1
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Fardoos R, Nyquist SK, Asowata OE, Kazer SW, Singh A, Ngoepe A, Giandhari J, Mthabela N, Ramjit D, Singh S, Karim F, Buus S, Anderson F, Porterfield JZ, Sibiya AL, Bipath R, Moodley K, Kuhn W, Berger B, Nguyen S, de Oliveira T, Ndung’u T, Goulder P, Shalek AK, Leslie A, Kløverpris HN. HIV specific CD8 + T RM-like cells in tonsils express exhaustive signatures in the absence of natural HIV control. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912038. [PMID: 36330531 PMCID: PMC9623418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissues are an important HIV reservoir site that persists in the face of antiretroviral therapy and natural immunity. Targeting these reservoirs by harnessing the antiviral activity of local tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T-cells is of great interest, but limited data exist on TRM-like cells within lymph nodes of people living with HIV (PLWH). Here, we studied tonsil CD8+ T-cells obtained from PLWH and uninfected controls from South Africa. We show that these cells are preferentially located outside the germinal centers (GCs), the main reservoir site for HIV, and display a low cytolytic and a transcriptionally TRM-like profile distinct from blood CD8+ T-cells. In PLWH, CD8+ TRM-like cells are expanded and adopt a more cytolytic, activated, and exhausted phenotype not reversed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). This phenotype was enhanced in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells from tonsils compared to matched blood suggesting a higher antigen burden in tonsils. Single-cell transcriptional and clonotype resolution showed that these HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in the tonsils express heterogeneous signatures of T-cell activation, clonal expansion, and exhaustion ex-vivo. Interestingly, this signature was absent in a natural HIV controller, who expressed lower PD-1 and CXCR5 levels and reduced transcriptional evidence of T-cell activation, exhaustion, and cytolytic activity. These data provide important insights into lymphoid tissue-derived HIV-specific CD8+ TRM-like phenotypes in settings of HIV remission and highlight their potential for immunotherapy and targeting of the HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiah Fardoos
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah K. Nyquist
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Samuel W. Kazer
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Abigail Ngoepe
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Dirhona Ramjit
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Samita Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Anderson
- Discipline of General Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - J. Zachary Porterfield
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andile L. Sibiya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rishan Bipath
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, King Edward VIII hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kumeshan Moodley
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Warren Kuhn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab and Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Son Nguyen
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Pan E, Feng F, Li P, Yang Q, Ma X, Wu C, Zhao J, Yan H, Chen R, Chen L, Sun C. Immune Protection of SIV Challenge by PD-1 Blockade During Vaccination in Rhesus Monkeys. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2415. [PMID: 30405615 PMCID: PMC6206945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Though immune correlates for protection are still under investigation, potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are desirable for an ideal HIV-1 vaccine. PD-1 blockade enhances SIV-specific CD8+ T cells. However, little information has been reported about how it affects the immunogenicity and protection of prophylactic SIV vaccines in nonhuman primates. Here, we show that PD-1 blockade during vaccination substantially improved protective efficacy in SIV challenged macaques. The PD-1 pathway was blocked using a monoclonal antibody specific to human PD-1. Administration of this antibody effectively augmented and sustained vaccine-induced SIV-specific T cell responses for more than 42 weeks after first immunization in rhesus monkeys, as compared with SIV vaccination only. Importantly, after intrarectally repeated low-dosage challenge with highly pathogenic SIVmac239, monkeys with PD-1 blockade during vaccination achieved full protection against incremental viral doses of up to 50,000 TICD50. These findings highlight the importance of PD-1 blockade during vaccination for the development of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enxiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuchang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Rulei Chen
- Genor Biopharma Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital & The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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3
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Leitman EM, Thobakgale CF, Adland E, Ansari MA, Raghwani J, Prendergast AJ, Tudor-Williams G, Kiepiela P, Hemelaar J, Brener J, Tsai MH, Mori M, Riddell L, Luzzi G, Jooste P, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Pybus OG, Kellam P, Naranbhai V, Matthews PC, Gall A, Goulder PJR. Role of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells in pediatric HIV cure strategies after widespread early viral escape. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3239-3261. [PMID: 28983013 PMCID: PMC5679167 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested greater HIV cure potential among infected children than adults. A major obstacle to HIV eradication in adults is that the viral reservoir is largely comprised of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape variants. We here evaluate the potential for CTL in HIV-infected slow-progressor children to play an effective role in "shock-and-kill" cure strategies. Two distinct subgroups of children were identified on the basis of viral load. Unexpectedly, in both groups, as in adults, HIV-specific CTL drove the selection of escape variants across a range of epitopes within the first weeks of infection. However, in HIV-infected children, but not adults, de novo autologous variant-specific CTL responses were generated, enabling the pediatric immune system to "corner" the virus. Thus, even when escape variants are selected in early infection, the capacity in children to generate variant-specific anti-HIV CTL responses maintains the potential for CTL to contribute to effective shock-and-kill cure strategies in pediatric HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Christina F Thobakgale
