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Saloner R, Fields JA, Marcondes MCG, Iudicello JE, von Känel S, Cherner M, Letendre SL, Kaul M, Grant I. Methamphetamine and Cannabis: A Tale of Two Drugs and their Effects on HIV, Brain, and Behavior. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:743-764. [PMID: 32929575 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection and drug use intersect epidemiologically, and their combination can result in complex effects on brain and behavior. The extent to which drugs affect the health of persons with HIV (PWH) depends on many factors including drug characteristics, use patterns, stage of HIV disease and its treatment, comorbid factors, and age. To consider the range of drug effects, we have selected two that are in common use by PWH: methamphetamine and cannabis. We compare the effects of methamphetamine with those of cannabis, to illustrate how substances may potentiate, worsen, or even buffer the effects of HIV on the CNS. Data from human, animal, and ex vivo studies provide insights into how these drugs have differing effects on the persistent inflammatory state that characterizes HIV infection, including effects on viral replication, immune activation, mitochondrial function, gut permeability, blood brain barrier integrity, glia and neuronal signaling. Moving forward, we consider how these mechanistic insights may inform interventions to improve brain outcomes in PWH. This review summarizes literature from clinical and preclinical studies demonstrating the adverse effects of METH, as well as the potentially beneficial effects of cannabis, on the interacting systemic (e.g., gut barrier leakage/microbial translocation, immune activation, inflammation) and CNS-specific (e.g., glial activation/neuroinflammation, neural injury, mitochondrial toxicity/oxidative stress) mechanisms underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Saloner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sofie von Känel
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Wallace J, Narasipura SD, Sha BE, French AL, Al-Harthi L. Canonical Wnts Mediate CD8 + T Cell Noncytolytic Anti-HIV-1 Activity and Correlate with HIV-1 Clinical Status. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2046-2055. [PMID: 32887752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells do not rely solely on cytotoxic functions for significant HIV control. Moreover, the noncytotoxic CD8+ T cell antiviral response is a primary mediator of natural HIV control such as that seen in HIV elite controllers and long-term nonprogressors that does not require combined antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we investigated the biological factors contributing to the noncytotoxic control of HIV replication mediated by primary human CD8+ T cells. We report that canonical Wnt signaling inhibits HIV transcription in an MHC-independent, noncytotoxic manner and that mediators of this pathway correlate with HIV controller clinical status. We show that CD8+ T cells express all 19 Wnts and CD8+ T cell-conditioned medium (CM) induced canonical Wnt signaling in infected recipient cells while simultaneously inhibiting HIV transcription. Antagonizing canonical Wnt activity in CD8+ T cell CM resulted in increased HIV transcription in infected cells. Further, Wnt2b expression was upregulated in HIV controllers versus viremic patients, and in vitro depletion of Wnt2b and/or Wnt9b from CD8+ CM reversed HIV inhibitory activity. Finally, plasma concentration of Dkk-1, an antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling, was higher in viremic patients with lower CD4 counts. This study demonstrates that canonical Wnt signaling inhibits HIV and significantly correlates with HIV controller status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Srinivas D Narasipura
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Beverly E Sha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Audrey L French
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.,Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612; and.,Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612;
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Peripheral immune dysregulation in the ART era of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 118:104689. [PMID: 32479968 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive impairment (HANI) remains problematic despite the effective use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and viral suppression. A dysregulated immune response contributes to the development of HANI but findings on the association between peripheral blood immune markers and HANI have been inconsistent. We therefore conducted a systematic review of studies of the association of peripheral blood immune markers with neurocognitive performance in ART experienced HIV-positive participants. Thirty-seven studies were eligible, including 12 longitudinal studies and 25 cross-sectional studies. Findings consistently show that HIV-positive participants have altered immune marker levels, including elevated markers of monocyte activation (neopterin, sCD14, sCD163) and inflammation (CCL2, IL-8, IL-18, IP-10, IFN-α, sTNFR-II and TNF-α). These elevated levels persist in HIV-positive participants despite ART. The majority of studies found associations of HANI with immune markers, including those linked to monocyte activation (sCD14 and sCD163) and inflammation (IL-18 and IP-10). Despite the heterogeneity of studies reviewed, due to the presence of raised peripheral markers, our narrative review provides evidence of chronic inflammation despite ART. The raised levels of these markers may suggest certain mechanisms are active, potentially those involved in the neuropathophysiology of HANI.
