) similar to the previously reported MAA response of macrophage-like and endothelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Fitzpatrick
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Indian hedgehog signaling is required for proper formation, maintenance and migration of Xenopus neural crest. Dev Biol 2012; 364:99-113. [PMID: 22309705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest induction is the result of the combined action at the neural plate border of FGF, BMP, and Wnt signals from the neural plate, mesoderm and nonneural ectoderm. In this work we show that the expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh, formerly named Banded hedgehog) and members of the Hedgehog pathway occurs at the prospective neural fold, in the premigratory and migratory neural crest. We performed a functional analysis that revealed the requirement of Ihh signaling in neural crest development. During the early steps of neural crest induction loss of function experiments with antisense morpholino or locally grafted cyclopamine-loaded beads suppressed the expression of early neural crest markers concomitant with the increase in neural and epidermal markers. We showed that changes in Ihh activity produced no alterations in either cell proliferation or apoptosis, suggesting that this signal involves cell fate decisions. A temporal analysis showed that Hedgehog is continuously required not only in the early and late specification but also during the migration of the neural crest. We also established that the mesodermal source of Ihh is important to maintain specification and also to support the migratory process. By a combination of embryological and molecular approaches our results demonstrated that Ihh signaling drives in the migration of neural crest cells by autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. Finally, the abrogation of Ihh signaling strongly affected only the formation of cartilages derived from the neural crest, while no effects were observed on melanocytes. Taken together, our results provide insights into the role of the Ihh cell signaling pathway during the early steps of neural crest development.
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Stacchiotti S, Casali PG. Systemic therapy options for unresectable and metastatic chordomas. Curr Oncol Rep 2011; 13:323-30. [PMID: 21584646 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-011-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chordoma is an exceedingly rare tumor, marked by a slow growth rate. Surgery is the treatment of choice, but the most frequent sites of origin (spine and skull base) make treatment of primary disease challenging. Local relapses affect more than 50% of cases, with a minority of patients being cured by further surgery. Furthermore, metastases occur in at least 20% of patients. For residual or recurrent disease, high-dose radiation therapy may be indicated. Radiation therapy is currently the preferred local treatment when surgery is problematic, exploiting most recent techniques, including proton beams and carbon ions. However, systemic therapy is needed in patients non-amenable to surgery and/or radiation therapy. We reviewed systemic treatments currently available, and targets possibly druggable in the future in this orphan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stacchiotti
- Sarcoma Unit, Department of Cancer Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Peterson R, Turnbull J. Sonic hedgehog is cytoprotective against oxidative challenge in a cellular model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:31-41. [PMID: 21979788 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that primary cilia on spinal motor neurons are reduced in G93A SOD1 (mSOD) mice, a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling involves the primary cilium and Shh has been shown to be cytoprotective in models of other neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the Shh signaling pathway may bear further study in ALS. Accordingly, we established that interference with the Shh pathway (with the Shh antagonist cyclopamine or with miRNA 3245p) sensitized HT22 cells, while augmentation of the Shh pathway (with Shh or the Shh agonist purmorphamine) protected cells against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) challenge. We ectopically expressed mSOD, human wild-type SOD1 (wtSOD), or an empty vector in HT22 cells. Compared to empty vector, wtSOD decreased cell death and mSOD increased cell death in response to H₂O₂ challenge. Treatment with cyclopamine or miRNA 3245p sensitized all three transfections to H₂O₂ challenge. Treatment with recombinant human Shh or purmorphamine decreased cell death after H₂O₂ challenge, an effect more pronounced in mSOD cells. Compared with empty vector, overexpression of wtSOD increased Shh and Gli transcript levels and increased activity in a Gli-responsive reporter assay. Overexpression of mSOD did not change Shh transcript levels, but decreased Gli transcript levels, especially Gli3, and reduced activity in a Gli reporter assay. These results suggest that overexpression of mSOD but not wtSOD reduces signaling in the Shh pathway and renders mSOD cells more susceptible to H₂O₂ challenge, and that treatment with Shh or Shh agonists is cytoprotective to mSOD cells. Shh or Shh agonists merit further consideration as potential therapy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Peterson
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Rm 4U7, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Cavicchioli Buim ME, Gurgel CAS, Gonçalves Ramos EA, Lourenço SV, Soares FA. Activation of sonic hedgehog signaling in oral squamous cell carcinomas: a preliminary study. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1484-90. [PMID: 21496866 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog signaling is important for human development, and aberrant regulation of this pathway can result in the development of tumors. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of sonic hedgehog signaling molecules in oral squamous cell carcinoma. By quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the expression of SHH, SMO, PTCH-1, and GLI-1 was analyzed in 30 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases and 8 samples of nonneoplastic oral mucosa and associated to clinical pathologic features. The expression of β-catenin, cyclin D1, Wnt-1, and Egfr was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 26 available cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Normal oral mucosa from healthy individuals was negative for all genes that were evaluated. SHH, PTCH-1, SMO, and GLI-1 were not expressed in nonneoplastic oral mucosa, and low levels of GLI-1 were observed in nonneoplastic oral mucosa that was adjacent to the tumor. All oral squamous cell carcinoma cases expressed high levels of PTCH-1, SMO, and GLI-1 and were devoid of SHH. The expression of SMO was associated with clinical stage (P = .022) and a borderline association in cervical lymph node metastasis (P = .053). PTCH-1 expression showed a strong correlation with SMO (rs = 0.64; P < .001) and GL-1 (rs = 0.70; P < .001); SMO and GLI-1 also correlated with each other (rs, 0.55; P < .001). All proteins evaluated were expressed as cyclin D1 (92% of samples), β-catenin (73%), Egfr (46%), or Wnt-1 (32%). Our data demonstrate that sonic hedgehog signaling is activated in oral squamous cell carcinoma and suggest that this pathway mediates its tumorigenesis.
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Chung CH, Dignam JJ, Hammond ME, Klimowicz AC, Petrillo SK, Magliocco A, Jordan R, Trotti A, Spencer S, Cooper JS, Le QT, Ang KK. Glioma-associated oncogene family zinc finger 1 expression and metastasis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiation therapy (RTOG 9003). J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:1326-34. [PMID: 21357786 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.32.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioma-associated oncogene family zinc finger 1 (GLI1) expression was assessed to determine a potential role of hedgehog (Hh) signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Additional proteins known to be modulated by Hh signaling, including beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), were also assessed to determine the correlation among these distinct signaling pathways. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nuclear GLI1 and CTNNB1 expression levels were determined in tumors from patients enrolled on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9003, a radiation fractionation trial. The results were also correlated with previously determined EGFR expression. The expression levels were evaluated in relation to three end points: time to metastasis (TTM), time to disease progression (TDP), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Among 1,068 eligible patients, data on GLI1, CTNNB1, and EGFR were available in 339, 164, and 300 patients, respectively. Although CTNNB1 expression did not differentiate prognosis, GLI1 was associated with poorer outcomes, adjusted for age, TNM stages, and Karnofsky performance score, and the significant influence persisted in a multivariable analysis (quartile 4 [Q4] v Q1 to Q3: TTM hazard ratio [HR], 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.9; TDP HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.5; OS HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.7). The significance of GLI1 persisted in a multivariable analysis that included EGFR expression levels. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Hh signaling may play an important role in metastasis and that GLI1 could serve as a marker in HNSCC, but the regulatory mechanisms and oncogenic significance need further investigation. Risk classification based on this analysis needs a validation in independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Chung
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans St, CRB-1 Room 344, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA.
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