1
|
Madou E, Sureshkumar A, Payne MW, Viana R, Hunter SW. The effect of exercise interventions on gait outcomes in subacute and chronic rehabilitation from lower-limb amputation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prosthet Orthot Int 2024; 48:128-148. [PMID: 37615607 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Successful walking is a substantial contributor to quality of life in people with lower-limb amputation (PLLA), yet gait difficulties are common. Evidence-based exercise guidelines are necessary for PLLA with different clinical characteristics and at different phases of recovery. To systematically review the literature evaluating effects of exercise interventions on gait outcomes in PLLA at subacute and chronic stages of recovery. Databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched (inception to May 10, 2022). Inclusion criteria: randomized controlled trials assessing gait outcomes following exercise intervention; subjects were PLLA ≥18 years of age and used a prosthesis for walking. Meta-analysis using random effects with inverse variance to generate standardized mean differences (SMDs) was completed for primary gait outcomes. Subgroup analysis was conducted for the recovery phase (i.e., subacute and chronic) and level of amputation (e.g., transfemoral and transtibial). Of 16 included articles, 4 studies examined the subacute phase of recovery, whereas 12 examined the chronic phase. Subacute interventions were 30 minutes, 1-7 times/week, for 2-12 weeks. Chronic interventions were 15-60-minutes, 2-3 times/week, for 4-16 weeks. Low-moderate level evidence was shown for a small improvement in the subacute phase (SMD = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [0.06-0.79], I 2 = 46.0%) and a moderate improvement in the chronic phase (SMD = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [0.40-0.94], I 2 = 0.0%) in favor of exercise intervention groups. Multicomponent exercise programs consisting of gait, balance, and strength training are effective at improving gait outcomes in PLLA at subacute and chronic phases of recovery. The optimal duration and frequency of exercise is unclear because of variation between interventions, highlighting an area for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Madou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashvene Sureshkumar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W Payne
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ricardo Viana
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan W Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Omaña H, Frengopoulos C, Montero-Odasso M, Payne MW, Viana R, Hunter SW. Association between balance confidence and basic walking abilities in people with unilateral transtibial lower-limb amputations: A cross-sectional study. Prosthet Orthot Int 2023; 47:505-510. [PMID: 36705570 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Falls are common for people with lower-limb amputations (PLLA). Low balance confidence is also prevalent, is worse in PLLA not reporting walking automaticity, and is known to negatively affect prosthesis use, social engagement, and quality of life. Moreover, walking with a prosthesis requires continuous attention. Low balance confidence may act as a distractor imposing an additional cognitive load on the already cognitively demanding task of walking with a prosthesis. METHODS Adults with unilateral, transtibial amputations were recruited. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale quantified balance confidence. The L Test assessed basic walking abilities under single-task (ST) (usual) and dual-task (DT) (walking while counting backwards) conditions. The relative change in gait and secondary task performance between conditions (ie, DT cost) was calculated. Separate multivariable linear regressions examined the association of balance confidence on the L Test. RESULTS Forty-four PLLA (56.6 ± 12.6 years) participated. An independent association of the ABC to ST ( P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.56) and DT ( P = 0.008, R 2 = 0.43) L Test performance was observed. A 1% ABC increase was related with a 0.24 (95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.14) and 0.23 (95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.06) second reduction with the ST and DT L Test, respectively. No association to DT cost was observed. CONCLUSIONS Balance confidence influences basic walking abilities yet does not modulate the added cognitive load associated with DT. Interventions that address balance confidence may be beneficial throughout rehabilitation. This research is novel and offers the possibility for alternative avenues for focus in rehabilitation and falls prevention in a population at high risk for falls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Omaña
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney Frengopoulos
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W Payne
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ricardo Viana
