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Li P, Ma X, Gu X. The essential roles of lncRNAs/PI3K/AKT axis in gastrointestinal tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1442193. [PMID: 39161590 PMCID: PMC11330846 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1442193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in tumors, particularly in gastrointestinal tumors, has gained significant attention. Accumulating evidence underscores the interaction between various lncRNAs and diverse molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. One such pivotal pathway is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which serves as a crucial intracellular mechanism maintaining the balance among various cellular physiological processes for normal cell growth and survival. Frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer, along with aberrant activation, plays a critical role in driving tumorigenesis. LncRNAs modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through diverse mechanisms, primarily by acting as competing endogenous RNA to regulate miRNA expression and associated genes. This interaction significantly influences fundamental biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Abnormal expression of numerous lncRNAs in gastrointestinal tumors often correlates with clinical outcomes and pathological features in patients with cancer. Additionally, these lncRNAs influence the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy in multiple types of gastrointestinal tumors through the abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal tumors and potential therapeutic targets. However, gastrointestinal tumors remain a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal tumors over recent decades. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest research on the interactions of lncRNA and the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastrointestinal tumor development. Additionally, it focuses on the functions of lncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT pathway in carcinogenesis, exploring expression profiles, clinicopathological characteristics, interaction mechanisms with the PI3K/AKT pathway, and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Wen Y, Tang F, Tu C, Hornicek F, Duan Z, Min L. Immune checkpoints in osteosarcoma: Recent advances and therapeutic potential. Cancer Lett 2022; 547:215887. [PMID: 35995141 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor and is associated with a high risk of recurrence and distant metastasis. Effective treatment for osteosarcoma, especially advanced osteosarcoma, has stagnated over the past four decades. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has transformed the treatment paradigm for multiple malignant tumor types and indicated a potential therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma. In this review, we discuss recent advances in immune checkpoints, including programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and their related ICIs for osteosarcoma treatment. We present the main existing mechanisms of resistance to ICIs therapy in osteosarcoma. Moreover, we summarize the current strategies for improving the efficacy of ICIs in osteosarcoma and address the potential predictive biomarkers of ICIs treatment in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wen
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Tang
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Li Min
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Mehdizadeh M, Farhadihosseinabadi B, Nikoonezhad M, Sankanian G, Soleimani M, Sayad A. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling inhibitors for treatment of multiple myeloma: From small molecules to microRNAs. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2021; 28:149-158. [PMID: 34612744 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211035369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is one of the most hard-to-treat cancers among blood malignancies due to the high rate of drug resistance and relapse. The researchers are trying to find more effective drugs for treatment of the disease. Hence, the use of drugs targeting signaling pathways has become a powerful weapon. Overactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways is frequently observed in multiple myeloma cancer cells, which increases survival, proliferation, and even drug resistance in such cells. In recent years, drugs that inhibit the mediators involved in this biological pathway have shown promising results in the treatment of multiple myeloma. In the present study, we aimed to introduce phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling inhibitors which include small molecules, herbal compounds, and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mehdizadeh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, 556492Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Nikoonezhad
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, 556492Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Sankanian
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, 556492Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, 556492Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, 556492Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Zhan H, Sun X, Wang X, Gao Q, Yang M, Liu H, Zheng J, Gong X, Feng S, Chang X, Sun Y. LncRNA MEG3 Involved in NiO NPs-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Regulating TGF-β1-Mediated PI3K/AKT Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:120-131. [PMID: 33895847 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) involves in fibrotic diseases, but its role in nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs)-induced pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the relationships among MEG3, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with NiO NPs twice a week for 9 weeks, and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549 cells) were exposed to NiO NPs for 24 h. The pathological alterations and increased hydroxyproline indicated that NiO NPs caused pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The up-regulated type I collagen (Col-I) suggested that NiO NPs-induced collagen deposition in A549 cells. Meanwhile, NiO NPs could significantly down-regulate MEG3, up-regulate TGF-β1 and activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. However, we found that the PI3K/AKT pathway activated by NiO NPs could be suppressed by 10 μM TGF-β1 inhibitor (SB431542) in A549 cells. The protein markers (Col-I, Fibronectin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin) of collagen deposition up-regulated by NiO NPs were reduced by 10 μM PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). Furthermore, we further found that overexpressed MEG3 inhibited the expression of TGF-β1, resulting in the inactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway and the reduction of collagen formation. In summary, our results validated that MEG3 could arrest NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Zhan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xingchang Sun
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Gansu Baoshihua Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinfa Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sanwei Feng
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Gansu Baoshihua Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuhong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingbiao Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Lung Cancer: An Update Regarding Potential Drugs and Natural Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134100. [PMID: 34279440 PMCID: PMC8271933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and has a high mortality rate. Due to its high incidence, the clinical management of the disease remains a major challenge. Several reports have documented a relationship between the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and lung cancer. The recognition of this pathway as a notable therapeutic target in lung cancer is mainly due to its central involvement in the initiation and progression of the disease. Interest in using natural and synthetic medications to target these signaling pathways has increased in recent years, with promising results in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in tumor development. In addition to the signaling pathway, we highlighted the therapeutic potential of recently developed PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors based on preclinical and clinical trials.
