The Utility of the Focused Assessment With Sonography in Trauma Examination in Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma-A Comprehensive Review

Blunt abdominal trauma in childhood has always been full of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that have tested the clinical and radiological skills of pediatric surgeons and radiologists. Despite the guidelines and the studies carried out so far, to this day, there is no absolute consensus on certain points of view. Around the world, a paradigm shift towards non-operative treatment of hemodynamically stable children, with low complication rates, is noticeable. Children with blunt abdominal trauma require a standardized methodology to provide the best possible care with the best possible outcomes. This comprehensive review systematizes knowledge about all aspects of caring for children with blunt abdominal trauma, from pre-hospital to post-hospital care.

Updates on the clinical integration of point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric emergency medicine

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

There is expanding evidence for point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) use in pediatric emergency medicine - this review highlights the benefits and challenges in the clinical integration of high-yield POCUS applications. Specifically, it will delve into POCUS applications during resuscitations, controversies of Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) in pediatric trauma, POCUS-guided procedures, and examples of clinical pathways where POCUS can expedite definitive care.

RECENT FINDINGS

POCUS can enhance diagnostic accuracy and aid in management of pediatric patients in shock and help identify reversible causes during cardiac arrest. The use of the FAST in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma remains nuanced - its proper use requires an integration with clinical findings and an appreciation of its limitations. POCUS has been shown to enhance safety and efficacy of procedures such as nerve blocks, incision & drainage, and intravenous access. Integrating POCUS into pathways for conditions such as intussusception and testicular torsion expedites downstream care.

SUMMARY

POCUS enhances diagnostic efficiency and management in pediatric patients arriving at the ED with undifferentiated shock, cardiac arrest, or trauma. Additionally, POCUS improves procedural success and safety, and is integral to clinical pathways for expediting definitive care for various pediatric emergencies. Future research should continue to focus on the impact of POCUS on patient outcomes, ensuring user competency, and the expansion of POCUS into diverse settings.

Evaluation of Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma Completeness of Children in the Clinical Setting

OBJECTIVES

We evaluated the completeness of real-world Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) in children after blunt abdominal trauma by benchmarking against established expert guidelines.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study, analyzing a random sample of FASTs from two urban pediatric emergency departments. Two experts reviewed and labeled all FASTs for completeness using a predefined guideline of 5 anatomic views and 30 landmarks. We compared frequencies of views and landmarks as medians with interquartile ranges.

RESULTS

We analyzed 200 FASTs, consisting of 1636 video clips, performed by 31 clinicians representing 198 children with a median age of 10 years (IQR 5,14). Over half of FASTs (52%) had all 5 views. The right upper quadrant view was most commonly visualized (96.5%), and suprapubic sagittal was least (65%). None of the FASTs included all 30 landmarks, ranging from 0 to 28 and median of 19 (IQR 15,23). The least visualized landmark of the right and left upper quadrants was caudal liver edge (60%) and splenic tip (64%), respectively. In the pericardial view, it was left atrium (45%). In both transverse and sagittal pelvic views, retro-uterine space was least visualized in girls, 21 and 29% respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, most FAST views and landmarks were visualized. However, the pelvic sagittal view was the least frequently visualized view, and caudal liver edge was the least visualized landmark. Future research should evaluate if variability in visualizing FAST views and landmarks correlates with inconsistencies in diagnostic test performance.

Using Deep Learning to Detect the Presence and Location of Hemoperitoneum on the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) Examination in Adults

Abdominal ultrasonography has become an integral component of the evaluation of trauma patients. Internal hemorrhage can be rapidly diagnosed by finding free fluid with point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) and expedite decisions to perform lifesaving interventions. However, the widespread clinical application of ultrasound is limited by the expertise required for image interpretation. This study aimed to develop a deep learning algorithm to identify the presence and location of hemoperitoneum on POCUS to assist novice clinicians in accurate interpretation of the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) exam. We analyzed right upper quadrant (RUQ) FAST exams obtained from 94 adult patients (44 confirmed hemoperitoneum) using the YoloV3 object detection algorithm. Exams were partitioned via fivefold stratified sampling for training, validation, and hold-out testing. We assessed each exam image-by-image using YoloV3 and determined hemoperitoneum presence for the exam using the detection with highest confidence score. We determined the detection threshold as the score that maximizes the geometric mean of sensitivity and specificity over the validation set. The algorithm had 95% sensitivity, 94% specificity, 95% accuracy, and 97% AUC over the test set, significantly outperforming three recent methods. The algorithm also exhibited strength in localization, while the detected box sizes varied with a 56% IOU averaged over positive cases. Image processing demonstrated only 57-ms latency, which is adequate for real-time use at the bedside. These results suggest that a deep learning algorithm can rapidly and accurately identify the presence and location of free fluid in the RUQ of the FAST exam in adult patients with hemoperitoneum.