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan W Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hafner BJ, Amtmann D, Morgan SJ, Abrahamson DC, Askew RL, Bamer AM, Salem R, Gaunaurd IA, Gailey RS, Czerniecki JM, Fatone S, Fergason JR, Fothergill I, Kelly VE, Weber EL, Whiteneck GG. Development of an item bank for measuring prosthetic mobility in people with lower limb amputation: The Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M). PM R 2023; 15:456-473. [PMID: 36787171 PMCID: PMC10121932 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving mobility with a prosthesis is a common post-amputation rehabilitation goal and primary outcome in prosthetic research studies. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) available to measure prosthetic mobility have practical and psychometric limitations that inhibit their use in clinical care and research. OBJECTIVE To develop a brief, clinically meaningful, and psychometrically robust PROM to measure prosthetic mobility. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted to administer previously developed candidate items to a national sample of lower limb prosthesis users. Items were calibrated to an item response theory model and two fixed-length short forms were created. Instruments were assessed for readability, effective range of measurement, agreement with the full item bank, ceiling and floor effects, convergent validity, and known groups validity. SETTING Participants were recruited using flyers posted in hospitals and prosthetics clinics across the United States, magazine advertisements, notices posted to consumer websites, and direct mailings. PARTICIPANTS Adult prosthesis users (N = 1091) with unilateral lower limb amputation due to traumatic or dysvascular causes. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Candidate items (N = 105) were administered along with the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Brief Profile, Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire - Mobility Subscale, and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, and questions created to characterize respondents. RESULTS A bank of 44 calibrated self-report items, termed the Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M), was produced. Clinical and statistical criteria were used to select items for 7- and 12-item short forms. PLUS-M instruments had an 8th grade reading level, measured with precision across a wide range of respondents, exhibited little-to-no ceiling or floor effects, correlated expectedly with scores from existing PROMs, and differentiated between groups of respondents expected to have different levels of mobility. CONCLUSION The PLUS-M appears to be well suited to measuring prosthetic mobility in people with lower limb amputation. PLUS-M instruments are recommended for use in clinical and research settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Hafner
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dagmar Amtmann
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara J Morgan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Research Department, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel C Abrahamson
- Mobile Prosthetic and Orthotic Care, Veterans Integrated Service Network 20 VA NW Health Network, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert L Askew
- Department of Psychology, Stetson University, Deland, FL, USA
| | - Alyssa M Bamer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rana Salem
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ignacio A Gaunaurd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Research Service, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert S Gailey
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Research Service, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joseph M Czerniecki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Limb Loss and MoBility, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefania Fatone
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John R Fergason
- Center for the Intrepid, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ian Fothergill
- Medical Center Orthotics & Prosthetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Valerie E Kelly
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric L Weber
- Hanger Institute for Clinical Research and Education, Austin, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miller MJ, Hoffman RM, Swink LA, Barnes DE, Christiansen CL. Postamputation Cognitive Impairment Is Related to Worse Perceived Physical Function Among Middle-Aged and Older Prosthesis Users. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103:1723-1729. [PMID: 35123974 PMCID: PMC9536024 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare characteristics between middle-aged and older prosthesis users with and without cognitive impairment and determine whether cognitive impairment contributes to variability in perceived physical function. DESIGN Cross-sectional, observational study SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS Adults 45 years or older, at least 1-year post lower limb amputation (LLA) who were walking independently with a prosthesis (N=119). INTERVENTION Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We identified cognitive impairment using an education-adjusted Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified score. Perceived physical function was measured using the Prosthesis Mobility Questionnaire. RESULTS Of 119 participants (mean age, 62.6±8.2 years; male: 89.1%; vascular etiology: 82.4%; years since amputation: 4.9±4.7 years), 28 (23.5%) had cognitive impairment. Compared with participants without cognitive impairment, those with cognitive impairment were more likely to use an assistive device (60.7% vs 25.3%, P=.002); were older (66.3±7.3 vs 61.5±8.1 years, P=.006) and had more chronic conditions (7.1±3.4 vs 5.4±2.5, P=.004), more depressive symptoms (6.6±5.1 vs 4.2±3.8, P=.008), and worse perceived physical function (2.0±0.6 vs 2.6±0.7, P<.001). Using backward stepwise linear regression, we found that participants with cognitive impairment had worse perceived physical function (standardized parameter estimate [β]=-0.15, P=.02), even after adjusting for depressive symptoms (β=-0.31, P<.001), prosthesis satisfaction (β=0.34, P<.001), number of chronic conditions (β=-0.19, P=.006), and assistive device use (βcane=0.01, P=.93; βother=-0.20, P=.003). Together, these variables explained 59% of perceived physical function variability. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive impairment is common and associated with worse perceived physical function post LLA, even after controlling for physical and mental health differences. Tailored rehabilitation interventions may be needed to improve perceived physical function in prosthesis users with cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Miller
