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Liu X, Yao Y, Zhu Y, Lu F, Chen X. Inhibition of Adipocyte Necroptosis Alleviates Fat Necrosis and Fibrosis After Grafting in a Murine Model. Aesthet Surg J 2024; 44:NP585-NP605. [PMID: 38796831 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the delicate structure of the adipose tissue, fat necrosis accounts for 43.7% of all complications after autologous fat grafting; however, its regulation remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the role of necroptosis in fat graft remodeling after grafting. METHODS Clinical fat graft necrosis samples were collected, and the expression levels of the necroptosis marker phosphorylated(p)-MLKL were analyzed. Transcriptome analysis was performed on fat grafts before and 1 week after transplantation in C57BL/6 mouse fat grafting models. Additionally, the in vivo effects of RIPK1 inhibitor Nec-1s or RIPK3 inhibitor GSK'872 on the fat grafting complications, including fat necrosis and fibrosis, were investigated. RESULTS Necroptosis markers were observed and associated with higher occurrence of fibrosis in clinical fat graft necrosis samples compared to normal fat tissue. Amplification and RNA-Seq were conducted on RNA isolated from fat grafts before and after grafting. MLKL, RIPK1, and RIPK3's expression levels were significantly upregulated in comparison to controls. Higher expression levels of necroptotic RNAs were associated with higher levels of DAMPs, including Cxcl2, HMGB1, S100a8, S100a9, Nlrp3, and IL33, and activated proinflammatory signaling pathways, including the TNF, NF-kappa B, and chemokine signaling pathways. Necroptotic inhibitor Nec-1s and GSK'872 robustly suppressed the p-MLKL expression level and significantly inhibited necroptotic cell death, especially in adipocytes. Moreover, administration of Nec-1s and GSK'872 significantly alleviated fat necrosis and subsequent fibrosis in fat grafts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study findings highlight the potential therapeutic applications of necroptosis inhibitors in preventing fat necrosis and fibrosis after grafting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
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Cinar F, Yalcin CE, Ayas G, Celik U, Okyay MF, Demiröz A, Bağhaki S, Cetinkale O. Increased Total Antioxidant Capacity Value Improves Survival of Fat Grafts in Rat Model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:1307-1316. [PMID: 37389602 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies aiming to increase fat graft survival continue, in this study, the authors aimed to investigate the effects of different antioxidants on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and their effect on graft survival. METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four equally sized groups, including a control group and three antioxidant groups receiving either melatonin (10 mg/kg), zinc (2 mg/kg), or vitamins E and C (100 mg/kg). Autologous fat grafts (1.7 ± 0.4 g) were transferred to the dorsal subcutaneous region, and total antioxidant capacity was measured on days 0 and 1, week 1, and monthly until the third month. Transferred graft volume and mass (1.3 ± 0.4 g) were measured using the liquid overflow method and precision scales at the end of the study. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry against perilipin were performed for semiqualitative analysis and H-score for viable adipose cells, respectively. RESULTS Collected fat grafts measured significantly less in weight and volume and the survival rate was lower in the control group ( P < 0.01). The control group exhibited a reduction in TAC, whereas all groups receiving antioxidants had an increase in TAC during the first week ( P = 0.02, P = 0.008, and P = 0.004 for melatonin, zinc, and vitamins, respectively). Immunohistochemistry of the antioxidant group demonstrated a statistically significant excess and reactivity of cells staining with perilipin antibodies. CONCLUSION In this animal study, the beneficial effect of antioxidants on fat graft survival can be related to the significant increase in TAC following the first week of their administration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Antioxidants improve fat graft survival and quality in this rat model, by increasing total antioxidant capacity in the first week of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Cinar
- From the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
| | - Can Ege Yalcin
- From the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
| | | | - Ugur Celik
- From the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
| | | | - Anil Demiröz
- From the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
| | - Semih Bağhaki
- From the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
| | - Oguz Cetinkale
- From the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
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Ding H, Li S, Fu Q, Zhou G, Wang Y, Zheng C, Wu Q, Bai R, Xv X, Chen M. Facial cosmetic injection: A bibliometric analysis of research status and hotspots. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:746-757. [PMID: 38009307 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing popularity of cosmetic injections using various fillers and neuromodulators for facial rejuvenation has brought both new opportunities and challenges to this field. AIM Our study was designed to employ bibliometric and visual analysis for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of facial cosmetic injections, as well as to identify research trends and hotspots in this field. METHODS All publications covering facial cosmetic injection during 2002-2023 were retrieved and extracted from the Web of Science database. The VOSviewer 1.6.18 software and the online tool (http://bibliometric.com/) were applied to analyze the publication trend. RESULTS A total of 3797 articles related to facial cosmetic injection were identified during the period 2002-2023. The United States had the largest volume of publications (1520, 40.0%), followed by China (333, 8.8%) and Germany (282, 7.3%). Among the institutions and journals, the University of California system and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery accounted for the most papers related to facial cosmetic injection, respectively. Facial anatomy and injection techniques, prevention and management of complications, regenerative medicine, efficacy and safety of various soft-tissue fillers, as well as botulinum toxin injections for facial rejuvenation were identified as hotspots for facial cosmetic injections. CONCLUSIONS Facial cosmetic injections are showing an increasing trend in terms of both the number of published papers and operations performed. Despite the notable advancements in this field, numerous challenges persist, including safety concerns and the level of research evidence. With the emergence of novel technologies and materials, scholars from diverse countries and institutions should engage in more extensive collaboration, thereby directly expediting the progress of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfan Ding
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guiwen Zhou
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zheng
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Bai
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xv
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minliang Chen
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Liu C, Ma T, Zhang L. Mechanical and Enzymatic Digestion of Autologous Fat Grafting (A-FG): Fat Volume Maintenance and AD-SVFs Amount in Comparison. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:27-28. [PMID: 37438669 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Tianhua Ma
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Shandong, 266011, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Shandong, 257034, China.
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Zhang X, Gu T, Liu Y, Liu C, Lin Y, Li H, Zhang T, Wang Q, Mu D. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Improves Long-term Survival of Fat Grafts by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Promoting Angiogenesis During the Early Phase After Transplantation. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 44:NP104-NP118. [PMID: 37616573 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing absorption after autologous fat grafting is a current challenge. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is the strongest known catalyst of redox reactions, which can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviate oxidative stress. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish an in vivo model of PQQ-assisted lipotransfer and clarify the role of PQQ in reducing oxidative stress, alleviating apoptosis, and promoting angiogenesis during the acute hypoxic phase after grafting. In addition the study was performed to assess whether this intervention would have a positive effect on the improvement of long-term volume retention. METHODS Different concentrations of PQQ (low: 10 μM, medium: 100 μM, and high: 1000 μM) were mixed with human adipose tissue and transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Meanwhile, a control group of phosphate-buffered saline in an equal volume to PQQ was set up. On the third day after grafting, whole mount fluorescence staining was applied to detect ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis, adipocyte activity, and angiogenesis. Graft volume retention rate and electron microscopic morphology were evaluated at the third month. Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were further employed to elucidate the mechanism of action of PQQ. RESULTS PQQ-assisted fat grafting improved the long-term volume retention, promoted the quality and viability of the adipose tissue, and reduced the level of fibrosis. The underlying mechanism of PQQ assisted in scavenging the accumulated ROS, restoring MMP, enhancing adipocyte viability, alleviating tissue apoptosis, and promoting timely angiogenesis during the hypoxia stress phase. The most effective concentration of PQQ was 100 μM. Immunohistochemistry and PCR experiments confirmed that PQQ reduced the expression of Bax and cytochrome c in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and increased the level of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS PQQ could improve the long-term survival of adipocytes by alleviating hypoxic stress and promoting timely angiogenesis in the early phase following lipotransfer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
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Wu W, Bi X, Zhao J, Lin Z, Lu F, Dong Z, Li Y. Ultra-condensed Fat: A Novel Fat Product for Volume Augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023; 47:2074-2083. [PMID: 37227488 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat transplantation retention rate is individualized and unpredictable. The presence of blood components and oil droplets in the injected lipoaspirate increases inflammation and fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner, and is probably the key factor associated with poor retention. OBJECTIVES This study describes a volumetric fat grafting strategy based on optimization of grafts via screening intact fat particles and absorbing free oil droplets and impurities. METHODS Centrifuged fat components were analyzed by n-hexane leaching. A special device was applied to de-oil intact fat components and obtain ultra-condensed fat (UCF). UCF was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and flow cytometric analysis. Histological and immunohistochemical changes were investigated in