A pediatric case of multiple trauma with impending cardiac arrest due to hemorrhagic shock successfully treated with resuscitative thoracotomy: A case report

Background

The effectiveness of resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) in pediatric patients with multiple trauma is limited. We present a pediatric case of multiple trauma successfully treated with RT.

Case Presentation

A 9-year-old boy was injured after falling down stairs. On arrival, his blood pressure was unmeasurable, and the carotid artery pulse was barely palpable. Sonographic assessment indicated intra-abdominal hemorrhage. RT and aortic cross-clamping were performed, and he received a blood transfusion, after which his circulatory status recovered. Laparotomy indicated an inferior mesenteric vein injury that was sutured. Ten hours after arrival, an acute epidural hematoma was observed and treated with an emergency craniotomy. The patient's condition remained stable and he was discharged on the 101st day.

Conclusion

RT may save the life of patients with multiple trauma, even pediatric patients, if performed in a timely manner, based on the diagnosis of hemorrhagic shock, along with rapid transfusion and hemostatic intervention.

Splenic Heterogeneity in Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma (FAST) Scan Led to the Diagnosis of Grade 2 Splenic Injury in a Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma

Splenic injuries are one of the most common injuries following blunt abdominal trauma. It occurs in 32% of blunt abdominal trauma, with motor vehicle accidents being the most common cause. The patient may present with generalized abdominal pain or left upper quadrant pain associated with left shoulder pain. Hemodynamic instability is one of the most reliable signs of splenic injuries. A focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) scan is the initial imaging used to assess for solid organ injury in the abdomen, followed by computed tomography (CT) scans. Evidence of free fluid in the abdomen in the FAST scan indicates a solid organ injury. However, the absence of the before-mentioned finding does not rule out the presence of solid organ injury. Hereby a case of a 13-year-old Saudi male with left-sided abdominal pain after falling from a motorbike. A set of the investigation was done with insignificant results. However, FAST revealed a heterogenous appearance in the spleen. Thus, the patient subsequently underwent abdominal CT scans. The patient was managed conservatively and then discharged against medical advice (DAMA). Previously documented cases have mentioned the presence of free fluid in the abdomen in FAST scan in a stable patient leading to undergoing a CT scan and further managing trauma victim patients, which was absent in the present case.

Establishing the international research priorities for pediatric emergency medicine point-of-care ultrasound: A modified Delphi study

BACKGROUND

The Pediatric Emergency Medicine (PEM) Point-of-care Ultrasound (POCUS) Network (P2Network) was established in 2014 to provide a platform for international collaboration among experts, including multicenter research. The objective of this study was to use expert consensus to identify and prioritize PEM POCUS topics, to inform future collaborative multicenter research.

METHODS

Online surveys were administered in a two-stage, modified Delphi study. A steering committee of 16 PEM POCUS experts was identified within the P2Network, with representation from the United States, Canada, Italy, and Australia. We solicited the participation of international PEM POCUS experts through professional society mailing lists, research networks, social media, and "word of mouth." After each round, responses were refined by the steering committee before being reissued to participants to determine the ranking of all the research questions based on means and to identify the high-level consensus topics. The final stage was a modified Hanlon process of prioritization round (HPP), which emphasized relevance, impact, and feasibility.

RESULTS

Fifty-four eligible participants (16.6%) provided 191 items to Survey 1 (Round 1). These were refined and consolidated into 52 research questions by the steering committee. These were issued for rating in Survey 2 (Round 2), which had 45 participants. At the completion of Round 2, all questions were ranked with six research questions reaching high-level consensus. Thirty-one research questions with mean ratings above neutral were selected for the HPP round. Highly ranked topics included clinical applications of POCUS to evaluate and manage children with shock, cardiac arrest, thoracoabdominal trauma, suspected cardiac failure, atraumatic limp, and intussusception.

CONCLUSIONS

This consensus study has established a research agenda to inform future international multicenter PEM POCUS trials. This study has highlighted the ongoing need for high-quality evidence for PEM POCUS applications to guide clinical practice.

Integrating Point of Care Ultrasound Education into Clinical Practice at the Emergency Department

Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) competency is now required learning for emergency medicine trainees. However, there is a wide range of areas that need to be assessed when determining competence. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate competence levels of POCUS skill acquisition including the areas of image acquisition, image interpretation and clinical integration of the emergency medicine residents while on shift in real clinical practice situations. This was a retrospective descriptive study. This study was conducted at Srinagarind Hospital, Thailand from January 2021 through December 2021. The data were collected and reviewed from electronic medical records, ultrasound images and video clips. All POCUS competency skills were assessed by researcher staff. Our results demonstrated that our learners had overall satisfactory competence of image acquisition, satisfactory image interpretation skills, and good clinical integration skills. However, obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) ultrasound scores were poor and cardiac ultrasound had the most varied score of image quality. This study clearly showed the measurable benefits of a POCUS course being integrated into real clinical practice.

