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Singletary CR, Weaver G, Carson RL, Beets MW, Pate RR, Saunders RP, Peluso AG, Moore JB. Evaluation of a comprehensive school physical activity program: Be a Champion! EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2019; 75:54-60. [PMID: 31102834 PMCID: PMC8258480 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (CSPAPs) are widely supported to increase physical activity (PA) in schools, but little has been reported to inform a comprehensive evaluation effort. The purpose of this report is to describe a comprehensive evaluation and monitoring strategy for CSPAP implementation. METHODS The System for Observing Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN), System for Observing Student Movement in Academic Routines and Transitions (SOSMART), and System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity (SOPLAY) were employed to record student and staff behaviors (2642 total scans). To assess policies, practices, and environments, a CSPAP Policies and Practices questionnaire was used, which included components of the School Health Index, the School PA Policy Assessment, the School Environment and Policies Survey, and the School Health Policies and Practices Study. Youth PA (minutes/day) was assessed using accelerometers. RESULTS Working with school sites to ascertain the number of opportunities that are provided for PA and the amount of PA students engage in is challenging but feasible. The use of systematic observation, accelerometers, and questionnaires can provide a comprehensive representation of policies, practices, and behaviors to aid in establishing targeted PA action items. CONCLUSIONS Developing an evaluation framework that was rigorous enough to assess the physical, social, and policy environment of a school in order to answer the overarching research questions of the study but flexible enough to be feasibly streamlined for utilization by a school implementation team proved to be challenging but possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia R Singletary
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Russell L Carson
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA; PlayCore, 544 Chestnut St., Chattanooga, TN, 37402, USA.
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Ruth P Saunders
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Alexandra G Peluso
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Justin B Moore
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Implementation Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Cost-effectiveness of Community-Based Minigrants to Increase Physical Activity in Youth. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2016; 23:364-369. [PMID: 27798526 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT American youth are insufficiently active, and minigrant programs have been developed to facilitate implementation of evidence-based interventions in communities. However, little is known about the cost-effectiveness of targeted minigrant programs for the implementation of physical activity (PA) promoting strategies for youth. OBJECTIVE To determine the cost-effectiveness of a minigrant program to increase PA among youth. DESIGN Twenty community grantees were pair-matched and randomized to receive funding at the beginning of year 1 (2010-2011) or year 2 (2011-2012) to implement interventions to increase PA in youth. Costs were calculated by examining financial reports provided by the granting organization and grantees. SETTING Twenty counties in North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS A random sample of approximately 800 fourth- to eighth-grade youth (per year) from the approximately 6100 youth served by the 20 community-based interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) were calculated at the county and project levels to determine the cost per child-minute of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) increased by wave. Analyses were conducted utilizing cost data from 20 community grantees and accelerometer-derived PA from the participating youth. RESULTS Of the 20 participating counties, 18 counties displayed increased youth MVPA between at least 2 waves of observation. Of those 18 counties, the CER (US dollars/MVPA minutes per day) ranged from $0.02 to $1.86 (n = 13) in intervention year 1, $0.02 to $6.19 (n = 15) in intervention year 2, and $0.02 to $0.58 (n = 17) across both years. CONCLUSION If utilized to implement effectual behavior change strategies, minigrants can be a cost-effective means of increasing children's MVPA, with a low monetary cost per minute of MVPA.
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Effectiveness of Community-Based Minigrants to Increase Physical Activity and Decrease Sedentary Time in Youth. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2016; 22:370-8. [DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Umstattd Meyer MR, Perry CK, Sumrall JC, Patterson MS, Walsh SM, Clendennen SC, Hooker SP, Evenson KR, Goins KV, Heinrich KM, O'Hara Tompkins N, Eyler AA, Jones S, Tabak R, Valko C. Physical Activity-Related Policy and Environmental Strategies to Prevent Obesity in Rural Communities: A Systematic Review of the Literature, 2002-2013. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E03. [PMID: 26741997 PMCID: PMC4707945 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.150406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health disparities exist between rural and urban residents; in particular, rural residents have higher rates of chronic diseases and obesity. Evidence supports the effectiveness of policy and environmental strategies to prevent obesity and promote health equity. In 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended 24 policy and environmental strategies for use by local communities: the Common Community Measures for Obesity Prevention (COCOMO); 12 strategies focus on physical activity. This review was conducted to synthesize evidence on the implementation, relevance, and effectiveness of physical activity-related policy and environmental strategies for obesity prevention in rural communities. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINHAL, and PAIS databases for articles published from 2002 through May 2013 that reported findings from physical activity-related policy or environmental interventions conducted in the United States or Canada. Each article was extracted independently by 2 researchers. RESULTS Of 2,002 articles, 30 articles representing 26 distinct studies met inclusion criteria. Schools were the most common setting (n = 18 studies). COCOMO strategies were applied in rural communities in 22 studies; the 2 most common COCOMO strategies were "enhance infrastructure supporting walking" (n = 11) and "increase opportunities for extracurricular physical activity" (n = 9). Most studies (n = 21) applied at least one of 8 non-COCOMO strategies; the most common was increasing physical activity opportunities at school outside of physical education (n = 8). Only 14 studies measured or reported physical activity outcomes (10 studies solely used self-report); 10 reported positive changes. CONCLUSION Seven of the 12 COCOMO physical activity-related strategies were successfully implemented in 2 or more studies, suggesting that these 7 strategies are relevant in rural communities and the other 5 might be less applicable in rural communities. Further research using robust study designs and measurement is needed to better ascertain implementation success and effectiveness of COCOMO and non-COCOMO strategies in rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renée Umstattd Meyer
- Baylor University, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, One Bear Place No. 97313, Waco, TX 76798.