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Rashelle M Hoffman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, university of colorado. Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura A Swink
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, university of colorado. Aurora, Colorado
| | - Deborah E Barnes
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Cory L Christiansen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, university of colorado. Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The subjective minimal important change for the Six Spot Step Test in people with multiple sclerosis - The Danish MS Hospitals Rehabilitation study. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:893-901. [PMID: 35705789 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-01991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Six Spot Step Test has shown good psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability in people with multiple sclerosis. Yet, the responsiveness and minimal important change are unknown. The objective was to investigate the responsiveness of the Six Spot Step Test against the perceived change of walking limitations and establish estimates for the minimal important change in people with multiple sclerosis. METHODS The Six Spot Step Test was performed before and after four weeks of specialised multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation by 142 adults with mild to severe multiple sclerosis. Responsiveness was determined based on anchor- and distribution-based methods, using the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 as external criterion. In a supplementary analysis, the Six-Minute Walking Test was used as an external criterion. RESULTS The correlation between the baseline (r = 0.56, p < 0.01) and discharge (r = 0.55, p < 0.01) Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 and Six Spot Step Test scores were acceptable. Furthermore, the change scores were weakly associated (r = 0.1, p = 0.27). This trend was similar for the Six-Minute Walking Test when used as anchor. The smallest detectable change was estimated to 1.7 seconds. An improvement in the Six Spot Step Test exceeding 2.1 (95% CI - 0.9 to 5.0) sec and 4.9 (95% CI 1.2-8.6) sec may be considered clinically important on a group level based on the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 and the Six-Minute Walking Test, respectively. CONCLUSION In a sample of mild to severely disabled people with multiple sclerosis, the Six Spot Step Test showed fair responsiveness against a subjective and objective criterion, indicating a minimal important change between ≥ 2.1 and ≥ 4.9 seconds, respectively. However, a weak association between the change in the Six Spot Step Test and the subjective and objective external criterion calls for cautious interpretation. Hence, the results should be further verified against a valid external criterion.
Collapse
|
6
|
Evaluation of an articulated passive ankle-foot prosthesis. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:28. [PMID: 35477464 PMCID: PMC9047309 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-00997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current ankle prostheses for people with unilateral transtibial amputation (TTA) or transfemoral amputation (TFA) are unable to mimic able-bodied performance during daily activities. A new mechanical ankle–foot prosthesis was developed to further optimise the gait of people with a lower-limb amputation. This study aimed to evaluate the Talaris Demonstrator (TD) during daily activities by means of performance-related, physiological and subjective outcome measures. Materials and methods Forty-two participants completed a protocol assessing performance and functional mobility with their current prosthesis and the TD. The protocol comprised the L-test, 2 min of stair climbing, 2 min of inclined treadmill walking, 6 min of treadmill walking at 3 different speeds in consecutive blocks of 2 min, and a 3-m Backward Walk test (3mBWT). Heart rate was measured during each task, and oxygen uptake was collected during all tasks except for the L-test and 3mBWT. Time of execution was recorded on the L-test and 3mBWT, and the rate of perceived exertion (score = 6–20), fatigue and comfort (score = 0–100) were assessed after each task. Paired sample t-tests and Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests were performed to compare outcomes between prosthetic devices. Benjamini–Hochberg corrections were applied to control for multiple comparisons with a level of significance set at α = 0.05. Results Subjects with a TTA (N = 28) were faster with their current prosthesis compared to the TD on the L-test and 3mBWT (p = 0.005). In participants with a TFA (N = 14), we observed a tendency towards a higher heart rate during the L-test and towards increased comfort during inclined walking, with the TD compared to the participants’ current prosthetic device (0.05 < p < 0.10). Further, no significant results were observed. Conclusion The Talaris Demonstrator is a novel state-of-the-art passive ankle–foot prosthesis for both people with a TTA and TFA. Subjective measures indicate the added value of this device, while overall task performance and intensity of effort do not differ between the Talaris Demonstrator and the current prosthesis. Further investigations unravelling both acute and more prolonged adaptations will be conducted to evaluate the TD more thoroughly.