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - M Azim Ansari
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gareth Tudor-Williams
- Division of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, England, UK
| | - Photini Kiepiela
- Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa.,Witwatersrand Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joris Hemelaar
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England, UK.,Linacre Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacqui Brener
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Masahiko Mori
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Northampton Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Cliftonville, England, UK
| | - Graz Luzzi
- Buckinghampshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, High Wycombe, England, UK
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, England, UK.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Astrid Gall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England, UK
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK .,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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4
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Bally APR, Tang Y, Lee JT, Barwick BG, Martinez R, Evavold BD, Boss JM. Conserved Region C Functions To Regulate PD-1 Expression and Subsequent CD8 T Cell Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:205-217. [PMID: 27895178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD8 T cells promotes T cell exhaustion during chronic Ag exposure. During acute infections, PD-1 is transiently expressed and has the potential to modulate CD8 T cell memory formation. Conserved region C (CR-C), a promoter proximal cis-regulatory element that is critical to PD-1 expression in vitro, responds to NFATc1, FoxO1, and/or NF-κB signaling pathways. Here, a CR-C knockout mouse was established to determine its role on PD-1 expression and the corresponding effects on T cell function in vivo. Deletion of CR-C decreased PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells and Ag-specific CD8 T cells during acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus challenges, but did not affect the ability to clear an infection. Following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, memory CD8 T cells in the CR-C knockout mouse were formed in greater numbers, were more functional, and were more effective at responding to a melanoma tumor than wild-type memory cells. These data implicate a critical role for CR-C in governing PD-1 expression, and a subsequent role in guiding CD8 T cell differentiation. The data suggest the possibility that titrating PD-1 expression during CD8 T cell activation could have important ramifications in vaccine development and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P R Bally
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Joshua T Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Ryan Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and .,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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5
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Balance between activation and regulation of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after modified vaccinia Ankara B therapeutic vaccination. AIDS 2016; 30:553-62. [PMID: 26558724 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes of HIV-vaccines failure are poorly understood. Therapeutic vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-B in HIV-1-infected individuals did not control the virus upon analytical treatment interruption (ATI). We investigated whether the functional characteristics of HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses stimulated by this vaccine, and the level of exhaustion of these cells might explain these results. METHODS Twenty-one HIV-1 chronically infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy, included in the therapeutic vaccine trial RISVAC03, were studied: 13 immunized and eight controls. Functional characteristics, cytotoxic potential and exhaustion of HIV-specific CD8 T cells, were evaluated by polychromatic flow cytometry. Differences between groups were tested using nonparametric tests. RESULTS MVA-B vaccine induced an increase in HIV-specific CD8 T-cell response, but also increased their levels of exhaustion. At week 18 (following three immunizations) the level of response increased with respect to baseline (P = 0.02). A significant increase at weeks 18 and 24 (ATI) in granzyme B content was also observed. Interestingly, an increase in expression of exhaustion markers was found at weeks 18 (P = 0.006) and 24 (P = 0.01). However, there was no significant change in the functional profile of vaccine-induced CD8 cells. At week 36, in parallel to the rebound of plasma viremia after 12 weeks ATI, a significant increase in the level of CD8 response, in granzyme B content and in exhaustion markers expression, was observed in both groups. CONCLUSION We show that therapeutic vaccination with MVA-B tilts the balance between activation and regulation of the response of HIV-specific CD8 T cells towards regulation, which impacts on the viral rebound after ATI.
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6
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TCR clonotypes: molecular determinants of T-cell efficacy against HIV. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:77-85. [PMID: 26874617 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Because of the enormous complexity and breadth of the overall HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response, invaluable information regarding important aspects of T-cell efficacy against HIV can be sourced from studies performed on individual clonotypes. Data gathered from ex vivo and in vitro analyses of T-cell responses and viral evolution bring us one step closer towards deciphering the correlates of protection against HIV. HIV-responsive CD8(+) T-cell populations are characterized by specific clonotypic immunodominance patterns and public TCRs. The TCR endows T-cells with two key features, important for the effective control of HIV: avidity and crossreactivity. While TCR avidity is a major determinant of CD8(+) T-cell functional efficacy against the virus, crossreactivity towards wildtype and mutant viral epitopes is crucial for adaptation to HIV evolution. The properties of CD4(+) T-cell responses in HIV controllers appear also to be shaped by high avidity public TCR clonotypes. The molecular nature of the TCR, together with the clonotypic composition of the HIV-specific T-cell response, emerge as major determinants of anti-viral efficacy.
