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Labbé D, Yao DG, Miller WC, Routhier F, Rushton PW, Demers L, Mortenson WB. Positive and negative experiences of caregivers helping power wheelchair users: a mixed-method study. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38341650 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2024.2313080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to better understand how the powered wheelchair (PWC) impacts the experiences of family caregivers of PWC users, and explore the strategies and resources used by caregivers to cope with their role. MATERIALS AND METHODS This mixed-methods study was part of a larger cross-sectional research study conducted in four Canadian cities. Twenty-three family caregivers of PWC users, who provided at least 2 h of support per week, completed the Power Mobility Caregiver Assistive Technology Outcome (PM-CATOM), an 18-item measure assessing PWC-related and overall burden experienced by family caregivers. We also conducted semi-structured interviews and analysed them using inductive content analysis. RESULTS From the quantitative PM-CATOM results, the caregivers perceived low level of burden for the wheelchair-related items, (Median:4.5; Range 3 to 5). Most perceived burden when physically helping the wheelchair user and when providing verbal hints. In terms of overall help, the caregivers experienced some level of burden (Median 3.5: Range 3 to 5). Most caregivers identified burden associated with the limitation to their recreational and/or leisure activities (52.2%) and feeling that they have more to do than they can handle. We identified 3 themes in the interviews: the burden experiences of caring for PWC users, the positive experiences of caregiving, and the coping strategies and resources used by caregivers of PWC users. CONCLUSION Our study showed that understanding the experiences of caregivers of AT users is central as they are directly and indirectly impacted by the PWC in their lives and caregiving roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Labbé
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rehabilitation Research Lab, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daryl G Yao
- Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William C Miller
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rehabilitation Research Lab, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- ICORD Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - François Routhier
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et en intégration sociale (CIRRIS), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Paula W Rushton
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louise Demers
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - W Ben Mortenson
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rehabilitation Research Lab, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- ICORD Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Nieforth LO, Rodriguez KE, O’Haire ME. Benefits and challenges of mobility and medical alert service dogs for caregivers of service dog recipients. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2023; 18:743-751. [PMID: 34077328 PMCID: PMC10520918 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2021.1916630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mobility and medical alert service dogs are an assistive technology for individuals with disabilities or chronic conditions. Informal caregivers of individuals with disabilities are subject to physical and emotional stress due to their responsibilities. Understanding how service dogs, an increasingly common assistive technology, may add to or subtract from caregiver stress is crucial for promoting caregiver well-being. The purpose of this study was to analyze caregiver accounts to understand their perspective on benefits and challenges they face with mobility and medical alert service dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Open ended survey responses from 117 caregivers of service dog recipients (N = 72 with a service dog, N = 45 on the waitlist) were analysed through a conventional content analysis. RESULTS Four major themes were found regarding caregiver and service dog: Family Benefits, Caregiver Benefits, Assistance Through Service Dog's Training, and Drawbacks. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that benefits and challenges of mobility and medical service dogs extend beyond the service dog recipient, affecting the caregiver and other family members as well. Future studies should further explore this interaction to determine the best way to support caregivers of individuals with disabilities.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMobility and medical alert service dogs are increasingly partnered with individuals with disabilities or chronic diseases as an assistive technology but few studies have focussed on the experience of the caregivers of service dog recipients. Caregivers of individuals with disabilities or chronic diseases may be subject to both psychological and physiological stressors as a result of their caregiver duties.Results found that caregivers perceive both benefits to themselves and to their families in terms building a bond with the animal that helps to reduce worry and offers emotional support. The most commonly mentioned drawbacks include general maintenance of the service dog, grooming needs and travel restrictions.This research is important in order to offer appropriate support to caregivers of individuals with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne O. Nieforth
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Kerri E. Rodriguez
- Human Animal Bond in Colorado, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Gatta FD, Fabrizi E, Giubilei F, Grau MD, Moret-Tatay C. Caregivers' Profiles Based on the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure for the Adoption of Assistive Technologies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7500. [PMID: 36236598 PMCID: PMC9573476 DOI: 10.3390/s22197500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COPM (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure) is a tool that is based on the identification of self-perceived performance and satisfaction problems in the performance of occupations, allowing the creation of a hierarchy in the order of the interventions to be carried out, and speeding up the identification of the necessary AT (Assistive Technologies). Given the importance of the caregiver's perception about their own performance in the design of AT, this research examines the caregiver's profile through the COPM. A sample of 40 caregivers volunteered to participate in the study. A cluster analysis was carried out on the COPM scores. Two caregiver profiles were found in relation to the COPM measure, one with low scores on performance and satisfaction and another with high scores on both of these two variables. The main predictor was found to be the self-perception of performance. The structure was replicated through a hierarchical cluster analysis, where the role of caregivers was of interest. These results are relevant on both a theoretical and practical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Gatta