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Cao L, Dai C, Qin R, Guo Y, Liu J. (3R)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-3-isopropyl-3-methylisochroman-1-one enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD1 antibody through inhibiting PI3Kδ/γ. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:599-606. [PMID: 31691624 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1678634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Immunotherapy has demonstrated durable clinical responses in various cancers by disinhibiting the immune system, largely attributed to the success of immune-checkpoint blockade. However, there are still subsets of patients across multiple cancers not showing robust responses to these agents and one significant barrier to their efficacy may be the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) into the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we demonstrated that functional inhibition of MDSCs with (3 R)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-3-isopropyl-3-methylisochroman-1-one (TIMO), a potent PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor, enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD1 antibody in the tumor model.Materials and methods: A syngeneic ovarian tumor model was established. MDSCs from the peripheral blood and tumor parenchyma were analyzed by flow cytometry. Proliferation and killing effects of T-lymphocytes were measured. IFNγ production was measured by ELISA assay. qPCR and western blot were used to detect the gene and protein expression. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of TIMO combined with anti-PD1 antibody were assessed by the tumor model.Results: Our data demonstrated that inhibition of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) function with TIMO could overcome MDSCs-mediated immunosuppression and promote antigen-specific T-lymphocyte responses, resulting in the restoration of cytotoxic T cell-mediated tumor control. We further demonstrated that TIMO and anti-PD1 combination therapy promoted tumor growth control in a syngeneic ovarian tumor model.Conclusions: Our results provided proof of concept for a new combination strategy involving the use of a selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ/γ to inhibit the function of MDSCs to enhance tumor responses to immune checkpoint blocking antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - ChunMei Dai
- Department of School Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - YaHua Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - JunBao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Specific inhibition of PI3Kδ/γ enhances the efficacy of anti-PD1 against osteosarcoma cancer. J Bone Oncol 2018; 16:100206. [PMID: 31334002 PMCID: PMC6617297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impressive responses have been observed in patients with cancer treated with checkpoint inhibitory anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies through disinhibiting the immune system. However, tumors possess complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to present therapeutic obstacles and the response rates to immune checkpoint inhibition remain low. One significant barrier to the efficacy of anti-PD1 treatment is the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) into the tumor. MDSCs dramatically increased in peripheral blood of patients with osteosarcoma and prohibited both T-cell activation and infiltration. Here we demonstrated functional inhibition of G-MDSCs with (S)-(-)-N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methyl]-acetamide (SNA), a specific inhibitor of PI3Kδ/γ, could prime tumor microenvironment, resultantly enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD1 treatment in a syngeneic osteosarcoma tumor model. Combining SNA with anti-PD1 dramatically slowed osteosarcoma tumor growth and prolonged survival time of tumor-bearing mice, at least in part mediated through CD8+ T cells. Our results demonstrated that addition of SNA to anti-PD1 significantly altered infiltration and function of innate immune cells, providing the rationale for combination therapy in patients with osteosarcoma through inhibiting the function of MDSCs with a selective PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor to enhance responses to immune checkpoint blockade.