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Li J, Gao Y, Yue W. The Clinical Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Dickkopf-1 in Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4253-4260. [PMID: 32606922 PMCID: PMC7292247 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s254596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway extensively participates in diverse processes such as embryonic development, maintenance of homeostasis and tumor pathogenesis. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a Wnt inhibitor, plays a vital role for over the past decades regarding its role in the regulation of several types of cancers. However, studies have shown that DKK1 is expressed differently in cancer and plays a role as a cancer-promoting factor or a tumor suppressor, which is worthy of further exploration. We herein study whether DKK1 is highly expressed in all cancers and plays a crucial role in promoting cancer. Furthermore, we discussed as to which stages of cancer development it plays in. Finally, the present detection methods were introduced and indicated the clinical application of DKK1 in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Yue
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
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New Potential Axes of HIV Neuropathogenesis with Relevance to Biomarkers and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020; 50:3-39. [PMID: 32040843 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affect approximately half of people living with HIV despite viral suppression with antiretroviral therapies and represent a major cause of morbidity. HAND affects activities of daily living including driving, using the Internet and, importantly, maintaining drug adherence. Whilst viral suppression with antiretroviral therapies (ART) has reduced the incidence of severe dementia, mild neurocognitive impairments continue to remain prevalent. The neuropathogenesis of HAND in the context of viral suppression remains ill-defined, but underlying neuroinflammation is likely central and driven by a combination of chronic intermittent low-level replication of whole virus or viral components, latent HIV infection, peripheral inflammation possibly from a disturbed gut microbiome or chronic cellular dysfunction in the central nervous system. HAND is optimally diagnosed by clinical assessment with imaging and neuropsychological testing, which can be difficult to perform in resource-limited settings. Thus, the identification of biomarkers of disease is a key focus of the field. In this chapter, recent advances in the pathogenesis of HAND and biomarkers that may aid its diagnosis and treatment will be discussed.
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Falasca K, Reale M, Di Nicola M, Ucciferri C, Zecca IA, Santilli F, Pontolillo M, Liani R, D'Angelo C, Costantini E, Vecchiet J. Circulating CD40 ligand, Dickkopf-1 and P-selectin in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 2019; 20:681-690. [PMID: 31424619 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the circulating levels of CD40 ligand (CD40 L), Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and P-selectin, their relationships and their contributions to cardiovascular risk in subjects with HIV infection. METHODS The study population included 80 HIV-infected patients, 14 (17.5%) of whom had diabetes mellitus (DM) and 32 (40.0%) of whom had arterial hypertension (AH). The HIV-infected patients were compared with a control group with similar demographic and clinical features. CD40L, DKK-1 and P-selectin levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The HIV-infected patients showed higher levels of all the cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers. Both serum CD40L and DKK-1 were significantly higher in HIV-infected patients than in the HIV-negative controls (P < 0.001), while soluble P-selectin showed no significant between-group difference (P = 0.133), reflecting the role of HIV infection in CVD. In the HIV-infected group, patients with DM showed lower levels of CD40L and DKK-1 in comparison with the nondiabetic patients and patients with AH (P < 0.05, with Bonferroni correction). In contrast, patients with AH showed higher levels of CD40L and DKK-1 in comparison to patients without DM or AH (P < 0.05, with Bonferroni correction). Patients with AH showed higher levels of CD40L and DKK-1 than patients with DM (P < 0.05, with Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that HIV-infected patients displayed significantly higher circulating levels of both CD40L and DKK-1, which were linearly and directly correlated, when compared to HIV-negative patients. The presence of diabetes was associated with lower levels of both CD40L and DKK-1, whereas the presence of hypertension was associated with higher levels of CD40L.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falasca
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Reale
- Unit of Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Di Nicola
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - C Ucciferri
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - I A Zecca
- Division of Hygene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - F Santilli
- Department of Medicine and Aging, Center of Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CESI-Met), University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Pontolillo