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Adegoke A, Gladney K, Gallant M, Grant M. Heteroclitic Peptides Increase Proliferation and Reduce Evidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8⁺ T Cell Dysfunction. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:455-63. [PMID: 26230145 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8(+) T cell dysfunction parallels disease progression; therefore, restoring potent HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses is a key therapeutic goal. Certain CD8(+) T cell peptide epitope variants, termed heteroclitic, enhance cytokine production by the HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells of some individuals. In this study, we investigated whether heteroclitic peptides that enhance cytokine production by HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells also reduce functional and phenotypic evidence of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell exhaustion in those instances. Twenty-four variant peptides of human histocompatibility-linked leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted reference HIV peptide epitopes designated as A2-7; Nef 83→91, A2-8; Nef 135→143, A2-Gag; Gag 77→85 and A2-9; Gag 433→440 were synthesized with conservative and semiconservative amino acid substitutions at positions 3, 5, and 7 or 3, 5, and 8 of Gag 433→440. Variants that enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and/or interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in enzyme-linked immunospot assays (29 cases overall) were subsequently tested by 7-day in vitro peptide stimulation for their effects on HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression. Heteroclitic variants enhanced HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation by >20% in 13/29 cases tested, reduced PD-1 expression on proliferating cells by 15-50% in 10 cases, and reduced PD-1 expression on proliferating cells by >50% in 3 cases. In five cases, the same heteroclitic peptide increased proliferation by >20% and reduced PD-1 expression by >15%. These data demonstrate that heteroclitic peptides can alter the magnitude and character of HIV-specific CD8(+) cell responses relative to reference peptides and may have a unique immunotherapeutic value in therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Adegoke
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Krista Gladney
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Maureen Gallant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Michael Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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8
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Adegoke AO, Grant MD. Enhancing Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8(+) T Cell Responses with Heteroclitic Peptides. Front Immunol 2015; 6:377. [PMID: 26257743 PMCID: PMC4512150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8(+) T cells play a critical role in containing HIV replication and delaying disease progression. However, HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells become progressively more "exhausted" as chronic HIV infection proceeds. Symptoms of T cell exhaustion range from expression of inhibitory receptors and selective loss of cytokine production capacity through reduced proliferative potential, impaired differentiation into effector cells and increased susceptibility to apoptosis. While effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) durably reduces HIV viremia to undetectable levels, this alone does not restore the full pluripotency of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. In a number of studies, a subset of peptide epitope variants categorized as heteroclitic, restimulated more potent cellular immune responses in vitro than did the native, immunizing peptides themselves. This property of heteroclitic peptides has been exploited in experimental cancer and chronic viral infection models to promote clearance of transformed cells and persistent viruses. In this review, we consider the possibility that heteroclitic peptides could improve the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines as part of HIV immunotherapy or eradication strategies. We review literature on heteroclitic peptides and illustrate their potential to beneficially modulate the nature of HIV-specific T cell responses toward those found in the small minority of HIV-infected, aviremic cART-naïve persons termed elite controllers or long-term non-progressors. Our review suggests that the efficacy of HIV vaccines could be improved by identification, testing, and incorporation of heteroclitic variants of native HIV peptide epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Oyemade Adegoke
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Michael David Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of T-cell exhaustion in the failure of clearance of viral infections and tumors is well established. There are several ongoing trials to reverse T-cell exhaustion for treatment of chronic viral infections and tumors. The mechanisms leading to T-cell exhaustion and its role in transplantation, however, are only beginning to be appreciated and are the focus of the present review. RECENT FINDINGS Exhausted T cells exhibit a distinct molecular profile reflecting combinatorial mechanisms involving the interaction of multiple transcription factors important in control of cell metabolism, acquisition of effector function and memory capacity. Change of microenvironmental cues and limiting leukocyte recruitment can modulate T-cell exhaustion. Impaired leukocyte recruitment induces T-cell exhaustion and prevents allograft rejection. SUMMARY Preventing or reversing T-cell exhaustion may lead to prevention of transplant tolerance or triggering of rejection; therefore, caution should be exercised in the use of agents blocking inhibitory receptors for the treatment of chronic viral infections or tumors in transplant recipients. Further definition of the role of T-cell exhaustion in clinical transplantation and an understanding of the mechanisms of induction of T-cell exhaustion are needed to develop strategies for preventing allograft rejection and induction of tolerance.
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10
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Smith KN, Mailliard RB, Rinaldo CR. Programming T cell Killers for an HIV Cure: Teach the New Dogs New Tricks and Let the Sleeping Dogs Lie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:67-77. [PMID: 28344852 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016014160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), a latent viral reservoir persists in HIV-1-infected persons. Unfortunately, endogenous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are unable to control viral rebound when patients are removed from cART. A "kick and kill" strategy has been proposed to eradicate this reservoir, whereby infected T cells are induced to express viral proteins via latency-inducing drugs followed by their elimination by CTLs. It has yet to be determined if stimulation of existing HIV-1-specific CTL will be sufficient, or if new CTLs should be primed from naïve T cells. In this review, we propose that dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen presenting cells, act as dog trainers and can induce T cells (the dogs) to do magnificent tricks. We propose the hypothesis that an HIV-1 cure will require targeting of naïve T cells and will necessitate "teaching new dogs new tricks" while avoiding activation of potentially dysfunctional endogenous memory CTLs (letting the sleeping dogs lie).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie N Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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