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elisa Fabrizi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - María Dolores Grau
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Carmen Moret-Tatay
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Demers L. Expanding Occupational Therapy Perspectives with Family Caregivers. Can J Occup Ther 2022; 89:223-237. [PMID: 36135329 PMCID: PMC9511233 DOI: 10.1177/00084174221103952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Family caregivers are ever-present and crucial collaborators in the work of occupational therapists but are rarely the focus of their efforts. Purpose. This lecture will discuss the greater inclusion of family caregivers in occupational therapy and the exciting possibilities that emerge from this change. Key issues. Family caregivers are a unique client population. This position statement is supported by recent research on occupational therapists’ values and shifts towards an occupational participation approach in the profession. Working with this client population requires a nuanced understanding of their experience. Caregiving can be burdensome, but it can also create positive effects many of which can be identified and understood through a relational lens. Implications. Through a three-fold approach, occupational therapists can work with caregivers to locate and mitigate negative caregiving effects, discover, and build on positive effects, and further develop positive outcomes by encouraging and balancing caregiving and non-caregiving occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Demers
- Louise Demers, OT, Ph.D., School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada;
Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, 4545 Queen Mary Road, H3W 1W5, QC, Canada;
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Customized Power Wheelchair Joysticks Made by Three-Dimensional Printing Technology: A Pilot Study on the Environmental Adaptation Effects for Severe Quadriplegia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147464. [PMID: 34299938 PMCID: PMC8306002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Power wheelchair joysticks are often available as standardized ready-made products for patients with severe hand dysfunction. However, standardized joysticks have limitations in accommodating the individualized features of hand dysfunctions. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has facilitated active research on the development of joysticks that can overcome such limitations. Methods: Four subjects participated in the study to evaluate driving abilities and satisfaction after using the customized joystick for two weeks. Modified power-mobility indoor driving assessment (PIDA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index (NASA-TLX), and psychosocial impact of assistive devices scale (PIADS; Korean version) were employed for evaluation. Results: In patients 1–3, the modified PIDA scores had the highest values in the pre-test and post-test. In patient 4, the modified PIDA score had a higher value in the post-test (mean value = 4) compared to the pre-test (mean value = 3.33). In all patients, the modified PIDA time was lower in the post-test compared to the pre-test. The NASA-TLX and PIADS values indicate that greater satisfaction was achieved through the usage of customized joysticks in the post-test. Conclusions: All patients can improve their power wheelchair driving abilities and achieve greater satisfaction. Clinical Relevance: Three-dimensional printed customized power wheelchair joysticks can offer enhanced driving abilities and satisfaction to patients with limited hand function owing to severe spinal cord injury.
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Jamil N, Belkacem AN, Ouhbi S, Lakas A. Noninvasive Electroencephalography Equipment for Assistive, Adaptive, and Rehabilitative Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Literature Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4754. [PMID: 34300492 PMCID: PMC8309653 DOI: 10.3390/s21144754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans interact with computers through various devices. Such interactions may not require any physical movement, thus aiding people with severe motor disabilities in communicating with external devices. The brain-computer interface (BCI) has turned into a field involving new elements for assistive and rehabilitative technologies. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to help BCI investigator and investors to decide which devices to select or which studies to support based on the current market examination. This examination of noninvasive EEG devices is based on published BCI studies in different research areas. In this SLR, the research area of noninvasive BCIs using electroencephalography (EEG) was analyzed by examining the types of equipment used for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative BCIs. For this SLR, candidate studies were selected from the IEEE digital library, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The inclusion criteria (IC) were limited to studies focusing on applications and devices of the BCI technology. The data used herein were selected using IC and exclusion criteria to ensure quality assessment. The selected articles were divided into four main research areas: education, engineering, entertainment, and medicine. Overall, 238 papers were selected based on IC. Moreover, 28 companies were identified that developed wired and wireless equipment as means of BCI assistive technology. The findings of this review indicate that the implications of using BCIs for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative technologies are encouraging for people with severe motor disabilities and healthy people. With an increasing number of healthy people using BCIs, other research areas, such as the motivation of players when participating in games or the security of soldiers when observing certain areas, can be studied and collaborated using the BCI technology. However, such BCI systems must be simple (wearable), convenient (sensor fabrics and self-adjusting abilities), and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuraini Jamil
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.J.); (S.O.)
| | - Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem
- Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Sofia Ouhbi
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.J.); (S.O.)
| | - Abderrahmane Lakas
- Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
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A Framework for a New Approach to Empower Users Through Low-Cost and Do-It-Yourself Assistive Technology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063039. [PMID: 33809518 PMCID: PMC8001483 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Assistive Technology (AT) refers to “assistive products and related systems and services developed for people to maintain or improve functioning and thereby to promote well-being”. Improving the process of design and creation of assistive products is an important step towards strengthening AT provision. Purpose: (1) to present a framework for designing and creating Low-Cost AT; (2) to display the preliminary results and evidence derived from applying the framework. Methodology: First, an evidence-based process was applied to develop and conceptualize the framework. Then, a pilot project to validate the framework was carried out. The sample was formed by 11 people with disabilities. The measure instruments were specific questionnaire, several forms of the Matching Person-Technology model, the Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Device Scale, and a tool to assess the usability and universal design of AT. Results: The framework integrates three phases: Identification (Design), Creation (Making the prototype), and Implementation (Outcome Measures), based on the principles of Design Thinking, and with a user-centered perspective. The preliminary results showed the coherence of the entire process and its applicability. The matching between person and device was high, representing the importance of involving the user in the design and selection of AT. Conclusions: The framework is a guide for professionals and users to apply a Low-Cost and Do-It-Yourself perspective to the provision of AT. It highlights the importance of monitoring the entire procedure and measuring the effects, by applying the outcome measures.
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Fredriksson C, Pettersson I, Hagberg L, Hermansson L. The value of powered mobility scooters from the perspective of elderly spouses of the users - a qualitative study. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2020; 17:747-751. [PMID: 32776786 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1804632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore spouses' experiences of the value of mobility scooters prescribed to their partner. MATERIAL AND METHODS A descriptive design with a qualitative approach was used. Thirteen spouses (11 females) aged 65-86 years participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted when the spouse's partner had had the mobility scooter for 4-6 months. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The interviews showed primarily that the spouses experienced that their everyday lives and life situation had improved since their partner had received a mobility scooter. They reported that they could engage in activities of their own choice to a greater extent. The prescription of a mobility scooter to their partner had also yielded a sense of freedom related to shared activities. On the other hand, the spouses described some of the scooter's limitations. Three categories emerged: a sense of freedom related to the spouse's own activities, a sense of freedom related to shared activities and a somewhat restricted freedom. CONCLUSION Prescription of a powered mobility scooter was of value to the users' spouses because it facilitated independent and shared activities and participation in the community. The value was mainly expressed as a sense of freedom when doing things on their own or together with their partner. Spouses are key persons in the rehabilitation of people with mobility restrictions. Their views on the assistive device may influence the rehabilitation process. Knowledge of spouses' experiences is thus crucial, as this may influence the future rehabilitation outcome.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONA powered mobility scooter prescribed to one partner eases everyday life and increases activity and participation for the spouse, which in turn may further improve the quality of life for the scooter user.The spouses' perspectives on their partners' mobility scooter use could be helpful in developing the design of the mobility device and in the prescription process.A mobility scooter has an added value by giving a sense of freedom and freedom to choose for the spouse as well as the scooter user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Fredriksson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ingvor Pettersson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Hagberg
- University Health Care Research Center, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Liselotte Hermansson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,University Health Care Research Center, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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9
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Spotlight on Siblings: Considering Social Context in Home Modification Practice. SOCIETIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/soc9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) recognizes the role of Assistive Technologies (AT) in enabling independent living and inclusion of people with disabilities. Research into the provision of AT and disability services in general has highlighted the importance of social context and its influence on individual outcomes. However, there is little recognition of sibling roles, relationships and rights in the guidance available for practitioners. This paper explores the socio-technical context of home modification practice and the importance of involving siblings. The international context and concepts behind AT provision, including home modifications, and issues emerging from practice in Australia’s new National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) are discussed. Based on extensive practical experience and peer review, the “5 S’s for Siblings” is presented as a practice approach for involving siblings in the home modification process. Policy and practice implications are presented, including communication strategies for working in partnership with individuals and their families, and alignment with national standards and human rights principles. Involving siblings in the home modification process recognizes the important role they play in the lives of people with disabilities, both now and in the future.