| | - Cynthia K Perry
- School of Nursing Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jasmin C Sumrall
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | | | - Shana M Walsh
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | | | | | - Kelly R Evenson
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Karin V Goins
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Nancy O'Hara Tompkins
- West Virginia Prevention Research Center, West Virginia University, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Amy A Eyler
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sydney Jones
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rachel Tabak
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Cheryl Valko
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Howard VJ, Rhodes JD, Mosher A, Hutto B, Stewart MS, Colabianchi N, Vena JE, Blair SN, Hooker SP. Obtaining Accelerometer Data in a National Cohort of Black and White Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:1531-7. [PMID: 25333247 PMCID: PMC4404169 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to report methodological details and feasibility of conducting an accelerometer ancillary study in a large US cohort being followed for stroke and cognitive decline. METHODS Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke is a national population-based study of 30,239 blacks and whites, age ≥45 yr, enrolled January 2003 to October 2007. Baseline evaluations were conducted through computer-assisted telephone interview and an in-home visit. Participants are followed by computer-assisted telephone interview every 6 months. Starting with May 2009 follow-up, contingent on accelerometer availability, participants were invited to wear an accelerometer for 7 d. Device inventory was 1150. Accelerometer, instructions, log sheet, and stamped addressed return envelope were mailed to consenting participants. Postcard acknowledgement and reminders and two calls or less were made to encourage compliance. RESULTS Between May 2009 and January 2013, 20,076 were invited to participate; 12,146 (60.5%) consented. Participation rates by race-sex groups were similar: black women, 58.6%; black men, 59.6%; white women, 62.3%; and white men, 60.5%. The mean age of the 12,146 participants to whom devices were shipped was 63.5 ± 8.7 yr. Return rate was 92%. Of 11,174 returned, 1187 were not worn and 14 had device malfunction, and of 9973 with data, 8096 (81.2%) provided usable data, defined as ≥4 d of 10+ h of wear time, ranging from 74.4% among black women to 85.2% among white men. CONCLUSIONS Using mail and telephone methods, it is feasible to obtain objective measures of physical activity from a sizeable proportion of a national cohort of adults, with similar participation rates among blacks and whites. Linked with the clinical health information collected through follow-up, these data will allow future analyses on the association between objectively measured sedentary time, physical activity, and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia J. Howard
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - J. David Rhodes
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Aleena Mosher
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Brent Hutto
- Prevention Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Margaret S. Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - John E. Vena
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Steven N. Blair
- Departments of Exercise Science and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Steven P. Hooker
- Exercise and Wellness Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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Moore JB, Beets MW, Kaczynski AT, Besenyi GM, Morris SF, Kolbe MB. Sex moderates associations between perceptions of the physical and social environments and physical activity in youth. Am J Health Promot 2013; 29:132-5. [PMID: 24359180 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.121023-arb-516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if the sex of the child moderates the relationships between perceptions of the physical/social environments and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in youth. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING North Carolina. SUBJECTS A final sample of 711 children, 8 to 17 years of age, was available for analysis. MEASURES Self-reported presence of environmental factors previously identified to be associated with physical activity in youth was collected via survey. Daily MVPA was assessed via accelerometry for a minimum of 4 days. ANALYSIS Multilevel linear regression models were employed, adjusted for clustering at the county and individual level. MVPA was first regressed onto sex and environmental perception items while controlling for grade and race. The interaction term between sex and environmental perception was then added to the model. RESULTS A significant positive association was observed in the first models between MVPA and two items related to parent permission to (1) walk and (2) ride a bike in the neighborhood. These effects were fully moderated by sex, with males indicating "yes" on these items exhibiting 6.87 and 5.21 more minutes of MVPA (respectively) than males indicating "no." CONCLUSION Environmental perceptions appear to be related to MVPA, but this relationship is present only in males. Future research should be conducted to identify modifiable social and physical characteristics that are associated with MVPA in females.
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