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - R Liani
- Department of Medicine and Aging, Center of Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CESI-Met), University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - C D'Angelo
- Unit of Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - E Costantini
- Unit of Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - J Vecchiet
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Bandera A, Taramasso L, Bozzi G, Muscatello A, Robinson JA, Burdo TH, Gori A. HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in the Modern ART Era: Are We Close to Discovering Reliable Biomarkers in the Setting of Virological Suppression? Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:187. [PMID: 31427955 PMCID: PMC6687760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, several grades of HIV-related cognitive impairment persist with effective ART and remain a clinical concern for people with HIV (PWH). The pathogenesis of these cognitive impairments has yet to be fully understood and probably multifactorial. In PWH with undetectable peripheral HIV-RNA, the presence of viral escapes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) might explain a proportion of cases, but not all. Many other mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in disease progression, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets. As potential indicators of disease staging and progression, numerous biomarkers have been used to characterize and implicate chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of neuronal injuries, such as certain phenotypes of activated monocytes/macrophages, in the context of persistent immune activation. Despite none of them being disease-specific, the correlation of several CSF cellular biomarkers to HIV-induced neuronal damage has been investigated. Furthermore, recent studies have been evaluating specific microRNA (miRNA) profiles in the CSF of PWH with neurocognitive impairment (NCI). The aim of the present study is to review the body of evidence on different biomarkers use in research and clinical settings, focusing on PWH on ART with undetectable plasma HIV-RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Taramasso
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Policlinico Hospital San Martino, University of Genova (DISSAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bozzi
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Muscatello
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jake A Robinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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Li D, Bao P, Yin Z, Sun L, Feng J, He Z, Jin M, Liu C. Exploration of the involvement of LncRNA in HIV-associated encephalitis using bioinformatics. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5721. [PMID: 30345171 PMCID: PMC6187992 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-associated encephalitis (HIVE) is one of the common complications of HIV infection, and the pathogenesis of HIVE remains unclear, while lncRNA might be involved it. In this study, we made re-annotation on the expression profiling from the HIVE study in the public database, identified the lncRNA that might be involved in HIVE, and explored the possible mechanism. Methods In the GEO public database, the microarray expression profile (GSE35864) of three regions of brain tissues (white matter, frontal cortex and basal ganglia brain tissues) was chosen, updated annotation was performed to construct the non-cording-RNA (ncRNA) microarray data. Morpheus was used to identify the differential expressed ncRNA, and Genbank of NCBI was used to identify lncRNAs. The StarBase, PITA and miRDB databases were used to predict the target miRNAs of lncRNA. The TargetScan, PicTar and MiRanda databases were used to predict the target genes of miRNAs. The GO and KEGG pathway analysis were used to make function analysis on the targets genes. Results Seventeen differentially expressed lncRNAs were observed in the white matter of brain tissues, for which 352 target miRNAs and 6,659 target genes were predicted. The GO function analysis indicated that the lncRNAs were mainly involved in the nuclear transcription and translation processes. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the target genes were significantly enriched in 33 signal pathways, of which 11 were clearly related to the nervous system function. Discussion The brand-new and different microarray results can be obtained through the updated annotation of the chips, and it is feasible to identify lncRNAs from ordinary chips. The results suggest that lncRNA may be involved in the occurrence and development of HIVE, which provides a new direction for further research on the diagnosis and treatment of HIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diangeng Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
| | - Pengtao Bao
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 309th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Yin
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Otology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of stomotology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng He
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Changting Liu
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
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