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Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review marketing materials of surveillance products for people with dementia and their carers in three ageing countries, as part of a dementia-technology media analysis.Design/methodology/approachAn online environmental scan was conducted using search terms for surveillance technologies (STs) and dementia through a Google search focussed on the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands. Data were extracted on the products’ and websites’ marketing messages from consumer and marketer perspectives.FindingsInformation was gathered for 382 product websites, of which 242 met eligibility criteria. The majority of products come from the UK. In the UK and Sweden, the companies behind the websites appeared to be mainly “cottage industries” which focus on selling ST. In contrast, sellers in the Netherlands included a more balanced mixture of small, medium and large companies. In all three countries, the website messaging focussed on the need to manage safety concerns, without considering privacy or consent.Social implicationsContrary to the perception of future dependence on technology, the ST sector seems to be a niche market. The media messages, equating people with dementia with animals and children, are at odds with initiatives that strive for dignity and dementia friendliness.Originality/valueNo previous study is known to have explored media messages from websites that market ST for people with dementia.
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Gélinas-Bronsard D, Mortenson WB, Ahmed S, Guay C, Auger C. Co-construction of an Internet-based intervention for older assistive technology users and their family caregivers: stakeholders’ perceptions. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2018; 14:602-611. [DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2018.1499138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gélinas-Bronsard
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - W. Ben Mortenson
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Ahmed
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cassioppée Guay
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudine Auger
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Tam JW, Schmitter-Edgecombe M. A caregiver educational program: A video program to promote aging services technologies awareness. Geriatr Nurs 2018; 40:78-83. [PMID: 30097209 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Research demonstrated that aging services technologies (ASTs) can reduce caregiver burden. However, ASTs are underutilized by caregivers due to poor awareness. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a video-based educational program to increase caregiver AST knowledge among 43 caregivers. Paired sample t-tests showed positive change in AST knowledge, stigma, and intention to engage in AST activities post-program. Caregivers endorsed highly positive AST views pre- and post-program without statistically significant change. Group by time repeated measures ANOVAs showed younger caregivers (<65 years old) had better knowledge and were more open to ASTs (improved attitude and stigma scores) than older caregivers (>65 years old). A significant interaction revealed caregivers of individuals who had fewer, but not more, domains of functional limitation reported a positive change in AST attitude post-program. The video program appeared to be beneficial to all caregivers, who provided vastly positive program feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce W Tam
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
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Mortenson WB, Pysklywec A, Fuhrer MJ, Jutai JW, Plante M, Demers L. Caregivers’ experiences with the selection and use of assistive technology. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2017; 13:562-567. [DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2017.1353652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Ben Mortenson
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discovery, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alex Pysklywec
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marcus J. Fuhrer
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Jutai
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michelle Plante
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Louise Demers
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- École de réadaptation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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14
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Mortenson WB, Demers L, Rushton PW, Auger C, Routhier F, Miller WC. Psychometric properties of a Power Mobility Caregiver Assistive Technology Outcome Measure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178554. [PMID: 28586377 PMCID: PMC5460810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caregiver burnout is a serious concern among informal caregivers, especially for those who provide care to individuals with more severe limitations such as power mobility users. The Power Wheelchair Caregiver Assistive Technology Outcome Measure tool measures device specific and overall burden experienced by informal caregivers of power mobility users. A one-month, test-retest study was conducted to examine the reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the Power Wheelchair Caregiver Assistive Technology Outcome Measure. Two construct validity measures were administered: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Late Life Disability Index. The test-retest-reliabilities of part 1 (power wheelchair specific burden) and part 2 (general caregiving burden) were 0.769 and 0.843 respectively. Scores on part 1 were moderately and positively correlated with part 2 and with frequency of participation. Scores on part 2 were moderately and negatively correlated with anxiety, depression, and positively with perceived limitation of participation. The strength and direction of these correlations provide support for the construct validity of the measure and suggest part 1 and part 2 provide complementary information. Further testing is needed to assess the clinical utility and responsiveness of the measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ben Mortenson
