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Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, de Lucas N, Martinez-Mejias A, Biarent D, Bingham R, Brissaud O, Hoffmann F, Johannesdottir GB, Lauritsen T, Maconochie I. [Paediatric Life Support]. Notf Rett Med 2021; 24:650-719. [PMID: 34093080 PMCID: PMC8170638 DOI: 10.1007/s10049-021-00887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Paediatric Life Support (PLS) guidelines are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). This section provides guidelines on the management of critically ill or injured infants, children and adolescents before, during and after respiratory/cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van de Voorde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine UG, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgien
- Federal Department of Health, EMS Dispatch Center, East & West Flanders, Brüssel, Belgien
| | - Nigel M. Turner
- Paediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Niederlande
| | - Jana Djakow
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, NH Hospital, Hořovice, Tschechien
- Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Tschechien
| | | | - Abel Martinez-Mejias
- Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Hospital de Terassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spanien
| | - Dominique Biarent
- Paediatric Intensive Care & Emergency Department, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brüssel, Belgien
| | - Robert Bingham
- Hon. Consultant Paediatric Anaesthetist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, Großbritannien
| | - Olivier Brissaud
- Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Pédiatriques et Néonatales, CHU Pellegrin – Hôpital des Enfants de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Frankreich
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Pädiatrische Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Deutschland
| | | | - Torsten Lauritsen
- Paediatric Anaesthesia, The Juliane Marie Centre, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Kopenhagen, Dänemark
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College, Imperial College Healthcare Trust NHS, London, Großbritannien
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Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, Monsieurs KG, Raffay V, Smyth M, Soar J, Svavarsdóttir H, Perkins GD. [Basic life support]. Notf Rett Med 2021; 24:386-405. [PMID: 34093079 PMCID: PMC8170637 DOI: 10.1007/s10049-021-00885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The European Resuscitation Council has produced these basic life support guidelines, which are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. The topics covered include cardiac arrest recognition, alerting emergency services, chest compressions, rescue breaths, automated external defibrillation (AED), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality measurement, new technologies, safety, and foreign body airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Olasveengen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norwegen
| | - Federico Semeraro
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency Medical Services, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italien
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mailand, Italien
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Mailand, Italien
| | - Maaret Castren
- Emergency Medicine, Helsinki University and Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finnland
| | | | - Artem Kuzovlev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Moskau, Russland
| | - Koenraad G. Monsieurs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgien
| | - Violetta Raffay
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nikosia, Zypern
| | - Michael Smyth
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, Großbritannien
- West Midlands Ambulance Service, DY5 1LX Brierly Hill, West Midlands Großbritannien
| | - Jasmeet Soar
- Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, Großbritannien
| | - Hildigunnur Svavarsdóttir
- Akureyri Hospital, Akureyri, Island
- Institute of Health Science Research, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Island
| | - Gavin D. Perkins
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, Großbritannien
- University Hospitals Birmingham, B9 5SS Birmingham, Großbritannien
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Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, de Lucas N, Martinez-Mejias A, Biarent D, Bingham R, Brissaud O, Hoffmann F, Johannesdottir GB, Lauritsen T, Maconochie I. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Paediatric Life Support. Resuscitation 2021; 161:327-387. [PMID: 33773830 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
These European Resuscitation Council Paediatric Life Support (PLS) guidelines, are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. This section provides guidelines on the management of critically ill infants and children, before, during and after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van de Voorde
- Department of Emergency Medicine Ghent University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine UG, Ghent, Belgium; EMS Dispatch Center, East & West Flanders, Federal Department of Health, Belgium.
| | - Nigel M Turner
- Paediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jana Djakow
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, NH Hospital, Hořovice, Czech Republic; Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Abel Martinez-Mejias
- Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Hospital de Terassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dominique Biarent
- Paediatric Intensive Care & Emergency Department, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Bingham
- Hon. Consultant Paediatric Anaesthetist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Olivier Brissaud
- Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Pédiatriques et Néonatales, CHU Pellegrin - Hôpital des Enfants de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Paediatric Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Lauritsen
- Paediatric Anaesthesia, The Juliane Marie Centre, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare Trust NHS, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College, London, UK
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Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, Monsieurs KG, Raffay V, Smyth M, Soar J, Svavarsdottir H, Perkins GD. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Basic Life Support. Resuscitation 2021; 161:98-114. [PMID: 33773835 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The European Resuscitation Council has produced these basic life support guidelines, which are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. The topics covered include cardiac arrest recognition, alerting emergency services, chest compressions, rescue breaths, automated external defibrillation (AED), CPR quality measurement, new technologies, safety, and foreign body airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Olasveengen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Federico Semeraro
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency Medical Services, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Maaret Castren
- Emergency Medicine, Helsinki University and Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Artem Kuzovlev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Koenraad G Monsieurs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Violetta Raffay
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Michael Smyth
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; West Midlands Ambulance Service and Midlands Air Ambulance, Brierly Hill, West Midlands DY5 1LX, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmeet Soar
- Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hildigunnur Svavarsdottir
- Akureyri Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland; Institute of Health Science Research, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B9 5SS, United Kingdom
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Kim H, Chon SB, Yoo SM, Choi H, Park KY. Optimum chest compression point might be located rightwards to the maximum diameter of the right ventricle: A preliminary, retrospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2020; 64:1002-1013. [PMID: 32196631 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some researchers have reported that applying compression closer to the maximum diameter of the left ventricle (Point_max.LV) is associated with worse clinical outcomes, challenging its traditional position as optimum compression point (Point_optimum). By locating the mid-sternum (the actual compression site) in terms of Point_max.LV and its right ventricular equivalent (Point_max.RV), we aimed to determine its optimum horizontal position associated with increased chances of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). METHODS A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed at a university hospital from 2014 to 2019 on non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims who underwent chest computed tomography. On absolute x-axis, we designated the x-coordinate of the mid-sternum (x_mid-sternum) as 0 and leftward direction as positive. Re-defining the x-coordinate of Point_max.RV and Point_max.LV as 0 and 1 interventricular unit (IVU), respectively, we could convert x_mid-sternum to "-x_max.RV/(x_max.LV - x_max.RV) (IVU)." Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we investigated whether this converted x_mid-sternum was associated with clinical outcomes, adjusting core elements of the Utstein template. RESULTS Among 887 non-traumatic OHCA victims, 124 [64.4 ± 16.7 years, 43 women (34.7%)] were enrolled. Of these, 80 (64.5%) exhibited ROSC. X_mid-sternum ranging from -1.71 to 0.58 (-0.36 ± 0.38) IVU was categorised into quintiles: <-0.60, -0.60 to -0.37, -0.37 to -0.22, -0.22 to -0.07 and ≥-0.07 (reference) IVU. The first quintile was positively associated with ROSC (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 9.43 [1.44, 63.3]). CONCLUSION Point_optimum might be located far rightwards to Point_max.RV, challenging the traditional assumption identifying Point_optimum as Point_max.LV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungouk Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bin Chon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Himchan Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Yeol Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Park GY, Oh WS, Chon SB, Kim S. The Maximum Diameter of the Left Ventricle May Not Be the Optimum Target for Chest Compression During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Preliminary, Observational Study Challenging the Traditional Assumption. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 34:383-391. [PMID: 31585685 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers have assumed that compressing the point beneath which the left ventricle (LV) diameter is maximum (P_max.LV) would improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes. Defining the midsternum, the currently recommended location for chest compression, as the reference (x = 0), the lateral deviation (x_max.LV) of personalized P_max.LV has become estimable using posteroanterior chest radiography. The authors investigated whether out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients, whose x_max.LV was closer to the midsternum and thus had their P_max.LV compressed closer during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, showed better chances of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to discharge. DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Adult OHCA patients with available previous posteroanterior chest radiography. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS For each clinical outcome, multivariable logistic regression was performed, grouping x_max.LV into tertiles and adjusting the variables selected among the core elements of the Utstein template showing possible differences (p > 0.10) in univariate analysis. Odds ratios were presented as OR (95% confidence interval). Among 268 cases (age 64.4 ± 15.8 y, female 89 [33.2%]), 123 (45.9%) achieved ROSC and 40 (14.9%) survival to discharge. Compared with the third tertile of x_max.LV (59 to ∼101 mm), the first (31 to ∼48 mm) and second (48 to ∼59 mm) tertiles, which had a P_max.LV closer to the midsternum, were negatively associated with ROSC (OR 0.502 [0.262-0.960]; p = 0.037 and OR 0.442 [0.233-0.837]; p = 0.012, respectively) and survival to discharge (OR 0.286 [0.080-1.03]; p = 0.055 and OR 0.046 [0.007-0.308]; p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS OHCA patients with a P_max.LV located closer to the midsternum showed worse chances of ROSC and survival to discharge, which challenges the traditional assumption of identifying P_max.LV as the optimum compression point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Yeol Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bin Chon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shinwoo Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Kim S, Chon SB, Oh WS, Cho S. Determination of the theoretical personalized optimum chest compression point using anteroposterior chest radiography. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2019; 6:303-313. [PMID: 31910501 PMCID: PMC6952631 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.19.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is a traditional assumption that to maximize stroke volume, the point beneath which the left ventricle (LV) is at its maximum diameter (P_max.LV) should be compressed. Thus, we aimed to derive and validate rules to estimate P_max.LV using anteroposterior chest radiography (chest_AP), which is performed for critically ill patients urgently needing determination of their personalized P_max.LV. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed with non-cardiac arrest adults who underwent chest_AP within 1 hour of computed tomography (derivation:validation=3:2). On chest_AP, we defined cardiac diameter (CD), distance from right cardiac border to midline (RB), and cardiac height (CH) from the carina to the uppermost point of left hemi-diaphragm. Setting point zero (0, 0) at the midpoint of the xiphisternal joint and designating leftward and upward directions as positive on x- and y-axes, we located P_max.LV (x_max.LV, y_max.LV). The coefficients of the following mathematically inferred rules were sought: x_max.LV=α0*CD-RB; y_max.LV=β0*CH+γ0 (α0: mean of [x_max.LV+RB]/CD; β0, γ0: representative coefficient and constant of linear regression model, respectively). Results Among 360 cases (52.0±18.3 years, 102 females), we derived: x_max.LV=0.643*CD-RB and y_max.LV=55-0.390*CH. This estimated P_max.LV (19±11 mm) was as close as the averaged P_max.LV (19±11 mm, P=0.13) and closer than the three equidistant points representing the current guidelines (67±13, 56±10, and 77±17 mm; all P<0.001) to the reference identified on computed tomography. Thus, our findings were validated. Conclusion Personalized P_max.LV can be estimated using chest_AP. Further studies with actual cardiac arrest victims are needed to verify the safety and effectiveness of the rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwoo Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung-Bin Chon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Won Sup Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sunho Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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