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Kendall JD, Giddens AC, Tsang KY, Marshall ES, Lill CL, Lee WJ, Kolekar S, Chao M, Malik A, Yu S, Chaussade C, Buchanan C, Jamieson SM, Rewcastle GW, Baguley BC, Denny WA, Shepherd PR. Novel pyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyridines with improved aqueous solubility as p110α-selective PI3 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:187-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tu W, Ye J, Wang ZJ. Embryonic liver fordin is involved in glucose glycolysis of hepatic stellate cell by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8519-8527. [PMID: 27784964 PMCID: PMC5064033 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i38.8519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of embryonic liver fordin (ELF) in liver fibrosis by regulating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) glucose glycolysis.
METHODS The expression of ELF and the glucose glycolysis-related proteins were evaluated in activated HSCs. siRNA was used to silence ELF expression in activated HSCs in vitro and the subsequent changes in PI3K/Akt signaling and glucose glycolysis-related proteins were observed.
RESULTS The expression of ELF increased remarkably in HSCs of the fibrosis mouse model and HSCs that were cultured for 3 wk in vitro. Glucose glycolysis-related proteins showed an obvious increase in the activated HSCs, such as phosphofructokinase, platelet and glucose transporter 1. ELF-siRNA, which perfectly silenced the expression of ELF in activated HSCs, led to the induction of glucose glycolysis-related proteins and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Moreover, pAkt, which is an important downstream factor in PI3K/Akt signaling, showed a significant change in response to the ELF silencing. The expression of glucose glycolysis-related proteins and ECM components decreased remarkably when the PI3K/Akt signaling was blocked by Ly294002 in the activated HSCs.
CONCLUSION ELF is involved in HSC glucose glycolysis by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling.
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PIK3CD promoted proliferation in diffuse large B cell lymphoma through upregulation of c-myc. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12767-12777. [PMID: 27448819 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite PIK3CD has been extensively reported in cancers, however, little evidence has been available regarding its role in the setting of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In the present study, to investigate the role of PIK3CD in DLBCL, relevant experiments were carried out on both in vivo clinical tissue level and in vitro cell line level. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance were analyzed after immunohistochemical assay of PIK3CD expression on DLBCL tissue microarray. MTT assay and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate the proliferative variation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Athymic nude mice xenografted with DLBCL cell line were employed to confirm the role of PIK3CD. It was found that there was a significant difference between expression of PIK3CD and international prognosis index (IPI), performance state (PS), and inferior overall prognosis. Furthermore, PIK3CD can promote proliferation and prevent apoptosis in DLBCL cells in vitro through upregulation of c-myc and p-AKT and in contrast downregulation of p21 and p27. In nude mice model, knock-down of PIK3CD was shown to be able to suppress the proliferation of DLBCL but not significantly compared with control group. Taken together, our study showed that PIK3CD can promote proliferation of DLBCL cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PIK3CD could be druggable in the therapy of DLBCL.
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Lipidomic profiling of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 knockout mice reveals novel lipid biomarkers associated with serotonin deficiency. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2963-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Activity of BKM120 and BEZ235 against Lymphoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:870918. [PMID: 26557706 PMCID: PMC4628710 DOI: 10.1155/2015/870918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas encompass a heterogeneous group of cancers, with 85–90% arising from B lymphocytes and the remainder deriving from T lymphocytes or NK lymphocytes. These tumors are molecularly and clinically heterogeneous, showing dramatically different responses and outcomes with standard therapies. Deregulated PI3K signaling is linked to oncogenesis and disease progression in hematologic malignancies and in a variety of solid tumors and apparently enhances resistance to antineoplastic therapy, resulting in a poor prognosis. Here, we have evaluated and compared the effects of the pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120 and the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 on mantle, follicular, and T-cell lymphomas. Our results suggest that BKM120 and BEZ235 can effectively inhibit lymphoma cell proliferation by causing cell cycle arrest and can lead to cell death by inducing apoptosis and autophagy mediated by ROS accumulation. Despite great advances in lymphoma therapy after the introduction of monoclonal antibodies, many patients still die from disease progression. Therefore, novel treatment approaches are needed. BKM120 and BEZ235 alone and in combination are very effective against lymphoma cells in vitro. If further studies confirm their effectiveness in animal models, they may be promising candidates for development as new drugs.
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Comprehensive lipid profiling of plasma in patients with benign breast tumor and breast cancer reveals novel biomarkers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5065-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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