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Research Lab, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- GF Strong, Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Louise Demers
- École de réadaptation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Paula W. Rushton
- École de réadaptation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudine Auger
- École de réadaptation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Routhier
- Département de réadaptation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Center for interdisciplinary research in rehabilitation and social integration, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - William C. Miller
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Research Lab, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- GF Strong, Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Granbom M, Taei A, Ekstam L. Cohabitants’ perspective on housing adaptations: a piece of the puzzle. Scand J Caring Sci 2017; 31:805-813. [DOI: 10.1111/scs.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Ekstam
- Department of Health Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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16
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Demers L, Mortenson WB, Fuhrer MJ, Jutai JW, Plante M, Mah J, DeRuyter F. Effect of a tailored assistive technology intervention on older adults and their family caregiver: a pragmatic study protocol. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:103. [PMID: 27177609 PMCID: PMC4866430 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many older adults with mobility limitations use assistive technology to help them perform daily activities. However, little attention has been paid to the impact on their family caregivers. This neglect produces an incomplete portrayal of the outcomes of assistive technology provision. This paper describes the protocol for a study that examines the impact of a tailored assistive technology intervention that is inclusive of assistance users and their family caregivers. METHODS/DESIGN This research will use a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative portion will be an experimental, single-blinded study in which participants are randomly assigned to either an experimental assistive technology intervention or a standard care group. We will enroll 240 participants (120 dyads) into the study from three Canadian sites. Participants will include older adults (>55) and family caregivers who provide ≥4 h per week of assistance with daily activities and social participation. The primary outcome measure for the older adults will be the Functional Autonomy Measurement System, and the primary outcome measure for the caregivers will be the Caregiver Assistive Technology Outcomes Measure. Qualitative data will be collected through detailed records of the therapists' interventions, as well as through interviews with dyads and therapists following the interventions. Data collection will occur at baseline (T0) with follow-ups at 6 weeks (T1), 22 weeks (T2), and 58 weeks (T3) after baseline evaluation. DISCUSSION The findings from this study will help service providers and clinicians to move forward with assistive technology recommendations that are more attuned to the needs of both older adults with mobility limitations and their family caregivers. Additionally, the study's findings will enhance our conceptual understanding of the spectrum of assistive technology outcomes and set the stage for econometric studies assessing cost-effectiveness. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01640470 . Registered 11/21/2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Demers
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, PQ, Canada. .,École de réadaptation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, PQ, Canada.
| | - W Ben Mortenson
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,GF Strong Rehabilitation Research Program, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discovery, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcus J Fuhrer
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Jutai
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Plante
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, PQ, Canada
| | - Jasmine Mah
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frank DeRuyter
- Department of Surgery/Speech Pathology and Audiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Andresen EM, Fried-Oken M, Peters B, Patrick DL. Initial constructs for patient-centered outcome measures to evaluate brain-computer interfaces. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2015; 11:548-57. [PMID: 25806719 DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2015.1027298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors describe preliminary work toward the creation of patient-centered outcome (PCO) measures to evaluate brain-computer interface (BCI) as an assistive technology (AT) for individuals with severe speech and physical impairments (SSPI). METHOD In Phase 1, 591 items from 15 existing measures were mapped to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). In Phase 2, qualitative interviews were conducted with eight people with SSPI and seven caregivers. Resulting text data were coded in an iterative analysis. RESULTS Most items (79%) were mapped to the ICF environmental domain; over half (53%) were mapped to more than one domain. The ICF framework was well suited for mapping items related to body functions and structures, but less so for items in other areas, including personal factors. Two constructs emerged from qualitative data: quality of life (QOL) and AT. Component domains and themes were identified for each. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary constructs, domains and themes were generated for future PCO measures relevant to BCI. Existing instruments are sufficient for initial items but do not adequately match the values of people with SSPI and their caregivers. Field methods for interviewing people with SSPI were successful, and support the inclusion of these individuals in PCO research. Implications for Rehabilitation Adapted interview methods allow people with severe speech and physical impairments to participate in patient-centered outcomes research. Patient-centered outcome measures are needed to evaluate the clinical implementation of brain-computer interface as an assistive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Andresen