a nude mouse fat graft model over 90 days. RESULTS The lower 50% of centrifuged fat was concentrated to 40% of the original volume to obtain UCF. In UCF, the free oil droplet content was less than 10%, more than 80% of particles were larger than 1000 µm, and architecturally important fat components were present. The retention rate of UCF was significantly higher than that of Coleman fat on day 90 (57.5 ± 2.7% vs. 32.8 ± 2.5%, p < 0.001). Histological analysis detected small preadipocytes with multiple intracellular lipid droplets on day 3 in UCF grafts, indicative of early adipogenesis. Angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration were observed in UCF grafts soon after transplantation. CONCLUSION Adipose regeneration with UCF involves rapid macrophage infiltration and exit, resulting in angiogenesis and adipogenesis. UCF may serve as a lipofiller which is beneficial for fat regeneration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizi Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Bi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhousheng Lin
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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La Padula S, Ponzo M, Lombardi M, Iazzetta V, Errico C, Polverino G, Russo F, D'Andrea L, Hersant B, Meningaud JP, Salzano G, Pensato R. Nanofat in Plastic Reconstructive, Regenerative, and Aesthetic Surgery: A Review of Advancements in Face-Focused Applications. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4351. [PMID: 37445386 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanofat is a relatively novel technique in fat grafting that has gained significant interest in the fields of regenerative medicine, aesthetic and translational research. It involves the extraction of autologous fat from a patient, which is then transformed into "nanofat", consisting of small fat particles with a diameter of less than 0.1 mm and containing high concentrations of stem cells and growth factors. This article focuses on the use of nanofat in facial rejuvenation and its potential for lipomodelling. Fat tissue is a "stem cell depot" and nanofat contains many stem cells that can differentiate into various cell types. The Lipogem technology, developed in 2013, enables the isolation of nanofat with an intact perivascular structure, utilizing the high concentration of mesenchymal stromal cells near the pericytes of the adipose vascular system. Nowadays nanofat is used primarily for cosmetic purposes particularly in rejuvenating and improving the appearance of the skin, especially the face. Indeed, it has wide applicability; it can be used to treat fine lines, wrinkles, acne scars, sun-damaged skin, scar repair, and as an alopecia treatment. However, further studies are needed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of this technique. In conclusion, nanofat is a safe and minimally invasive option for tissue regeneration with considerable therapeutic potential. This study reviews the application and effects of nanofat in regenerative medicine and facial cosmetic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone La Padula
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris, XII, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Martina Ponzo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Lombardi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Iazzetta
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Errico
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Polverino
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca D'Andrea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Hersant
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris, XII, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jean Paul Meningaud
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, University Paris, XII, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Giovanni Salzano
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosita Pensato
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Zhang K, Jin D, Zhao X, Lu B, Guo W, Ren R, Wu S, Zhang J, Li Y. HIF-1α-Induced Mitophagy Regulates the Regenerative Outcomes of Stem Cells in Fat Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231210750. [PMID: 38009534 PMCID: PMC10683376 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231210750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a crucial factor with type diversity that plays an important role in stem cell transplantation. However, the effects of hypoxia on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are largely unclear in the autologous fat transplantation (AFT) model, which shows a special type of "acute-progressively resolving hypoxia." Here, an AFT model in nude mice and a hypoxic culture model for ADSCs were combined to explore the link between hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α subunit (HIF-1α) and mitophagy under hypoxic conditions. The results showed that the activity of ADSCs in the first 7 days after grafting was the key stage for volume retention, and the expression of HIF-1α, light chain 3 beta (LC3B), and Beclin1 in ADSCs increased during this period. We also found that hypoxia for longer than 48 h damaged the differentiation and mitochondrial respiration of ADSCs in vitro, but hypoxia signals also activate HIF-1α to initiate mitophagy and maintain the activities of ADSCs. Pre-enhancing mitophagy by rapamycin effectively improves mitochondrial respiration in ADSCs after grafting and ultimately improves AFT outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Dan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Xijing 986 Hospital Department, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Simo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Junrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
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