Development of a Consensus-Based Definition of Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma in Children

Importance

The wide variation in the accuracy and reliability of the Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma (FAST) and the extended FAST (E-FAST) for children after blunt abdominal trauma reflects user expertise. FAST and E-FAST that are performed by experts tend to be more complete, better quality, and more often clinically valuable.

Objective

To develop definitions of a complete, high-quality, and accurate interpretation for the FAST and E-FAST in children with injury using an expert, consensus-based modified Delphi technique.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This consensus-based qualitative study was conducted between May 1 to June 30, 2021. It used a scoping review and iterative Delphi technique and involved 2 rounds of online surveys and a live webinar to achieve consensus among a 26-member panel. This panel consisted of international experts in pediatric emergency point-of-care ultrasonography.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Definitions of complete, high-quality, and accurate FAST and E-FAST studies for children after injury.

Results

Of the 29 invited pediatric FAST experts, 26 (15 men [58%]) agreed to participate in the panel. All 26 panelists completed the 2 rounds of surveys, and 24 (92%) participated in the live and asynchronous online discussions. Consensus was reached on FAST and E-FAST study definitions, and the panelists rated these 5 anatomic views as important and appropriate for a complete FAST: right upper-quadrant abdominal view, left upper-quadrant abdominal view, suprapubic views (transverse and sagittal), and subxiphoid cardiac view. For E-FAST, the same FAST anatomic views with the addition of the lung or pneumothorax view were deemed appropriate and important. In addition, the panelists rated a total of 32 landmarks as important for assessing completeness. Similarly, the panelists rated 14 statements on quality and 20 statements on accurate interpretation as appropriate.

Conclusions and Relevance

This qualitative study generated definitions for complete FAST and E-FAST studies with high image quality and accurate interpretation in children with injury. These definitions are similar to those in adults with injury and may be used for future education, quality assurance, and research. Future research may focus on interpretation of trace volumes of abdominal free fluid and the use of serial FAST.

Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma and Point-of-Care Ultrasound

ABSTRACT

Blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) accounts for most trauma in children. Although the focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) is considered standard of care in the evaluation of adults with traumatic injuries, there is limited evidence to support its use as an isolated evaluation tool for intra-abdominal injury as a result of BAT in children. Although a positive FAST examination could obviate the need for a computed tomography scan before OR evaluation in a hemodynamically unstable patient, a negative FAST examination cannot exclude intra-abdominal injury as a result of BAT in isolation. In this article, we review the evaluation of BAT in children, describe the evaluation for free intraperitoneal fluid and pericardial fluid using the FAST examination, and discuss the limitations of the FAST examination in pediatric patients.

The Utility of Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma Enhanced Physical Examination in Children With Blunt Torso Trauma

OBJECTIVES

Computed tomography (CT), the reference standard for diagnosis of intraabdominal injury (IAI), carries risk including ionizing radiation. CT-sparing clinical decision rules for children have relied heavily on physical examination, but they did not include focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST), which has emerged into widespread use during the past decade. We sought to determine the independent associations of physical examination, laboratory studies, and FAST with identification of IAI in children and to compare the test characteristics of these diagnostic variables. We hypothesized that FAST may add incremental utility to a physical examination alone to more accurately identify children who could forgo CT scan.

METHODS

We reviewed a large trauma database of all children with blunt torso trauma presenting to a freestanding pediatric emergency department during a 20-month period. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association of FAST, physical examination, and selected laboratory data with IAI in children, and we compared the test characteristics of these variables.

RESULTS

Among 354 children, 50 (14%) had IAI. Positive FAST (odds ratio [OR] = 14.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.5 to 30.8) and positive physical examination (OR = 15.2, 95% CI = 7.7 to 31.7) were identified as independent predictors for IAI. Physical examination and FAST each had sensitivities of 74% (95% CI = 60% to 85%). Combining FAST and physical examination as FAST-enhanced physical examination (exFAST) improved sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) over either test alone (sensitivity = 88%, 95% CI = 76% to 96%) and NPV of 97.3% (95% CI = 94.5% to 98.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

In children, FAST and physical examinations each predicted the identification of IAI. However, the combination of the two (exFAST) had greater sensitivity and NPV than either physical examination or FAST alone. This supports the use of exFAST in refining clinical predication rules in children with blunt torso trauma.