- a Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA .,b Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine , and
| | - Melanie Fried-Oken
- a Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA .,c Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Otolaryngology, and Biomedical Engineering , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA , and
| | - Betts Peters
- a Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Donald L Patrick
- d Department of Health Services , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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Steel EJ, Layton NA, Foster MM, Bennett S. Challenges of user-centred assistive technology provision in Australia: shopping without a prescription. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2014; 11:235-40. [PMID: 25036986 DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2014.941953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People with disability have a right to assistive technology devices and services, to support their inclusion and participation in society. User-centred approaches aim to address consumer dissatisfaction and sub-optimal outcomes from assistive technology (AT) provision, but make assumptions of consumer literacy and empowerment. Policy discourses about consumer choice prompt careful reflection, and this paper aims to provide a critical perspective on user involvement in assistive technology provision. METHODS User-centred approaches are considered, using literature to critically reflect on what user involvement means in AT provision. Challenges at the level of interactions between practitioners and consumers, and also the level of markets and policies are discussed, using examples from Australia. RESULTS There is no unanimous conceptual framework for user-centred practice. Power imbalances and differing perspectives between practitioners and consumers make it difficult for consumers to feel empowered. Online access to information and international suppliers has not surmounted information asymmetries for consumers or lifted the regulation of publicly funded AT devices. CONCLUSIONS Ensuring access and equity in the public provision of AT is challenging in an expanding market with diverse stakeholders. Consumers require personalised information and support to facilitate their involvement and choice in AT provision. Implications for Rehabilitation Variations in approaches informing AT provision practices have a profound impact on equity of access and outcomes for consumers. An internationalised and online market for AT devices is increasing the need for effective information provision strategies and services. Power imbalances between practitioners and consumers present barriers to the realisation of user-centred practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Steel
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Natasha Ann Layton
- b School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University , Burwood , Australia , and
| | - Michele M Foster
- c School of Social Work and Human Services, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Sally Bennett
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
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The potential for technology to enhance independence for those aging with a disability. Disabil Health J 2013; 7:S33-9. [PMID: 24456682 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Technologies of all kinds can sustain and accelerate improvements in health and quality of life for an aging population, and enhance the independence of persons with disabilities. Assistive technologies are widely used to promote independent functioning, but the aging of users and their devices produces unique challenges to individuals, their families, and the health care system. The emergence of new "smart" technologies that integrate information technology with assistive technologies has opened a portal to the development of increasingly powerful, individualized tools to assist individuals with disabilities to meet their needs. Yet, issues of access and usability remain to be solved for their usefulness to be fully realized. New cohorts aging with disabilities will have more resources and more experience with integrated technologies than current elders. Attention to technological solutions that help them adapt to the challenges of later life is needed to improve quality of life for those living long lives with disabilities.
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Effects of an assistive technology intervention on older adults with disabilities and their informal caregivers: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 92:297-306. [PMID: 23291602 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0b013e31827d65bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to demonstrate experimentally that an assistive technology (AT) intervention improves older AT users' activity performance and satisfaction with activity performance and decreases their caregivers' sense of burden. DESIGN This study was a delayed intervention, randomized control trial. Baseline data were collected on 44 community-dwelling AT user-caregiver dyads in Vancouver, British Columbia, and Montreal, Quebec. The primary outcome measures for AT users were the satisfaction and accomplishment scales from the Assessment of Life Habits. The primary outcome measure for caregivers was the Caregiver Assistive Technology Outcome Measure, which assessed burden associated with dyad-identified problematic activities. RESULTS After the intervention, assistance users in the immediate intervention group reported significantly increased satisfaction with activity performance (P < 0.001) and improved accomplishment scores (P = 0.014). Informal caregivers in the immediate intervention group experienced significantly decreased burden with the dyad-identified problematic activity (P = 0.013). Participants in the delayed intervention group experienced similar benefits after the intervention. Improvements for both groups were mostly maintained 4 mos after the conclusion of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS This is the first experimental study to demonstrate that the provision of AT decreases caregiver burden. If confirmed and extended by subsequent research, the findings have significant policy and practice implications and may enable health care providers to advocate for improved access to AT provision and the related follow-up services.