Collapse
|
7
|
Frengopoulos C, Zia Z, Payne M, Viana R, Hunter S. Association Between Balance Self-efficacy and Walking Ability in Those With New Lower Limb Amputations. CANADIAN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS JOURNAL 2022; 5:36695. [PMID: 37614479 PMCID: PMC10443465 DOI: 10.33137/cpoj.v5i1.36695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relationship between walking ability and self-efficacy has been demonstrated in various rehabilitation patient populations. In experienced prosthetic ambulators, walking ability is related to self-efficacy of balance, however, this relationship has not been quantified for those with newly acquired lower limb amputations (LLA). OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between walking performance (objective) and self-reported walking abilities (subjective) on balance self-efficacy in those with LLA. METHODOLOGY Cross-sectional study of 27 people (17 men; mean age=63.57±9.33) at discharge from inpatient prosthetic rehabilitation for first major unilateral LLA. Individuals completed 6m straight path walking and the L-Test under single- and dual-task conditions. The Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) was administered, and the Ambulation subscale provided subjective measures of walking ability. A single PEQ question on satisfaction with walking (16B) was also used as a proxy for subjective walking ability. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale measured balance self-efficacy. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the strength of association between walking ability (objective and subjective) and balance self-efficacy (dependent variable). FINDINGS Walking velocity on the 6m straight path under single-task (p=0.011) and dual-task conditions (p=0.039), the single-task L-Test (p=0.035) and self-reported satisfaction with walking (p=0.019) were associated with self-efficacy of balance. CONCLUSIONS Objective measures of walking ability that were independently associated with balance self-efficacy included straight path walking velocity under single and dual-task conditions and the single-task L-Test. Satisfaction with walking was also associated with balance self-efficacy. This highlights the interplay between physical and psychological factors during rehabilitation. More research in the area of self-efficacy and walking ability is needed to establish self-efficacy as a target during prosthetic rehabilitation for those with LLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Frengopoulos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z. Zia
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M.W.C Payne
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Viana
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S.W. Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Measurement properties of the L Test with fast walking speed in patients after lower limb amputation in initial prosthetic training phase. Int J Rehabil Res 2021; 44:215-221. [PMID: 34034284 DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The L Test is a clinical mobility test used in patients after lower limb amputation. To assess dynamic balance, it should be performed with fast walking speed. Its measurement properties in the initial prosthetic training phase are not known yet. The objective of the study was to establish intra- and interrater reliability, concurrent and discriminant validity, minimal detectable change, effect size between the rehabilitation time points and ceiling effect of the L Test with fast walking speed in patients after lower limb amputation in initial prosthetic training phase. The study included 36 inpatients aged 19-86 years who were provided with a prosthesis for the first time. They were assessed repeatedly with the L Test, Ten-meter Walk Test and 6-min Walk Test. The intra- (ICC3, k = 0.94) and interrater reliability (ICC2, k = 0.96) of the L Test were excellent. Correlations with the walking tests were very good (r = 0.75-0.86). Regression analysis with respect to the level of lower limb amputation showed a linear relationship with other variables (R2 = 0.55). Influences of age, cause of lower limb amputation and walking aid were statistically significant. The L Test was responsive to change after two weeks of prosthetic training (Cohen's d = 1.21). No ceiling effect was identified. The L Test with fast walking speed is a feasible, reliable, valid, and responsive measure of basic mobility skills in patients after lower limb amputation in the initial prosthetic training phase.
Collapse
|