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Mortenson WB, Demers L, Fuhrer MJ, Jutai JW, Lenker J, DeRuyter F. How assistive technology use by individuals with disabilities impacts their caregivers: a systematic review of the research evidence. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 91:984-98. [PMID: 22955027 PMCID: PMC5668128 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0b013e318269eceb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Informal caregivers are a critical yet frequently unacknowledged part of the healthcare system. It is commonly presumed that providing assistive technology will decrease the burden of their care provision; however, no review has evaluated the evidence behind this assumption. Therefore, a systematic review was undertaken to evaluate evidence of the impact of assistive technology use by care recipients on their informal caregivers. Data sources included EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, PsychINFO, PubMed, and active researchers in this area. Twenty-two studies met the specified inclusion criteria. Collectively, the findings suggest that assistive technology use helps caregivers by diminishing some of the physical and emotional effort entailed in supporting individuals with disability. However, confidence in this causal connection is limited because of the study designs that were used. This undermines the understanding of the impacts of assistive technology use on the users' informal caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ben Mortenson
- Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Lancioni GE, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J, Ricci I, Buonocunto F, Sacco V. Access to environmental stimulation via eyelid responses for persons with acquired brain injury and multiple disabilities: a new microswitch arrangement. Percept Mot Skills 2012; 114:353-62. [PMID: 22755440 DOI: 10.2466/15.27.pms.114.2.353-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed a new microswitch arrangement for eyelid responses using an optic sensor placed above the cheekbone and a small sticker on the person's eyelid. This new arrangement, which was designed to avoid interference of the microswitch with the person's visual functioning, was tested on three adults with acquired brain injury and multiple (consciousness, communication, and motor) disabilities. The study was carried out according to a non-concurrent multiple baseline design across participants. Data showed the new microswitch arrangement was suitable for all three participants, who increased their responding during the intervention phase of the study when their responses allowed them to access preferred stimulation. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Nicolson A, Moir L, Millsteed J. Impact of assistive technology on family caregivers of children with physical disabilities: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2012; 7:345-9. [PMID: 22436000 DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2012.667194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review the literature on the effects of assistive technology (AT) on family caregivers of children with physical disabilities. METHOD Electronic searches of Medline, CINAHL Plus, PubMed, and PsychInfo were conducted. The main search terms were AT, caregiver, physical disability, cerebral palsy and quality of life. Studies were included if they related to the impact of AT on the family caregiver of children with physical impairment. Data extraction and quality assessments were conducted by three reviewers. RESULTS Five articles were eligible for inclusion. Two studies rated weak quality of evidence (level 5), two studies rated moderate quality of evidence (level 3), and one article was a systematic review, rating high level of quality (level 1). A paucity of literature, small sample sizes, descriptive study designs and weak methodological quality meant a narrative review was possible. Three articles reported that AT lightened caregiver assistance in the areas of mobility, self- care and social function. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that AT has a positive impact on children with physical impairments and their caregivers. Future studies in this area could include valid and reliable outcome measures of AT use and the psychological impacts of AT on caring for a child with physical impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Nicolson
- Faculty of Computing, Health, and Science, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
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Lancioni GE, Singh NN, O'reilly MF, Sigafoos J, De Pace C, Chiapparino C, Ricci I, Navarro J, Addante LM, Spica A. Technology-assisted programmes to promote leisure engagement in persons with acquired brain injury and profound multiple disabilities: two case studies. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2011; 6:412-9. [DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2011.580899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lenker JA, Fuhrer MJ, Jutai JW, Demers L, Scherer MJ, DeRuyter F. Treatment theory, intervention specification, and treatment fidelity in assistive technology outcomes research. Assist Technol 2010; 22:129-38; quiz 139-40. [PMID: 20939422 DOI: 10.1080/10400430903519910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports in the rehabilitation literature have suggested that treatment theory, intervention specification, and treatment fidelity have important implications for the design, results, and interpretation of outcomes research. At the same time, there has been relatively little discussion of how these concepts bear on the quality of assistive technology (AT) outcomes research. This article describes treatment theory, intervention specification, and treatment fidelity as interconnected facets of AT outcome studies that fundamentally affect the interpretation of their findings. The discussion of each is elucidated using case examples drawn from the AT outcomes research literature. Recommendations are offered for strengthening these components of AT outcomes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lenker
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214-3079, USA.
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Lancioni G, O'reilly M, Singh N, Sigafoos J, Oliva D, Smaldone A, La Martire M, Navarro J, Spica A, Chirico M. Technology-assisted programs for promoting leisure or communication engagement in two persons with pervasive motor or multiple disabilities. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2010; 6:108-14. [DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2010.496524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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